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Purposive-Communication-Lesson-1-to-3.pptx
- 1. The Communication Process Introduction to Courseand Communication
- 2. What is Communication Communicationis the art of transmitting the information, ideas, and attitudes from one person to another. Communication is the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. Personal Process Occurs between people Involves change in behaviour Means to influence others Expression of thoughts and emotions through words and actions Tools for controlling and motivating people. It is a social and emotional process
- 3. Purposive Communication Is anintentional communication that happens within the bounds of specific context.
- 4. Different context ofcommunication Settings or Environment: family, school, workplace, and religious communities. Social Relations: friends, husband and wife, parent and child, colleagues/boss/subordinate in the office. Scene: place, time and occasion Culture: history, tradition, beliefs, norms, values
- 5. “Many can argue- notmany can converse” -Bronson Alcot
- 6. Features of Communication Two-wayProcess Information Sharing and Understanding Verbal and Non-Verbal Circular Flow Goal Oriented Continuous Process Pervasive Activity
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- 8. Sender/Encoder Is a personwho send the message. A sender make use of symbols (words or graphic or visual aids) to convey the message and produce required response.
- 9. Message It is akey idea that the sender wants to communicate. It is a sign that elicit the response of recipient. Communication process begins with deciding about the message to be conveyed. It must be ensured that the main objective of the message is clear.
- 10. 5 C’s inCommunication Courtesy: Usage of polite words and tone means one respect the receiver of the message. Clarity: This involved correct word usage, grammar, pronouciation, sentence construction and delivery. Conciseness: saying what needs to be said in a few words as possible. Concreteness: being specific, makes a message more comprehensable. Completeness: answers the questions What, Who, When, Where, Why, and How questions.
- 11. Encoding Is the processwhere the information you would like to communicate gets transferred into a form to be sent and decoded by the receiver. Delivery of the message include good voice projection, use of appropriate eye contact, proper articulation of words, and emphasis on important words.
- 12. Channel Channels are theway you convey your message. These channel include verbal such as telephone, and face-to-face conversations as well as non-verbal such as e-mail and text messaging.
- 13. Receiver Receiver is aperson for whom the message is intended or aimed. The degree to which the decoder understands the messsage is dependent upon various factors such as knowledge of recipient, their responsiveness to the message, and the reliance of encoder or decoder.
- 14. Decoding Decoding is onthe receiving end of communication. This stage is as just as important as encoding. Communication can go downhill at this stage if the receiver is not practicing active listening skills or if they do not possess enough information to accurately decode the message.
- 15. Feedback Feedback is themain component of communication process as it permits the sender to analyze the efficacy of the message. It helps the sender in confirming the correct interpretation of message by the decoder. Feedback may be verbal (through words) on non-verbal (in form of smile, sighs, etc.).
- 16. Noise (Interference) It refersto any obstruction that is caused by sender that he has received the message and understood it, the process of communication is complete.
- 17. Types of noisein Communication Physical Noise: It is interference that is external to both speaker and lister. It hampers that physical transmission of the signal or message. Examples of physical noise include: other talking in the background, background music, a atartling noise, and acknowledging someone outside of the conversation.
- 18. Types of noisein Communication Physiological Noise: It is created by barriers within the sender or receiver. Psychological Noise: It is mentak interference in the speaker or listener. Psychological noise results from preconceived notions we bring to conversations, such as stereotypes, reputations, biases, and assumption.
- 19. Types of noisein Communication Semantic Noise: It is a noise by the sender. This type of noise occurs when grammar or technical language is used that the receiver (the decoder) cannot understand, or cannot understand it clearly. It occurs when the sender of the message uses a word or a phrase that we don’t know the meaning of, or which we use in a different way from the speaker.
- 20. Nature of Communication Two-way Process: Communication is a two way process of understanding between two or more person – sender and receiver. A person cannot communicate with himself. Continuous Process: Exchange of ideas and opinion amongst people is an ongoing process in business and non-business organization.
- 21. Nature of Communication Dynamic Process: Communication between sender and receiver takes different forms and medium depending upon their moods and behavoir. It is, thus, a dynamic process that keeps changing in different situation. Pervasive Process: It takes place at all levels (top, middle, low) in all function areas (production, finance, personnel, sales) of a business organization.
- 22. Nature of Communication Exchange: Communication involves exchange of ideas and opinions. People interact and develop understanding of each other. Means of unifying organizational activities: Communication unifies internal organization environment with its external environment. It also integrates the human and physical resources and converts them into organizational output.
- 23. Nature of Communication Verbal and Non-verbal: Though words are active carriers of information, gestures can sometimes be more powerful than words. Facial expression, sounds, sign and symbols are non- verbal forms of communication. Mutual Understanding: Communication is effective when sender and receiver develop mutual understanding of the subject. Message
- 24. Nature of Communication Goal-oriented: Communication is goal oriented. Unless the receiver and sender know the purpose they intended to achieve through communication, it has little practical utility.
- 25. Nature of Communication Foundation of Management: Though communication is a directing function, it is important for other managerial functions also. Designing plans and organization structures, motivating people to accomplish goals and controlling organizational activities; all require communication amongst manager at various levels.
- 26. Nature of Communication A means, not an end: Communication is not an end. Effective communication is a means towards achieving the end, that is goal accomplishment. It smoothens managerial operations by facilitating planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling functions.
- 27. Nature of Communication Human Activity: Since communication makes accomplishment of organizational goals possible, it is essential that people understand and like each other. If people do not understand each other’s viewpoint, there cannot be effective communication.
- 28. Nature of Communication Inter-disciplinary: Communication is the art of how communicators use knowledge of different fields of study like anthropology, psychology and sociology. Making best use of these disciplines makes communication effective. It is, thus, an interdisciplinary area of management.
