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Introduction to ICT - lecture 1
The document provides an overview of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), detailing the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices to modern technology. It outlines key hardware and software components, discussing their functions and significance, as well as notable historical developments in computing. It concludes by emphasizing the distinctions between hardware and software in computer systems.
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Introduction to ICT - lecture 1
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- 2. Introduction toICT Basic building blocks of a computer Hardware system of a computer Software system of a computer Computing algorithms Computer networks Computer security
- 3. What isICT? Evolution of computers. Main components of a computer. Hardware and Software.
- 4. ICT standfor information and communication technologies Defined as: “diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information.” Similar to Information Technology (IT), but also contains communication technologies such as the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones etc.
- 5. Umbrella termthat includes any communication device or application Radio Television Cellular phones Computer Network hardware and software Satellite systems as well as the various services and applications associated with them, e.g., Videoconferencing Distance learning
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- 9. 1822: Englishmathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. Ref: Wikipedia
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- 11. Ref: Freefeast Consideredthe worlds first computer. Babbage invented an analytical engine in 1834. General purpose. Operated on Binary (1 and 0). Operated on punch cards. Was not completed !
- 12. Prepared toinstruct Babbage’s engine to repeat certain operations. Invented by Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace. She is considered to be the first programmer. Ref: computerhistory.org
- 13. In 1890Herman Hollerith invents a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census. Took three years, saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM. International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) was founded in 1911.
- 14. Invented in1941. Can solve 29 equations simultaneously. First computer that can store information on its main memory. Ref: computerhistory.org
- 15. 1943-1944: ElectronicNumerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). Professors John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. Used by US Army. Considered the grandfather of digital computers. Takes the space of a 20 foot by 40 foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes. Vacuum tube: A device that controls electric current through a vacuum in a sealed container.
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- 17. First commerciallyavailable computer. Ref: computerhistory.org
- 18. In 1958the Integrated Circuit was invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. After 1960’s computers evolved from a specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to technology that is more accessible to the general public. Ref: computerhistory.org
- 19. In 1974,Intel introduces the 8080 processor. 1975: The IBM 5100 becomes the first commercially available portable computer Ref: Wikipedia
- 20. In 1976(April Fool’s Day), Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers. Apple I. Ref: Wikipedia
- 21. The firstIBM personal computer. Introduced in 1981. Used Microsoft’s MS-DOS operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and an optional color monitor
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- 25. Tablet Computer:Like laptops, but with a touch- screen, entirely replacing the physical keyboard
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- 27. Workstation :computers that are intended to serve one user and may contain special hardware enhancements not found on a personal computer
- 28. Supercomputers: focuson performing tasks involving intense numerical calculations. E.g., Weather forecasting Fluid dynamics Nuclear simulations Theoretical astrophysics Other complex scientific computations
- 29. 1. Monitor 2. Motherboard 3.CPU(Microprocessor) 4. Main memory (RAM) 5. Expansion cards 6. Power supply unit 7. Compact disk drive (CDD) 8. Hard disk drive (HDD) 9. Keyboard 10. Mouse Ref: Wikiversity.org
- 30. Visual displayunit CRT LED LCD
- 32. Ref: Wikipedia Maincomponent. Connects the parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives(CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.
- 33. Stands forCentral Processing Unit. Performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function. Referred to as the "brain" of the computer. Usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.
- 34. Is adata storage device used for storing and retrieving data. Consists of one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the surfaces. 3.5-inch in desktop computers and 2.5-inch in laptops. Ref: Wikipedia
- 35. The primarycompeting technology for secondary storage is flash memory in the form of solid-state drives (SSDs). HDDs are cheaper and of higher capacity. SSDs are replacing HDDs where speed, power consumption and durability are more important. SSDs have no moving (mechanical) components. Uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data. Ref: Wikipedia
- 36. Random AccessMemory. Volatile memory: Stored information is lost if power is removed. Two main forms of modern RAM: ◦ Static RAM (SRAM) ◦ Dynamic RAM (DRAM) SRAM is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and requires less power than DRAM SRAM often used as cache memory for the CPU. DRAM is the predominant form of computer memory used in modern computers. Ref: Wikipedia
- 37. A printedcircuit board that can be inserted into an electrical connector, or expansion slot on a computer motherboard, to add functionality to a computer system. Card types: ◦ Video cards ◦ Sound cards ◦ Network cards ◦ TV tuner cards ◦ Modems ◦ Solid-state drive ◦ Radio tuner cards
- 38. Converts mainsAC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer.
- 39. Output Speakers Headphones Screen (Monitor) Printer Projector Plotter Television Input Keyboard Mouse Gaming controllers Webcam Digital camera Image scanner Fingerprint scanner Barcode reader Microphone
- 40. Assembling acomputer !!
- 41. When talkingabout computer systems, hardware means the physical parts of the computer. Software means the programs and data used with the physical computer.