ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ἱστορία, ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ "ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ")[1] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ.[2][3] ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵔⵓ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ.
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵏⵓ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ.[4][5] ⵉⴷⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ "ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ" ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ.[4][6][7][8]
ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ "ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.[9][10] ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ", ⴷ, ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ 722 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
ⵉⴹⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ. ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ" ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ "ⵣⵔⵉ".
ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵊⵢⵓⵔⵊⵉⵙ ⵍⵉⴼⵉⴱⵔ "ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ".[11]
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ Joseph, Brian (Ed.); Janda, Richard (Ed.) (2008). The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing (published 30 December 2004). p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4051-2747-9.
- ^ "History Definition". Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^ "What is History & Why Study It?". Archived from the original on 1 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2014. Retrieved 21 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Professor Richard J. Evans (2001). "The Two Faces of E.H. Carr". History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?. University of London. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
- ^ Professor Alun Munslow (2001). "What History Is". History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?. University of London. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
- ^ Tosh, John (2006). The Pursuit of History (4th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 1-4058-2351-8.p 52
- ^ Peter N. Stearns; Peters Seixas; Sam Wineburg, eds. (2000). "Introduction". Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives. New York & London: New York University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.
- ^ Nash l, Gary B. (2000). "The "Convergence" Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools". In Peter N. Stearns; Peters Seixas; Sam Wineburg (eds.) (eds.). Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives. New York & London: New York University Press. pp. 102–115. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.
{{cite book}}:|editor3=has generic name (help) - ^ Seixas, Peter (2000). "Schweigen! die Kinder!". In Peter N. Stearns; Peters Seixas; Sam Wineburg (eds.) (eds.). Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives. New York & London: New York University Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.
{{cite book}}:|editor3=has generic name (help) - ^ Lowenthal, David (2000). "Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History". In Peter N. Stearns; Peters Seixas; Sam Wineburg (eds.) (eds.). Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives. New York & London: New York University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1.
{{cite book}}:|editor3=has generic name (help) - ^ Georges Lefebvre, ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ (La naissance de l'historiographie moderne), Flammarion, 1971, p. 17.