Autophagy proceeds via a multistep pathway. First, nutrient availability is sensed by the TORC1 complex and also cooperatively by protein kinase A and Sch9p (25, 26). Second, signals generated by the sensors are transmitted to the autophagosome-generating machinery comprised of the 17 Atg gene products. These 17 proteins collectively form the pre-autophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS). The PAS generates an isolation membrane (IM), which expands and eventually fuses along the edges to complete autophagosome formation. At the vacuole the outer membrane of the autophagosome fuses with the vacuolar membrane and autophagic bodies are released, disintegrated, and their contents degraded for reuse in biosynthesis (16 and reviewed in 22). Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) is a constitutive and specific form of autophagy that uses autophagosomal-like vesicles for selective transport of hydrolases aminopeptidase I (Lap4p) and alpha-mannosidase (Ams1p) to the vacuole (12, 15). Unlike autophagy, which is primarily a catabolic process, Cvt is a biosynthetic process. Like autophagosomes, Cvt vesicles form at a structure known as the phagophore assembly site (PAS) (also called the pre-autophagosomal structure). The PAS structure generates an isolation membrane (IM), which expands and eventually fuses along the edges to complete vesicle formation. At the vacuole, the outer membrane of the Cvt vesicle fuses with the vacuolar membrane, the vesicle is degraded, and the cargos are released and processed into their mature forms by vacuolar peptidases (reviewed in 17). The Cvt pathway has not been observed outside of yeast, and enzymes specifically involved in this pathway are not well conserved in other organisms (13 and references therein).about ATG2 ATG2 encodes a protein that is required for vesicle nucleation/formation during autophagy and the Cvt pathway (11, 3). Atg2p localizes to the PAS and is involved in cycling of the integral membrane protein Atg9p from the PAS to the mitochondria (16, 4, and reviewed in 21). Atg2p and Atg18p have been shown to work together as a complex to facilitate proper Atg9p cycling (23). Localization of Atg2p is dependent on Atg9p, Atg1p, the PtdIns 3-kinase complex I (comprised of Vps34p, Vps15p, Vps30p, and Atg14p), and Atg18p (11, 23). atg2 mutants are defective in autophagy, Cvt transport, sporulation, pexophagy, and survival under starvation conditions (3, 24). ATG2 is highly conserved, and homologs have been identified in organisms such as other yeasts, Arabidopsis, and humans (13).about autophagy nomenclature The initial identification of factors involved in autophagy was carried out by several independent labs, which led to a proliferation of nomenclature for the genes and gene products involved. The differing gene name acronyms from these groups included APG, AUT, CVT, GSA, PAG, PAZ, and PDD (1 and references therein). A concerted effort was made in 2003 by the scientists working in the field to unify the nomenclature for these genes, and \"AuTophaGy-related\" genes are now denoted by the letters ATG (1). In addition to the ATG gene names that have been assigned to S. cerevisiae proteins and their orthologs, several ATG gene names, including ATG25, ATG28, and ATG30, have been used to designate proteins in other ascomycete yeast species for which there is no identifiable equivalent in S. cerevisiae (13, 19).", "date_edited": "2008-04-25"}, "literature_overview": {"primary_count": 74, "additional_count": 55, "review_count": 104, "go_count": 13, "phenotype_count": 25, "disease_count": 0, "interaction_count": 55, "regulation_count": 7, "ptm_count": 8, "funComplement_count": 0, "htp_count": 23, "total_count": 295}, "disease_overview": {"manual_disease_terms": [], "htp_disease_terms": [], "computational_annotation_count": 0, "date_last_reviewed": null}, "ecnumbers": [], "URS_ID": null, "main_strain": "S288C", "regulation_overview": {"regulator_count": 14, "target_count": 0, "paragraph": {"text": "ATG2 promoter is bound by Cyc8p during response to heat; ATG2 transcription is regulated by Sfp1p in response to stress; Atg2 protein activity is regulated by Atg1p", "date_edited": "2024-12-06", "references": [{"id": 414327, "display_name": "Venters BJ, et al. (2011)", "citation": "Venters BJ, et al. (2011) A comprehensive genomic binding map of gene and chromatin regulatory proteins in Saccharomyces. Mol Cell 41(4):480-92", "pubmed_id": 21329885, "link": "/reference/S000145602", "year": 2011, "urls": [{"display_name": "DOI full text", "link": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.01.015"}, {"display_name": "PMC full text", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057419/"}, {"display_name": "PubMed", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21329885"}]}, {"id": 487432, "display_name": "Cipollina