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Sandhi sharir.pptx
1. The document discusses different types of joints in the body including fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. 2. Synovial joints are further classified based on the planes of movement as uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints. They are also classified based on the shape of the articular surfaces. 3. Common examples of joints discussed include the elbow as a hinge joint, shoulder as a ball and socket joint, and knee as a condylar joint.
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Dr. Ritika Dixit introduces the topic of Sandhi Sharir with a modern perspective.
Derivation and definition of Sandhi, emphasizing joint (संधि) and its relation to conditions.
Discusses the number and classification of joints as per Ayurvedic texts, citing Suśruta.
Explores types of sandhi structures, locations across different parts of the body (e.g., hands, knees). Examines types of fibrous joints: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses with unique examples.
Defines and categorizes cartilaginous joints, highlighting differences between primary and secondary types.
Focuses on synovial joints as the most movable type, detailing structure and variety of movements.
Describes joint movements including active and passive movements, providing examples for clarity.
Discusses biomechanics focusing on static and dynamic studies, detailing the role of kinetics and kinematics.
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Sandhi sharir.pptx
- 1. By: Dr.Ritika Dixit AssociateProfessor Rachana Sharir dept. Shubhdeep Ayurved medical college Sandhi Sharir with Modern Consideration
- 2. व्युत्पत्ति/ Derivation स म्+ धा+ त्ति : = संधानत्तमत्ति (शब्द् कल्पद्रु म)
- 3. परिभाषा संधि: संिानमˎ। अमिकोष अस्थि:संयोगथिानम् सस्ि:। (च. शा. ) अस्थि क े संयोग थिान को संधि कहा जाता है। संत्तध में दोष : श्लेष्मक कफ
- 4. Sandhi andSrotas sandhi is mūla of majjā vaha srotas Sandhi and Peśī The Peśī covers the different structure of the body such as Sira Snāyu Asthi Parva and sandhi and imparts strength to these structure including the sandhi Sandhi and Snāyu Pratānvati snāyu present in all sandhi of body. sandhi will acquire their stability by the various snāyu which are connected.
- 5. संधियो की संख्या संख्यातस्तु द शो त्त ि द्वेशते| (सु. शा 5/26) सुश्रुत क े अनुसाि संधियो की संख्या – 210 चिक – 200 काश्यप -- 381 अथिीनाम तू सियो ह्येते क े वलााः परिकीधतितााः पेशीस्नायुधसिाणां तु सस्िसङ्ख् ख्या न धवद्यते । (सु. शा 5/28)
- 6. षडंगों क े अनुसाि स्थानसंख्या शाखा 68 (4×17) मध्य शिीि 59 जत्रुर्ध्ि 83
- 7. एक ै कस्ां पादाङ्ख ्गुल्ां त्रयस्त्रयाः, द्वावङ्ख् गुष्ठे, ते चतुदिश; जानुगुल्फवक्षणेष्वेकाः एवं सप्तदशैकस्िन् सस्िन भवस्ि; एतेनैतिसस्ि बाहू च व्याख्यातौ; (सु.शा. 5/28) स्थान संख्या अँगुली(3×4) 12 अंगुष्ठ 02 जानू / क ू पिि 01 गुल्फ/ मधणबंि 01 वंक्षण/ कक्षा 01 Total 17×4=68
- 8. स्थान संख्या श्रोधणफलक 03 पृष्ठ्वंश24 पार्श्ि 24 वक्ष 08 ग्रीवा 08 कण्ठ 03 ह्रदय / क्लोमनाडी 18
- 9. स्थान संख्या दंतमूल 32 काकलक01 नासा 01 वर्त्िमण्डल 02 गण्ड 02 कणि,शंख 04
- 10. स्थान संख्या हनुसंधि 02 भ्रूऊपि 02 शंखोपरि 02 धशिकपाल 05 मूिाि 01
- 11. संधियों क े प्रकाि संधि कमािर्त्किचनार्त्क
- 12. कमािर्त्क वगीकिण संियस्तु धद्विाश्चेष्टावंत:स्थििाश्च संधि चेष्टावि स्थिि
- 13. चेष्टावि संधि =चल संधि चेष्टावि बहुचेष्टा अल्पचेष्टा
- 14. स्थिि संधि= अचल संधि शेषास्तुसियाःसवेधवज्ञेयाधहस्थििाबुिैाः । (सु.शा.)
- 15.
