Introduction to Physical Dosas in Ayurveda

AYURVEDA
DEPARTMENT OF KRIYA
SHARIR , IMS-BHU
TRIDOSHA - BASIC
CONCEPT
1

CONTENTS
►Introduction
►Definition of dosha
►Importance of Five element and its relationship
with tridosha
►Raktha
► Tridosha
►Dosha
►Conclusion & discussion.
2

INTRODUCTION
Dosha implies both Bodily and
psychological state of mind.
psychological doshas have their
origin from Ahankara. Where as
bodily doshas get their origin from
five element (Sankhya philosophy).
3

 Visargadaana vikshepa……. – Loka
purusha saamya siddhanata of Susruta
relates doshas to universal entities.
4

DEFINITION OF DOSHA
 In general dosha means bodily dosha
 But doshas are two types –
 bodily & psychological
 Bodily doshas are 3 types - vata pitta kapha
 psychological doshs are 2 types - rajas &
tamas
5

 Though, the term ‘Doṣa’ means ‘the
disturbing factor’, it has got definite
physiological importance in normal state
6

NEED OF PHILOSOPHY &SPIRUTUALITY
 The power of science however is
limited.
 Mere physical perception is not
at all sufficient for elucidation
of mysteries of life & it had been
recognised by Ayurveda long back.
7

 That’s why charaka explained concept
of philosophy discussed side by
side with problem of life /diseases
of life
 Life = shareera
(body)+indriya(senses)+manas(mind)/
satva(pure essence)+atma(soul)
8

PANCHAMAHABHOOTA & TRIDOSHA
 Body is derived from five element so the
shareera is pancha bhouthika.
 Still it is said that
cause of generation of body
is vata pitta kapha
9

 The question now arises if
the Five element theory
was sufficient to explain every
thing why these three entities
been introduced in Ayurveda
10

 Any disturbance in normal proportion
of the Five element in
body leads to vikara/roga (disease)
 Change in this proportion may
take place in an infinite
number of ways & causes
infinite variety of diseases.
11

TRIDOSHA IS A DRAVYA
 What ever the vata pitta kapha may mean
they must be included in 6 padharta of
vaisheshika darshana otherwise whole
foundation & concept of Ayurveda will break
down.
 By definition of samanya vishesha samavaya -
tridosha cannot fill into these .
12

 So tridosha can be included in dravya.
 Dravyas are 9 we can eleminate manas
(mind) atma(soul) kala(cycle of time)
disha (direction) which can not be
tridosha
13

DEFINITION OF TRIDOSHA
 Ayurveda is based on functional understanding
of the body..
 This theory forms the basis of Ayurvedic
physiology, pathology and pharmacology.
14

 The different entities representing
‘Tridosas’ at each level of organization
can be assumed by analysing these
functions.
15

 Basically three Doshas (Vata Pitta and
Kapha)- are responsible for
maintenance of homeostasis in the
body, and health is nothing but a state
of equilibrium of these ‘Tridoshas
16

 Disease is manifested as a result of
disturbance in the state of equilibrium among
these Doshas.
 The state of equilibrium among these
‘Doshas’ is responsible for maintenance of
health.
17

 The concept of ‘Tridosha’ is basically a
theory and any single substance or
structure in the body can not represent
a ‘Dosha’
18

 Terms like ‘Pittavarga’ and ‘Kaphavarga’ have
been used in some textbooks and such usage
indicates that these (Vata-Pitta-Kapha) were
perceived to be three groups of physiologically
similar substances.
19

 In generalized terms, the nervous,
endocrine and immune mechanisms can
be equated to ‘Vāta’, ‘Pitta’ and ‘Kapha’
respectively.
20

 Main function of dosha explained
according to sthana anusara &divided
into five types according to karma
anusara.
21

TRIDOSHA REF
 Charaka has explained vata and its type in
detail
 Sushruta - vata&pitta
 Vagbhata explained all tridoshas and its type
in detail
22