C, et al. (2008)", "citation": "Cipollina C, et al. (2008) Saccharomyces cerevisiae SFP1: at the crossroads of central metabolism and ribosome biogenesis. Microbiology (Reading) 154(Pt 6):1686-1699", "pubmed_id": 18524923, "link": "/reference/S000126606", "year": 2008, "urls": [{"display_name": "DOI full text", "link": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2008/017392-0"}, {"display_name": "PubMed", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18524923"}]}, {"id": 367680, "display_name": "Papinski D, et al. (2014)", "citation": "Papinski D, et al. (2014) Early steps in autophagy depend on direct phosphorylation of Atg9 by the Atg1 kinase. Mol Cell 53(3):471-83", "pubmed_id": 24440502, "link": "/reference/S000175819", "year": 2014, "urls": [{"display_name": "DOI full text", "link": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.011"}, {"display_name": "PMC full text", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978657/"}, {"display_name": "PubMed", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440502"}]}]}}, "reference_mapping": {"549294": 1, "611988": 2, "586301": 3, "545890": 4, "308714": 5, "398398": 6, "392153": 7, "1998862": 8, "469883": 9, "504318": 10, "548420": 11, "594256": 12, "509070": 13, "629040": 14, "529067": 15, "564292": 16, "556282": 17, "627092": 18, "489236": 19, "509073": 20, "526690": 21, "503381": 22, "507325": 23, "572420": 24, "497654": 25, "584833": 26}, "history": [{"category": "Name", "history_type": "LSP", "note": "Name: APG2", "date_created": "2010-02-16", "references": [{"id": 611988, "display_name": "Tsukada M and Ohsumi Y (1993)", "citation": "Tsukada M and Ohsumi Y (1993) Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 333(1-2):169-74", "pubmed_id": 8224160, "link": "/reference/S000051835", "year": 1993, "urls": [{"display_name": "DOI full text", "link": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)80398-e"}, {"display_name": "PubMed", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8224160"}]}]}, {"category": "Name", "history_type": "LSP", "note": "Name: ATG2", "date_created": "1999-12-21", "references": [{"id": 549294, "display_name": "Klionsky DJ, et al. (2003)", "citation": "Klionsky DJ, et al. (2003) A unified nomenclature for yeast autophagy-related genes. Dev Cell 5(4):539-45", "pubmed_id": 14536056, "link": "/reference/S000074141", "year": 2003, "urls": [{"display_name": "DOI full text", "link": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00296-x"}, {"display_name": "PubMed", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14536056"}]}]}, {"category": "Name", "history_type": "LSP", "note": "Name: AUT8", "date_created": "2010-02-16", "references": [{"id": 594256, "display_name": "Harding TM, et al. (1996)", "citation": "Harding TM, et al. (1996) Genetic and phenotypic overlap between autophagy and the cytoplasm to vacuole protein targeting pathway. J Biol Chem 271(30):17621-4", "pubmed_id": 8663607, "link": "/reference/S000057871", "year": 1996, "urls": [{"display_name": "DOI full text", "link": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.30.17621"}, {"display_name": "PubMed", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8663607"}]}]}, {"category": "Name", "history_type": "LSP", "note": "Name: SPO72", "date_created": "2010-02-16", "references": [{"id": 572420, "display_name": "Barth H and Thumm M (2001)", "citation": "Barth H and Thumm M (2001) A genomic screen identifies AUT8 as a novel gene essential for autophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 274(1-2):151-6", "pubmed_id": 11675007, "link": "/reference/S000066068", "year": 2001, "urls": [{"display_name": "DOI full text", "link": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00614-x"}, {"display_name": "PubMed", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11675007"}]}]}, {"category": "Nomenclature history", "history_type": "LSP", "note": "Nomenclature history: The standard gene name of ORF YNL242W was changed from APG2 to ATG2, as part of the unified autophagy nomenclature agreed upon by the yeast research community. Sept. 10, 2003", "date_created": "2003-09-10", "references": []}], "complexes": [{"format_name": "CPX-361", "display_name": "ATG2-ATG18 complex"}]},
tabs: {"id": 1268016, "protein_tab": true, "interaction_tab": true, "summary_tab": true, "go_tab": true, "sequence_section": true, "expression_tab": true, "phenotype_tab": true, "literature_tab": true, "wiki_tab": false, "regulation_tab": true, "sequence_tab": true, "history_tab": true, "homology_tab": true, "disease_tab": false}
};
The S. cerevisiae Reference Genome sequence is derived from laboratory strain
S288C. Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and
coordinates. Click "Sequence Details" to view all sequence information for this locus, including that
for other strains.