- 16. िोर संत्तध तेषांअंगुधलमधणबंिगुल्फजा नुक ुपििेषु कोिा: अंगुधल मधणबंि गुल्फ़ जानु क ू पिि
- 18. उलूखल: कक्षावंक्षणदशनेषु उलूखला: कक्षा वंक्षण दशन
- 19. सामुद्ग अंसपीठगुदभगधनतम्बेषु सामुद्गा: अंसपीठ गुद भग धनतम्ब
- 20. प्रति ग्रीवापृष्ठवंशयोाः प्रतिा:।। ग्रीवा पृष्ठवंश
- 21. तुन्नसेवनी धशि:कधिकपालेषु तुन्नसेवन्य: धशि कधिकपाल
- 22.
- 23. मण्डल क ं ठह्र्दयनेत्रक्लोमनाडीषु मण्डला: क ं ठ ह्र्दय नेत्र क्लोमनाडी
- 24. शंखावति श्रोत्रश्रृंगािक े षुशंखावताि: श्रोत्र श्रृंगािक
- 25. Joints : Introduction In general joint is a site where two things join. However, the joint is a junction between two or more bone/cartilage. Arthron (G) – arthrology, arthritis, etc Articulatio (L) –articulation
- 26.
- 27. Functional classification Synarthrosis Immovable joints, e.g.– cranial sutures Amphiarthrosis Slightly movable joints, e.g. – secondary cartilaginous joint Diarthrosis Freely movable joints, e.g. – shoulder joint Based on degree of mobility
- 28. Structural classification Basedon the type of connecting structure between articulating bone the joint is of three types. Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Based on structure
- 29. Fibrous joint Fibrousconnective tissue connects adjacent bone These joints are either immovable or may produce very slight degree of movement. Three types – Suture syndesmoses Gomphoses
- 30. Sutures or synostosesare found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid (synarthrodial)
- 31. According toshape of bony margins the sutures can be: i. Plane i.e. internasal sutures ii. Serrate i.e. interparietal sagittal suture iii. Squamous i.e. temporoparietal sutures iv. Denticulate i.e. lambdoid suture between parietal and occipital v. Schindylesis i.e. rostrum of sphenoid and up;er border of vomer
- 32. Syndesmosis arefound between long bones of the body, such as the radius and ulna in forearm and the fibula and tibia in leg. Unlike other fibrous joints, syndesmoses are moveable (amphiarthrodial), but not to such degree as synovial joints.
- 33. 3. Gomphosisis a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible.
- 34. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS Cartilaginousjoints are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. Cartilaginous joints also form the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.
- 35. The cartilaginousjoints are those in which the adjacent bones are connected by means of hyaline or fibro-cartilage. Two types- a) Primary cartilaginous joint (Synchondroses) b) Secondary cartilaginous joint (Symphyses)
- 36. a) Primarycartilaginous joint (Synchondroses) The bones are united by hyaline cartilage. immovable and strong. Temporary as after certain age the cartilaginous plate get ossified and replaced by bone. E.g. – Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of growing long bone, first costo-sternal joint.
- 37. b) Secondarycartilaginous joint (symphyses) Articular surface are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage and united by a disc of fibro cartilage. These joints are permanent and persist throughout life. Permit some degree of movement due to elastic fibrocartilage. E.g. – symphysis pubis, intervertebral joint between vertebral bodies.
- 38. Synovial joint Mostcommon and most evolved variety of joints Maximum degree of mobility. Articular surface of the adjacent bone are separated by joint cavity and margins of articular surface are connected by capsular ligament.
- 39. Classification of synovialjoints 1. Based on planes of movement 2. Based on shape of articular surface 3. Based on number of articulating bones
- 40. Uniaxial e.g. – elbow joint, interphalangealJt, atlanto-axial joint Biaxial e.g. – knee joint, radio-carpal joint, sterno-clavicular joint, temporo-mandibular joint. Multiaxial e.g. – shoulder joint, hip joint. Based on planes of movement
- 41. Based on shapeof articular surface Plane joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Condylar joint Ellipsoid joint Saddle joint Ball and socket joint
- 42. Plane joints Jointbetween flat articular surfaces. These joints permit gliding movement e.g.intercarpal joints, intermetacarpal joints.
- 43. Hinge/Ginglymus joints Thejoints having pulley shaped articular surface. Movement is permitted in one plane around transverse axis like a hinge of a door e.g.-elbow joint, interphalangeal joint.
- 44. Pivot joint/trochoid joints Articular surface of one bone is rounded, pivot (peg) like which fits into the ostio- ligamentus ring of other. These permit a rotation movement around a vertical axis. e.g. – superior radio-ulnar joint, atlanto-axial joint.