23
All brahtrayis explained & classified dosha
in terms of karma not by name

SIMILARITY BETWEEN LOKA & SHAREERA
 In Susruta’s view the life on this universe is
maintained because of three opposing factors
known as Sun, Moon and the Air. The Sun
exerts a drying effect on earth whereas the
moon is coolant and strengthening in nature
Air brings about all types of movements.
24

 In exactly similar manner, the body is
sustained by three opposing factors
called Vata Pitta and Kapha(Su. Su.
21/8)
25

TRIDOSHA ITS GUNA, KARMA&STHANA
Vata is responsible for all movements and it is
the initiating and controlling factor.
Pitta performs the activities like digestion,
metabolism, production of heat and that is why it
is called ‘Agni’ meaning ‘Fire’
26

Kapha performs the functions like
protection, strength,stability and
resistance.
27

 Vata is prime cause for movement of
pitta & kapha.
28

CONT…
 Vata produce sheetata when movement is
decreased ushnata when movement is
more.So to give movement to kapha and
pitta vata should have both attributes but
opposite attributes cannot reside in one so
vata is anushnasheeta.
 In text it said vata is sheeta but practicaly its
anushnasheeta
29

PRODUCTION OF DOSHA &PRAKRITHI
 Vata in katu avasta paka, pitta by amla avasta
paka, kapha by madhura avasta paka
 Doshaja prakrithi&manasika (pshycological)
prakrithi also plays major role in normal
production of dosha in body.
30

 Doshaja/Shareerika (bodily) prakrithi
depend on prakrithi of father & mother,
shukra (sperm) & shonita (ovum)
sanyoga kala (time) ,rutu/season , daily
doshik variations like vata dominate in
evening & last part of night.
31

CONT…
 Germ layers will be produced after shukra
shonitha samyoga these germ layers are
responsible for doshaja prakrithi nirmana
 ECTOMORPH-VATAJA PRAKRITHI
 MESOMORPH-PITTA PRAKRITHI
 ENDOMORPH-KAPHAJA PRAKRITHI
32

 We can see the disease related to
ectodermal origin organ/part in
ectomorph i.e in vataja prakrithi
 E.g.-neurological disease are often seen
in vataja prakrithi person
33

RAKTHA IS DHATU NOT DOSHA
Sushruths has included blood in the category
of doshas but in indirect sense ,his work being
mainly one on surgery,he has to deal
frequently with blood
34

Raktha has no power of deranging
another substance i.e Raktha doesn't do
dooshana of other substance as tridosha
does
Raktha will get vitiated by tridosha
35

CONT…
Raktha doesn't have prakrithi producing
property like vataja prakrithi there is no
rakthaja prakrithi
36

VATA
 All functions of nervous system in human body
are represented through Vata in Ayurveda.
 All movements are due to Vata and that is why
it is called the Prana of all living beings. (Ca.
Su. 18/118).
38

 So, Pranavaha Srotas stands for the
system concerned with the activities of
Vata.
 Pranavaha Srotas stands for the system
that transports a specific type of vata
called Prana Vata, this is a special
Srotas meant for a special type of
Vata(Cakrapāni Ca.Vi. 5/8)
39

Ruksha - Dry
Laghu - Light
Shita - Cold
Khara - Rough
Sukshma - Subtle
Chala - Mobile
Vishada - Cear
Attributes / Qualities of Vata
39

Sub-Types of Vata
Prana – The vital force, life giving
Udana – Upward movement, to
sustain memory
Vyana – Vehicle of
circulation,pulsation
Samana – Balancing digestion,
assimilation of food
Apana – Elimination of semen,
urine, feces, fetus
40

MAIN SITES OF VATA
Colon
Thigh
Ear
Brain
Waist
Bone

ADHISTHANA AND TYPES OF VATA
43
Stana Karma
1.Prana vata Murdha
URAH
KANTHA
a) Indriya Dharana
b) Chitta Dharana
c) Buddhi Dharana
d) Hridaya Dharana
Spitting, Sneezing,
Swallowing, Erructations,
Respiration and Hridaya1
Dharana
2.Udana
vata
Nabhi (Naval
region)
Urah (Chest)
Gala (Throat)
Nasa (Nose)
VAAK PRAVRITTI
Prayathna
Pleasant desire to speak
Physical strength
Letters – Varna
Recollection
3.Vyana
vata
Entire Body
Heart
Locomotion, all voluntary and
involuntary movements in the body
Circulation

