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Introduction to Computers Lecture # 3
The document provides an overview of different types of computers categorized by their working principles, purpose, size, cost, and speed, including analog, digital, and hybrid computers. It explains the characteristics and applications of each type, such as the continuous data processing of analog computers and the binary operations of digital computers. Additionally, it differentiates between general-purpose and special-purpose computers, as well as outlines the various sizes from microcomputers to supercomputers with examples of each.
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Introduction to Computers Lecture # 3
- 1. Introduction to Computer Lecture# 3 Course Instructor : Sehrish Rafiq Govt. Girls Degree College Maneri Swabi Higher Education Department KP
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- 3. Types of computerw.r.t working principal • This classification is based on the way physical quantities are represented in a computer. • There are three basic types of computer w.r.t their working principal. Analog computers Digital computers Hybrid computers
- 4. Analog computers • Thesecomputers are used to process analog data. • Analog data is of continuous nature having an infinite variety of values usually obtained from some measuring process. • Such type of data includes temperature, pressure, speed ,weight, voltage, depth etc. • Analog computers measure continuous changes in some physical quantity. • They are ideal in situations where data can be accepted directly from measuring instrument without having to convert it into numbers or codes.
- 5. Continued… • They donot require any storage capability because they measure and compare quantities in a single operation. • They are faster than digital computers. • Output of an analog computer is generally in the form of readings on a series of dial or a graph on strip chart.
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- 7. Applications of analogcomputers • For measuring Speed (Speedometer) Temperature (Thermometer) Weight (Weight machine) • In specialized engineering and scientific applications for calculation and measurement of analog quantities • To control processes found in oil refinery where flow and temperature measurements are important • In paper making and in chemical industry
- 8. Digital Computers • Digitalcomputers operates on digital data such as numbers. • They use binary number system in which there are only two digits 0 and 1 known as bits. • They give more accurate and precise results than analog computers. • They provide long term storage and can store huge amount of information. • They are well suited for solving complex problems in engineering, business and technology.
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- 10. Hybrid Computers • Hybridcomputer utilize the best qualities of both analog and digital computers. • They have the speed of analog and accuracy of digital computers. • They incorporate the measuring feature of analog and the counting feature of digital computers. • They are suited for situation where digital processing of data collected in analog form is desirable. • These computers are designed to perform special tasks where measurements are converted to digits.
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- 12. Types of computerw.r.t purpose • Computers can be divided into two types w.r.t purpose. General Purpose Computer Special Purpose Computer
- 13. General Purpose Computer •These computers can store different programs and can thus be used in countless applications. • It can perform any kind of job with equal efficiency simply by changing the application program stored in main memory. Examples • Personal computers, tablets, laptops, mini computer, super computer, mainframe computer etc.
- 14. Special Purpose Computer •A Special Purpose Computer is the one that is designed to perform only one special task. • The program or instructions set is permanently stored in such a machine. • They are very quick but cannot be used for any other purpose. • They are also known as dedicated computers. Examples :- • Video game device, calculator, ATM Machine
- 15. Types of Computerw.r.t size, cost and speed • Size wise computers can be divided into four types w.r.t size, cost and speed. Micro Computer Mini Computer Mainframe Computer Super computer
- 16. Micro Computer • Amicrocomputer is a computer whose CPU is a microprocessor. • A microprocessor is a processor all of whose components are built on a single integrated circuit chip made of silicon. • Micro computers are designed for personal use, therefore they are also known as personal computers. • They are smallest in size, least in price and small in memory as compared to other types of computer. • They are used for variety of applications like computer literacy, fun and games, business applications, programming etc.
- 17. Continued… • Due totheir small size, they are easily accommodatable on table or lap. Some of its types are handheld also. • Some typical machines are:- DCM Tandy Apple- II BBC Acorn IBM-PC Pentium Series HP systems Dell Series
- 18. Types of MicroComputers
- 19. Mini computers • Minicomputersare larger and more powerful than microcomputers but smaller and less powerful than mainframes. • They are cheaper in cost, smaller in size and small in memory as compared to mainframe computers . • They do not require air conditioning and can be operated in room temperature. • Generally they are used as servers on networks with personal computers as nodes. • Mini computer can serve up to 4000 connected users simultaneously.
- 20. Continued… • It isnormally accessed by users via personal computer or terminal. • They can execute five million instructions per second. • They cost somewhere between Rs.5 to 15 lac depending upon the configuration. • Mini computers are often used by small and medium-sized companies to provide centralized store of information. • Some typical machines are:- TDC 316 PDP 11/70 Honeywell (XPS-100) HCL-4
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- 22. Mainframe Computer • Theyare very big in size and offer the maximum computing power. • A large number of peripherals can be attached to them. • They are generally used as servers in large networks. • The original mainframes were housed in room-sized metal frames. • Newer mainframes are about the same size as a large refrigerator. • They are capable of handling data processing needs of head office of a bank, or a big multinational company or may be a public utility office.
- 23. Continued… • They havelarger storage and the speed of processing is also very high. • They can execute 10 to 100 millions of instructions per second (MIPS), and cost somewhere between 1 to 5 million dollars. • Some typical machines are:- Univac 1100/10 Univac 1100/60 Honeywell DSP 88/860 IBM 270/168 IBM 390
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- 25. Super computers • Theyare most expensive of all the computers. • These computers are big general purpose computers . • They are capable of executing more than 10,000 millions instruction per second and have largest storage capacities. • These computers are used to solve complex mathematical problems related to nuclear physics and plasma physics ,seismology and aerodynamics etc. • They are quite expensive and cost somewhere around 10-30 million dollars depending upon the configuration
- 26. Continued… • They arebest for highly calculation- intensive tasks such as weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling, physical simulation. • They are mostly used by military and scientific agencies. • Some typical machines are Cray 1 Cray 2 Cray 3 Param Cyber 810&830
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Editor's Notes
- #26 Plasma Physics Plasma physics is the study of a state of matter comprising charged particles. Seismology Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around the earth. Aerodynamics The study of the properties of moving air and the interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it.