- 45. Condylar joint Distinctconvex condyles of one bone articulates with the reciprocally concave articular surface of other bone. The movement is permitted in two directions (biaxial) • Transverse axis • Vertical axis. E.g.-knee joint, temporo- mandibular joint.
- 46. Ellipsoidal Joint Ellipticalconvex surface of one bone articulates with reciprocally concave surface of other bone. Ellipsoid joints show movement in two directions a. flexion and extension around transverse axis b. adduction and abduction around antero- posterior axis. Circumduction is produced by the combination of above movements. e.g. – radio-carpal joint, metacarpo- phalangeal joint, atlanto-occipital joint.
- 47. Saddle joint Anarticular surface of one bone fits into the saddle- shaped surface of another bone. Bi-axial joints e.g.- Carpometacarpal joint.
- 48. Ball and socket/spheroidaljoints Rounded glob like articular surface of one bone fits into cup shaped socket of other bone. Movement occur in multi axis Example – hip joint, shoulder joint
- 49. Based on numberof articulating bones 1. Simple e.g. – inter-phalangeal joint 2. Compound e.g. – elbow joint, ankle joint.
- 50. Complex joint Ajoint in which the joint cavity is divided completely or incompletely into two parts by an intra- articular disc e.g. knee joint, temporo-mandibular joint.
- 51. Sr. No. Typesof joint Examples Modern aspect 1 िोर संत्तध अंगुधल,मधणबंि,गुल्फ़,जानु, क ू पिि Hinge joint 2 उलूख़ल कक्षा,वंक्षण ,दशन Ball& Socket 3 सामुद्ग अंसपीठ,गुद,भग ,धनतम्ब Amphiarthrosis 4 प्रिर ग्रीवा,पृष्ठवंश Gliding 5 िुन्नसेवनी धशि,कधि,कपाल Suture 6 मण्डल क ं ठ,ह्र्दय,नेत्र,क्लोमनाडी 7 वायसिुण्ड हनु Condylar 8 शंखावित श्रोत्र,श्रृंगािक Cartilagenous
- 52. PARTS OF AJOINT A). Articular Cartilage B). Synovial (joint) cavity C). Articular Capsule D). Synovial Fluid. E). Reinforcing Ligaments F). Fatty Pads or Articular Discs G). Bursae Flattened sacs that contain synovial fluid. Function to reduce friction H).Tendon Sheath A bursa that wraps around a tendon that is subject to friction.
- 54. Movements of synovialjoint Active movememnts Passive movements
- 55. Active movement a.General rotator movement Gliding/sliding one bone slips over the other, e.g. movements in a plane joint. Angular Movement in which the angle of joint is increased or decreased, e.g.flexion, extension, adduction, abduction. Rotatory/Circular two types of rotatory movements, rotation and circumduction.
- 56. Rotation –movement of body part around its own axis, e.g. medial and lateral rotation of shoulder joint Circumduction – it is combination of four angular movements in a successive order, causing circular movement of distal free part resulting in a cone like movement of body part, e.g. shoulder joint, hip joint.
- 57. b) Special activemovements – Few joints show some special active movements, They are Inversion & eversion, protraction & retraction, Elevation & depression.
- 58. Passive movements These movements are produced by external force such as examining doctor. Example– Gliding movement of wrist, which a patient cannot perform by himself actively, but an examining doctor can produce it by careful manipulation of wrist.
- 59. Biomechanics 1. Static 2. Dynamic-A.Kinetics B. Kinematics— a. Osteokinematics b. Arthrokinematics
- 60. Statics Dynamics Studyof the conditions under which objects remain in rest Study of the conditions under which objects move
- 61. Dynamics hastwo components Kinetics and Kinematics: a. Kinetics Examines the various forces which act on the joint to execute a particular movement b. Kinematics A branch of Biomechanics that describe the motion of the body without regard to the forces that produce the movement
- 62. Kinetics The forcesthat act on body during movement include Internal External Muscle contraction Gravity Muscle lengthening External load/resi stance Tension from the ligament
- 63. Kinematics Has two components: Osteo kinematics Manner in which bone moves Artho kinematics Movement occurring between the joint surfaces
- 64. Osteokinematics In includesvarious movements of joints including Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension abduction & adduction Medial & lateral rotation pronation & Supination Protraction & retraction Elevation & depression Inversion & eversion Plantar flexion & dorsiflexion circumduction
- 65. Arthrokinematics Movement occurringbetween the joint surfaces or how they fit together This will help to improve the movement of the joint One of the surface will be stable and other moves on it