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- 30. Functions of Communication Communicationas a human activity always serves a function. Functions of communication refer to how human language for different purposes. Theoretician such as Roman Jakobson, Michael Halliday, and Bronislaw Malinowki have categorized the different uses or functions of communication.
- 31. Roman Jakobson According toRoman Jacobson, communication functions on six levels: referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalingual, and poetic. Each function highlights a different purpose and relationship within the communication process, focusing on the context, sender, receiver, channel, code, and message.
- 32. Roman Jakobson •Referential: Focuseson the context or situation being described in the message. •Emotive: Reveals the speaker's feelings or attitude towards the message. •Conative: Aims to influence the receiver's behavior or actions.
- 33. Roman Jakobson maintain contactwith the receiver, often through small talk or greetings. •Metalingual: Focuses on the code or language itself, clarifying meaning or checking understanding. •Poetic: Emphasizes the aesthetic or artistic qualities of the
- 34. Michael Halliday According toMichael Halliday, language, and therefore communication, serves seven key functions. These functions are instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, and representational. These functions help children satisfy needs, influence others, build relationships, express themselves, explore their environment, and express their imagination.
- 35. Michael Halliday 1. Instrumental:Language used to fulfil needs, like asking for something or expressing a desire. For example, a child saying “I want juice” 2. Regulatory: Language used to control or influence the behavior of others. For example, a child saying “Go away” 3. Interactional: Language used to interact with others and build relationships. For example, saying “Love you, mommy”
- 36. Michael Halliday 4. Personal:Language used to express feelings, opinions, and individual identity. For example, a child saying “I’m a good girl” 5. Heuristic: Language used to learn about the environment by asking questions. For example, a child asking “Why is the sky blue?” 6. Imaginative: Language use to create imaginary worlds and explore possibilities. For example, through play, stories, or jokes.
- 37. Michael Halliday 7. Representational:Language used to convey information and communicate facts. For example, saying “The cat is on the mat”
- 38. Bronislaw Malinowski Malinowski classifiedthe function of language into the two broad categories of pragmatic and magical. Pragmatic: was subdivided into active and narrative. Thus, to create and maintain social bond. Ritual/Magical: associated with ceremonial or religious activities in the culture.
- 39. 5 major functionsof communication Control: Communication can be used to regulate behavoir through verbal and non- verbal cues, such as giving instruction, setting rules, or providing feedback. Social Interaction: Communication is crucial for building and maintaining relationships, fostering a sense of connection, and engaging in social activities.
- 40. 5 major functionsof communication Motivation: Communication can be used to inspire, persuade, or encourage others to take action, change their behavior, or adopt a particular viewpoint. Emotional Expression: Communication allows individuals to express their feelings and emotions, fostering empathy and understanding.
- 41. 5 major functionsof communication Information Dissemination: Communication is essential for sharing knowledge, ideas, and facts, ensuring that peoples have the information they need to understanding to world around them.
- 42. a. Informative Function Wewant to inform other people of what we know – facts, information, and knowledge. In school, most of our speaking activities are directed to get and give information to develop or improve our knowledge and skills.
- 43. b. Instructive Fuction Manytimes, older people who hold important information, and those in higher rank communicate to instruct people on what to do, when and where to do them, and on why and how to do them.
- 44. c. Persuasive Function Youmay find yourself wanting to influence the opinion of others to believe and accept your stand or claim on an issue or problem; so you think of strategies on how to persuade them to change their perspective or opinion.
- 45. d. Motivation Function Wecommunicate to entice and direct people to act and reach their objective or goals in life. In the process, we use positive language to make them realize that their actions leads them to something beneficial for their being.
- 46. e. Aesthetic Function Weuse communication for pleasure and enjoyment.
- 47. f. Therapeutic Funstionor Emotional Expression Communication is curative and serves to maintain good health. Sometimes, talking to a person does not mean asking for his help; we talk to another person merely to vent our feelings. After we talk we find ourselves in a much better condition.
- 48. g. Regulation orControl People use communication to maintain control over other people’s attitude and behavior. Your parents use it to guide, inspire, or reprimand you when you seem to lose control over your schedule, studies, and relationships, among others.
- 49. h. Social Interaction Communicationhelps us start, maintain, regulate, or even end relationships with other people. We usually establish a positive climate at home, in school, and in the workplace by greeting the people around us and by exchanging pleasantries with them.
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- 51. The Six Stagesof Intercultural Sensitivity Denial: Individuals in this stage do not recognize cultural differences or view them simplistically, such as categorizing people as “foreigner” or “minorities”. They may be disinterested or hostile towards intercultural communication.
- 52. The Six Stagesof Intercultural Sensitivity Defense: Individuals acknowledge cultural differences but perceive them as threatening or negative. They might use stereotype to distinguish between “us” and “them”.
- 53. The Six Stagesof Intercultural Sensitivity Minimization: While acknowledging some differences, individuals focus on universal human similarities, often minimizing the importance of cultural nuances. They may believe that “deep down, we’re all the same”.
- 54. The Six Stagesof Intercultural Sensitivity Acceptance: Individuals recognize and accept behavioral and value differences between cultures. They understand that their own cultural worldview is not the only valid one.
- 55. The Six Stagesof Intercultural Sensitivity Adaptation: Individuals are able to shift their perspective and behaviors to better interact and communicate in another culture. They can empathize with and understand different cultural viewpoints.
- 56. The Six Stagesof Intercultural Sensitivity Integration: Individuals can move fluidly between cultural perspective and integrate aspects of different cultures into their own worldview. They can navigate intercultural situations with ease and are comfortable with cultural ambiguity.
- 57. The Six Stagesof Intercultural Sensitivity
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