Introduction to Computers Lecture # 2

Introduction to Computers Lecture # 2

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  Introduction to Computer Lecture# 2 Course Instructor : Sehrish Rafiq Govt. Girls Degree College Maneri Swabi Higher Education Department KP
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  Lecture overview • HumanVs.Computer • History of Computer • Generations of Computer
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  Human Vs. Computer S. No Human Computer 1. Perform numeric computations Perform numeric computations at very faster speed than humans 2. Creative Feeded 3. Remembers or write information Stores huge amount of Information for long term as compared to humans 4. Gets tired and bored of repetitive activity Best in performing repetitive operations 5. Common sense based judgment Does not have any sense 6. Best in pattern matching than computers Slow in pattern matching and cognition
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  History of computer EraInventor Method / Device Structure Features 2400 BC Ancient Chinese Abacus String of beads Calculation 1617 John Napier Napier Bones  Mechanical  Rods made of bones  Long computations  Fast  Accurate 1642 Blaise Pascal Pascaline  Mechanical  Wheels & Gears  Addition  Subtraction  Carry feature 1694 Gottfried Leibnitz Stepped Reckoner  Digital Machine based on binary numbers  Multiplication  Division 1830 Charles Babbage Analytical Engine  Programmable Computer  Input section(Punched cards)  Print Unit  Control unit( operating computer)  Mill unit(Calculations)  Store( numbers storage)
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  Historical Devices Abacus Pascaline InnerViewPascaline Outer View Napier Bones Stepped Reckoner
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  Historical Devices Punched card Punchedcard writer Punched card Reader Jacquard loom Jacquard punched card
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  Continued… Era Inventor Method/ Device Structure Features 1886 William Burroughs Adding machine Mechanical in nature Commercial use 1890 Dr. Herman Hollerith Electro-Mechanical Punched Card Tabulator  Electro-Mechanical  Card-Programmed 1930 Bush Differential Analyzer Analog computer - 1944 H. Aiken Mark I  Electro-Mechanical  Relays instead of gears Digital 1946 JW Mauchly & JP Eckert ENAIC  Electronic  Vacuum tubes  For Military  Digital  Tremendous heat  Large amount of electricity(150 KW)  weight>30 tons  Area :167 sq m  6 people for programming
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  Electronic Components Relay switch VacuumTube Half Adder Transistors Integrated Circuit (IC)
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  Historical Devices ENAIC Computer Herman’sPunched Card Tabulator Differential Analyzer Mark-I Burrough’s Adding Machine
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  Continued… Era Inventor Method/ Device Structure Features 1951 Sperry Rand UNIVAC( UNIVersal Automatic Computer )-I Elastic Magnetic tape Commercial 1953 MIT Whirl Wind-I  Electrical  Transistors instead of vacuum tubes 1965 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8  Minicomputer  Electrical ICs 1975 MITS Altair 8800 Microcomputer -
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  Historical Devices UNIVAC-I WhirlWind-I 1st Mini-Computer Altair 8800
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  Generations of Computer •Generation in computer science terminology is a step in technology. • It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry. • It is used to distinguish between various hardware and software technologies. • Till today there are five computer generations.
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  Generations of computer Generation (Period) Hardware Technologies SoftwareTechnologies Characteristics Systems 1st (1942-1955)  Vaccume tubes  Electro-magnetic relay memory  Punched cards  Machine Language Assembly language  Stored Program concept  Scientific applications  Bulky in size  Expensive  Unreliable  Limited commercial production and use  ENAIC  EDVAC  EDSAC  UNIVAC-I  IBM 701 2nd (1955-1964)  Transistors  Magnetic core memory  Magnetic tapes  Disks  Batch OS  High-Level languages  Scientific & commercial applications  Faster  Smaller  Easier to program  Difficult commercial production  Expensive  Honeywell- 400  IBM 7030  CDC-1604  UNIVAC Larc 3rd (1964- 1975)  ICs with SSI and MSI  Larger capacity magnetic disks and magnetic tapes  Mini computers  Timesharing OS  Multiprogramming  Smaller  Faster  Easier and cheaper to produce  Easier to upgrade than previous generation  IBM 360/370  PDP-8  PDP-11  CDC-6600
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  Continued… Generation (Period) Hardware Technologies SoftwareTechnologies Characteristics Systems 4th (1975-1980)  ICs with VLSI  Larger capacity hard disks  Magnetic tapes and floppy disks  Personal Computers  Mainframe computers  Super computers  Computer Networks  GUI based OS for PCs  Multiprocessing  UNIX OS with C  Object Oriented Languages  Network based applications  Small  Affordable  Reliable  Easy to use  General purpose  Easy to upgrade  IBM PC  Apple-II  TRS-80  VAX-9000 5th (1980- present)  ICs with ULSI  Larger main memory  Hard disks with RAID support  Optical Disks  Notebooks  Laptops  Powerful server computers  Advanced super computers  Internet  Multi-threading  Distributed OS  Multimedia applications  Internet applications  Portable  Powerful  Cheaper  Reliable  General purpose  Commercially feasible  Easy to upgrade  Rapid software development  IBM Notebooks  Sun systems  Dell and hp Laptops  Android Mobiles  Tablets
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  Enough For Today!!!