CONT…
4.Samanavat
a
Amashaya
Pakwashaya
Swedavaha
Doshavaha
Ambuvaha
Annagrahana (Receiving food into the gut).
Helping digestion (Pachana).
Separating sara and kitta from the digested
food, propelling sara and kitta into their
respective channels.
Sweda pravritti, separation of kitta at dhatu
level, separation of mutra from sara rasa
and carrying sara rasa from koshta to
hridaya.
5.Apana vata Pranavaha
Srotus
Intestines and
pelvic region:
a) Vrishana
b) Garbhashaya
c) Brihadantra
d) Basti
Respiration
Shukranishkramana
Arthava & Garbhanishkramana
Shakrit & vata nishkramana
Mutra nishkramana 44

FUNCTIONS OF VATA
 In general, the functions of Vata are:
Control and coordination of different parts of
the body
 Initiation of all movements
 Regulation of psychological processes
45

 Initiation of all activities of sense
organs
 Transmission of different sensations
 Production of speech
 Secreto- motor functions in the gut
 Expulsion of wastes from the body and
control of respiration (Ca.Su.12/8)
 Term ‘Vega’ stands almost equivalent to
reflex.
46

PRANA VATA
 This is situated in head and is responsible
for the control over intellectual functions,
cardiovascular functions, sense organs,
psychological activities, respiration, and
reflex activities like sneezing, belching and
deglutition (A.H.Sū. 12/5).
 Based on this subtype of ‘Vata’ ‘Prānavaha
Srotas’ has derived its name.
47

UDANA VATA
 Its active site is chest region.
 It is basically responsible for production of
speech.
 The effort and strength required for speech
are also the functions of ‘Udāna’.
 It also helps in recall of vocabulary required
for well-articulated speech (A.H.Sū. 12/5)
48

VYANA VATA
 The active site of ‘Vyana Vata’ is Heart.
 It makes the circulation of blood possible by
controlling the heart.
 Vyana makes ‘Rasa’ (the intravascular fluid
including plasma and lymph) to get forcefully
ejected out of the heart and makes it
circulate throughout the body (Ca. Ci.
15/36).
 So, sympathetic and parasympathetic control
of heart is indicated by Vyana Vata.
49

CONT..
 Some authors have ascribed the functions of
somatic nervous system also to‘Vyana Vata’ as
movements like flexion, extension, opening
and closure of eyelids have been said to be
under its control (Ca. Ci. 28/9).
50

SAMANA VATA
 Active site of ‘Samana’ is adjacent to gastro
intestinal tract.
 It performs the functions like reception of
food, its digestion through the activation of
‘Agni’, its division into useful and waste parts
and its onward propulsion (A.H. Sū. 12/8).
51

APANA VATA
 This is active in pelvic region. ‘Apāna’
governs physiological processes like
micturition, defecation, ejaculation,
menstruation and parturition (A.H.Sū.12/9).
 Autonomic nervous system has got a definite
role in most of these activities.
52

VATA=BIO ENERGY
We can conclude vata as:
 Not nerve cell/fibre/system.
 Bio energy produced by bio entity passing
through nerve – Sukshmavata.
53

 ‘Pitta’ includes all those factors responsible
for digestion and metabolism.
 For all practical purposes, ‘Agni’ & ‘Pitta’ are
to be considered as identical entities (Su. Su.
21/9, Ca.Sū. 12/11).
55

• Agni itself is present in the body in the
form of Pitta.
• It performs the functions like
maintenance of normal digestion,
normal vision, normal body
temperature, normal complexion, valor,
happiness and nutrition.
56

CONT..
 When it is abnormal, all these functions also
will be abnormal (Ca.Sū. 12/11). Other
functions of endocrine system are described
under the functions of ‘Pitta’.
57

