Grape and Wine Production

Making wine can be very rewarding, but there is a lot that goes into it. The type of grapes, harvest time, weather conditions, and vineyard pests can all affect the wine’s quality and quantity.

Penn State Extension provides a wide array of resources and workshops on improving wine, standing out from the competition, and increasing sales. In addition, you can find information on grape production, winemaking, winery management, and winemaking for home hobbyists.

Winemaking in Pennsylvania

With its rolling terrain, fertile land, and moderate climate, Pennsylvania provides outstanding grape growing conditions. Currently, the state is home to over 200 wineries, producing more than 2 million gallons of wine each year. Nationwide, PA comes 5th in grape production and 7th in wine production.

In Pennsylvania, agriculture is a major economic driver. The state’s Department of Agriculture (PDA) encourages local producers and promotes locally grown products through their PA Preferred program.

For anyone interested in winemaking, Penn State Extension offers a hands-on Fruit Wine Production workshop led by a wine professional. The course includes in-depth information on winemaking and explores the challenges (and solutions) of fruit wines.

Wine Grape Production

Grapes are among the oldest cultivated crops. They can be consumed fresh or in products such as juice and wine. Compared to table grapes, wine grapes are small, contain seeds, and have thicker skins.

There are many different types of wine grapes. Some of the most popular ones are Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir, Sangiovese, Syrah, Chardonnay, and Chenin Blanc. Selecting a cultivar should be based on the kind of wine you wish to make, as well as your location and climate.

Grape Harvesting

Grape harvesting is a crucial part of the winemaking process. The best time to pick the fruit depends on a number of different factors, including the grape variety and type of wine being made. Ripeness is typically indicated by the color of the fruit, seeds, and stem.

To prepare for harvest season, winemakers should consider important tasks such as ordering supplies, checking equipment, and assessing safety risks.

Protecting the Grapevines

For a successful wine grape production, it is vital that producers pay close attention to scouting and identifying vineyard diseases and pests.

Common grape diseases include black rot, Botrytis bunch rot, downy mildew, and crown gall. Grapevines can also be attacked by a number of insects, such as grape berry moths, root borers, grape phylloxera, and spotted lanternfly.

The spotted lanternfly (SLF) is a particularly harmful and invasive pest that can seriously damage grapevines. The SLF leaves behind a sugary substance (honeydew) which can attract wasps, bees, and other insects to the grapes.

Starting a Winery

To start a winery you first need to know how to build and operate it. Gaining skills such as understanding winemaking practices, wine microbiology, winery economics, and analytical quality control is essential.

Penn State Extension offers a detailed list of resources to help you obtain information regarding state and federal licensure, winery business plans, and production considerations.

Find more information on how to run a winery in the Wine and Business Management section. In addition, gain access to Penn State Extension’s Wine Quality Improvement workshop and advance your sensory evaluation skills.

Wine Making at Home

Though it can be time-consuming, making wine at home can be a very satisfying experience.

Home winemaking can take up to a couple of months. Once the fermentation and clarification process is complete (approximately one to eight weeks), the wine is ready to be consumed. It is recommended, however, to let the wine age and develop its flavor.

To ensure quality products, home winemakers need to address certain wine production considerations during the production process. These include yeast nutrients, oxygen exposure, and equipment sanitation.

In the Wine Production section, learn more about making wine and access useful production resources and workshops.