BLASTN |
BLASTP |
Design Primers |
Restriction Fragment Map |
Restriction Fragment Sizes |
Six-Frame Translation
BLASTN vs. fungi |
BLASTP at NCBI |
BLASTP vs. fungi
Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. Click "Protein Details" for further information about the protein such as half-life, abundance, domains, domains shared with other proteins, protein sequence retrieval for various strains, physico-chemical properties, protein modification sites, and external identifiers for the protein.
Curated mutant alleles for the specified gene, listed alphabetically. Click on the allele name to open the allele page. Click "SGD search" to view all alleles in search results.
View all ATG2 alleles in SGD search
GO Annotations consist of four mandatory components: a gene product, a term from one of the three
Gene Ontology (GO) controlled vocabularies
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Cellular Component), a reference, and an
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literature, as well as computational, or predicted, annotations. Click "Gene Ontology Details" to view
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View computational annotations
Macromolecular complex annotations are imported from the Complex Portal. These annotations have been derived from physical molecular interaction evidence extracted from the literature and cross-referenced in the entry, or by curator inference from information on homologs in closely related species or by inference from scientific background.
Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable
(e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background,
and a reference. In addition, annotations are classified as classical genetics or high-throughput
(e.g., large scale survey, systematic mutation set). Whenever possible, allele information and
additional details are provided. Click "Phenotype Details" to view all phenotype annotations and
evidence for this locus as well as phenotypes it shares with other genes.
Interaction annotations are curated by BioGRID and include physical
or genetic interactions observed
between at least two genes. An interaction annotation is composed of the interaction type, name of the
interactor, assay type (e.g., Two-Hybrid), annotation type (e.g., manual or high-throughput), and a
reference, as well as other experimental details. Click "Interaction Details" to view all interaction
annotations and evidence for this locus, including an interaction visualization.
245 total interactions for 197 unique genes
The number of putative Regulators (genes that regulate it) and Targets (genes it regulates) for the
given locus, based on experimental evidence. This evidence includes data generated through
high-throughput techniques. Click "Regulation Details" to view all regulation annotations, shared GO
enrichment among regulation Targets, and a regulator/target diagram for the locus.
Expression data are derived from records contained in the
Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and are first log2
transformed and normalized. Referenced datasets may contain one or more condition(s), and as a result
there may be a greater number of conditions than datasets represented in a single clickable histogram
bar. The histogram division at 0.0 separates the down-regulated (green) conditions and datasets from
those that are up-regulated (red). Click "Expression Details" to view all expression annotations and
details for this locus, including a visualization of genes that share a similar expression pattern.
A summary of the locus, written by SGD Biocurators following a thorough review of the literature. Links
to gene names and curated GO terms are included within the Summary Paragraphs.
Last Updated: 2008-04-25
All manually curated literature for the specified gene, organized into topics according to their
relevance to the gene (Primary Literature, Additional Literature, or Review). Click "Literature Details"
to view all literature information for this locus, including shared literature between genes.
about the Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway ATG2 / YNL242W Overview
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