ATTRIBUTES / QUALITIES OF PITTA
Snigdha - Oily
Tikshna - Sharp
Ushna - Hot
Laghu - Light
Sara - Spreading
Dravya - Liquid
Vishra – Fleshy smell
55

SUB-TYPES OF PITTA
Sadhaka – Thinking,
learning, understanding
Alochaka – Optical
perception, eye color
Ranjaka – Liver enzymes,
produces bile
Pachaka – Enzymes, HCL,
digestion, absorption and
assimilation
Bhrajaka – Skin
pigmentation, color and
temperature
56

MAIN SITES OF PITTA
Small Intestine
Heart
Liver
Blood
Brain (grey
matter)
Eyes
Skin
57

PACHAKA PITTA
 ‘Pācaka Pitta’ is equivalent to ‘Jatharāgni’
(A.H. Sū. 12/11).
 As its functions suggest, all enzymes
responsible for digestion along with all
gastrointestinal hormones and all local
hormones of G.I.T. are to be included in it.
61

RANJAKA PITTA
 It is responsible for synthesis of ‘Rakta’.
 It is situated in stomach(‘Amāśaya’) according
to Vāgbhata and the sites are liver and spleen
according to Suśruta.
62

 Gastric intrinsic factor is the best
corelation to represent Vāgbhata’ s
view, as it is required for the absorption
of Vitamin B12, which in turn is needed
for DNA synthesis of RBC precursors in
bone marrow
63

BHRAJAKA PITTA
 As is known, pigmentation of skin is under
the control of some hormones like ACTH &
MSH from anterior pituitary.
 Some enzymes in the skin responsible for the
metabolism of certain drugs applied topically
also can be considered under ‘Bhrājaka Pitta’
along with the hormones controlling
pigmentation.
64

SADHAKA PITTA
 All functions ascribed to this ‘Pitta’are of
cerebrum, limbic system,hypothalamus and
other CNS structures.

 For motivation and other psychosocial
behaviors Norepinephrine is a very essential
neurotransmitter in the brain.
65

 Incidentally, it also acts on heart as a
cardiac stimulant.
 During emergency situations it is
released from adrenal medulla and it
helps for “fight or flight phenomenon”.
66

ALOCAKA PITTA
 This is said to be responsible for normal
vision.
 Photosensitive chemicals in the eye, called
Photo-pigments and the whole process
involved in photochemistry of vision is
represented by ‘Alocaka pitta’.
 Also, neurotransmitters involved in the visual
pathway can be included under this.
67

KAPHA
 When the Ślesma (Kapha) is in normal state,
it is called ‘Bala’ as well as ‘Ojas’; but when it
attains an abnormal state, it is then called
‘Mala’ (Waste) and ‘Pāpmā’ (Disease) (Ca.Sū.
27/117).
69

 From the above statement it is clear
that ‘Bala’, ‘Ojas’ and‘Kapha’ are
identical entities, at least when ‘Kapha’
is in normal state.
 When ‘Kapha’ is in its normal state, it
provides compactness, stability, virility,
immunity and resistance (Ca.Sū.
18/51).
70

CONT..
 Functions of immune system and all such
other protective mechanisms in the body
have been grouped under ‘Kapha’ in
Ayurveda.
 ‘Ojas’ is also closely related with ‘Kapha’.
71

ATTRIBUTES / QUALITIES OF KAPHA
Guru - Heavy
Manda - Slow
Hima - Cool
Snigdha - Slimy
Slakshna - Slimy
Sandra - Static
Avila - Cloudy
Mrudu - Soft
66

SUB-TYPES OF KAPHA
Tarpaka – White matter,
myelin sheaths
Bodhaka – Tongue,
governs taste, speech,
swallowing
Avalambaka – Supports all
systems, protects heart &
lung tissue
Kledaka – Stomach mucus
lining
Sleshaka – Synovial fluid
67

MAIN SITES OF KAPHA
Mucosal lining of
the stomach
Lungs
Pancreas
Sinuses
Lymph nodes
Joints – Synovial
fluid
Nose
Mouth
Mastic tissue
68

AVALAMBAKA KAPHA
 Situated in the thorax, ‘Avalambaka Kapha’
protects the ‘Trika’ and other vital structures
like heart, through what is called
‘Ambukarma’.
 Other anatomical sites where other types of
‘Kapha’ are situated also are dependent on this
(A.H. Sū. 12/15-16)‘Trika’ region indicates the
meeting point of three bones.
75

 As this is present in thorax, it must be
indicating the junction between the
sternum and clavicles, behind which,
the thymus gland is situated.
 ‘Ambu’ means liquid or water. So,
‘Ambukarma’ must be referring to
lymphatic drainage.
76

KLEDAKA KAPHA
 This is present in stomach and it moistens the
ingested food (A.H. Sū. 12/16-17).
 Mucous secreted in stomach plays important
role in offering protection to mucous
membrane of the stomach along with
providing liquid medium for digestive process.
77

 Also,Gut Assosiated Lymphoid Tissue
helps in providing protection by
preventing the entry of any microbes
through gut.
 HCl secreted in stomach also provides
innate immunity to some extent.
 All these mechanisms can be explained
through ‘Kledaka Kapha’.
78

BODHAKA KAPHA
 This is said to be present in oral cavity and
helps in the perception of taste.
 Salivary juice secreted in the oral cavity not
only helps in the process of taste perception
but also performs some protective functions.
79

 Root of the tongue is the site
of‘Bodhaka Kapha’.
 Tonsils are the important lymphoid
tissue-containing structures present
there.
80

TARPAKA KAPHA
 This sub-type of ‘Kapha’ is present inside the
head and is responsible for the protection and
nourishment of sense organs.
 Microglia and other similar Glial cells of brain
tissue are some of the important entities,
which may represent ‘Tarpaka Kapha’.
81

SLESHAKA KAPHA
 This Kapha is present in the bony joints and is
responsible for lubrication and easy
movements.
 Movements are most obvious in synovial variety
of joints and synovial fluid reduces the friction
between two articular bony surfaces.
82

 But ‘Slesaka Kapha’ is not only synovial
fluid.
 For several reasons known and
unknown, these joints are the sites of
prominent inflammation in most of the
systemic autoimmune diseases like
Systemic Sclerosis, Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus and Rheumatoid arthritis
Such involvement must be, therefore,
ascribed to
the problems of ‘Ślesaka Kapha’.
83

DOSHA –SANCHAYA,PRAKOPA,
SHAMA
Sanchaya Prakopa Shamana
VATA USHNA VIRYA
YUKTHA
RUKSHA GUNA
PADHARTHA
SHEETHA
VIRYA
RUKSHA
USHNA
VIRYA SNIGDA
PITTA SHEETHA VIRYA
TEEKSHNA
USHNA VIRYA
TEEKSHA
SHEETA VIRYA
MANDA
KAPHA SHEETHA VIRYA
SNIGDA
USHNA VIRYA
SNIGDHA
USHNA
VEERYA
RUKSHA
84

CONT…
CHAYA PRAKOPA SHAMANA
VATA GRISHMA VARSHA SHARAD
PITTA VARSHA SHARAD HEMANTHA
KAPHA SHISHIRA VASANTHA GREESHMA
85

Doshas are responsible for manifestation of
disease.
 A detailed management of this dhooshita
dosha explained in all text to prevent diseases.
 To lead healthy life ,homeostasis of dosha is
essential.
CONCLUSION
86
8686

SUBMITTED BY --
Roll no. 1 - Aaiyushi jaishwal
Roll no. 2 – Aditya sharma
Roll no. 3 – Afsa bano
Roll no. 4 – Ajay kumar gupta
Roll no. 5 – Akansha gautam
Roll no. 6 – Anil kumar
Roll no. 7 – Anjali gautam
Roll no. 8 – Anurag kr. singh
Roll no. 9 – Bejendra kr. pal
Roll no. 10 – Bhanu kr. pandey 65
BAMS Prof.1 – 2014 -15 batch

Introduction to Physical Dosas in Ayurveda

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