oral-com-2nd-Sem.pptx

UNDERSTANDING
SPEECH CONTEXT,
SPEECH STYLE,
SPEECH ACT, AND
COMMUNICATIVE
STRATEGY

FACTORS AFFECTED BY A SHIFT IN SPEECH CONTEXT,
SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACT, AND COMMUNICATIVE
STRATEGY
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FACTORS AFFECTED BY A SHIFT IN SPEECH
CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACT, AND
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
3

4

5

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20XX Pitch deck title 8
A good speech requires days or even
weeks of preparation depending on
the topic and the availability of
materials needed. While many are
expert enough to compose their
speech a night before they deliver it,
seldom that it become very
successful for a beginner writer. For
this reason, careful planning is
important to come up with a well-
written speech.

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• The purpose for writing and delivering
the speech can be classified into three—
to inform, to entertain, or to persuade.
 An informative speech provides the
audience with a clear understanding of
the concept or idea presented by the
speaker.
 An entertainment speech provides the
audience with amusement.
 A persuasive speech provides the
audience with well-argued ideas that
can influence their own beliefs and
decisions.

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• The topic is your focal point of your
speech, which can be determined
once you have decided on your
purpose. If you are free to decide
on a topic, choose one that really
interests you. There are a variety of
strategies used in selecting a topic,
such as using your personal
experiences, discussing with your
family members or friends, free
writing, listing, asking questions, or

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• Narrowing down a topic
means making your main
idea more specific and
focused. The strategies in
selecting a topic can also be
used when you narrow down
a topic.

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In the example below, “Defining and developing
effective money management skills of Grade 11
students” is the specific topic out of a general
one, which is “Effective money management.”

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• Data gathering is the stage where
you collect ideas, information,
sources, and references relevant
or related to your specific topic.
This can be done by visiting the
library, browsing the web,
observing a certain phenomenon
or event related to your topic, or
conducting an interview or survey.
The data that you will gather will
be very useful in making your
speech informative, entertaining,

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• Writing patterns, in
general, are structures that
will help you organize the
ideas related to your topic.
Examples are biographical,
categorical/topical, causal,
chronological,
comparison/contrast,
problem-solution, and

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• An outline is a hierarchical list that
shows the relationship of your ideas.
Experts in public speaking state that
once your outline is ready, two-thirds of
your speech writing is finished. A good
outline helps you see that all the ideas
are in line with your main idea or
message. The elements of an outline
include introduction, body, and
conclusion. Write your outline based
on how you want your ideas to
develop.

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Below are some of the suggested
formats.

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• The body of the speech
provides explanations,
examples, or any details that
can help you deliver your
purpose and explain the main
idea of your speech.
One major consideration in
developing the body of your
speech is the focus or central
idea. The body of your speech

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The following are some strategies
to highlight your main idea.
• Present real-life or practical
examples
• Show statistics
• Present comparisons
• Share ideas from the experts
or practitioners

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The introduction is the foundation of your
speech. Here, your primary goal is to get the
attention of your audience and present the
subject or main idea of your speech. Your first
few words should do so. The following are some
strategies.
• Use a real-life experience and connect that
experience to your subject.
• Use practical examples and explain their
connection to your subject.
• Start with a familiar or strong quote and then
explain what it means.
• Use facts or statistics and highlight their
importance to your subject.
• Tell a personal story to illustrate your point.

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The conclusion restates the main idea of your
speech. Furthermore, it provides a summary,
emphasizes the message, and calls for action.
While the primary goal of the introduction is to get
the attention of your audience, the conclusion
aims to leave the audience with a memorable
statement.
The following are some strategies.
• Begin your conclusion with a restatement of
your message.
• Use positive examples, encouraging words, or
memorable lines from songs or stories familiar
to your audience.
• Ask a question or series of questions that can
make your audience reflect or ponder.

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• Editing/Revising your written speech
involves correcting errors in mechanics,
such as grammar, punctuation,
capitalization, unity, coherence, and
others. Andrew Dlugan (2013), an
award-winning public speaker, lists six
power principles for speech editing.
Edit for focus.
“So, what’s the point? What’s the
message of the speech?”
Ensure that everything you have
written, from introduction to conclusion,
is related to your central message.

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• Edit for clarity.
“I don’t understand the message because the
examples or supporting details were confusing.”
Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging
them in logical order (e.g., main idea first then
supporting details, or supporting details first then
main idea).
• Edit for concision.
“The speech was all over the place; the speaker
kept talking endlessly as if no one was listening
to him/her.”
Keep your speech short, simple, and clear by

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• Edit for continuity.
“The speech was too difficult to follow; I
was lost in the middle.”
Keep the flow of your presentation smooth
by adding transition words and phrases.
• Edit for variety.
“I didn’t enjoy the speech because it was
boring.”
Add spice to your speech by shifting tone
and style from formal to conversational
and vice-versa, moving around the stage,
or adding humor.

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• Edit for impact and beauty.
“There’s nothing really special about
the speech.”
Make your speech memorable by
using these strategies: surprise the
audience, use vivid descriptive
images, write well-crafted and
memorable lines, and use figures of
speech.

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• Rehearsing gives you an
opportunity to identify what works
and what does not work for you and
for your target audience. Some
strategies include reading your
speech aloud, recording for your
own analysis or for your peers or
coaches to give feedback on your
delivery. The best thing to
remember at this stage is:
“Constant practice makes perfect.”

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Some Guidelines in Speech Writing
1. Keep your words short and simple. Your speech is
meant to be heard by your audience, not read.
2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words because
they can confuse your audience.
3. Make your speech more personal. Use the personal
pronoun “I,” but take care not to overuse it. When you
need to emphasize collectiveness with your audience,
use the personal pronoun “we.”
4. Use active verbs and contractions because they add to
the personal and conversational tone of your speech.
5. Be sensitive of your audience. Be very careful with
your language, jokes, and nonverbal cues.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to
effectively convey your point.
7. Manage your time well; make sure that the speech falls
under the time limit.

1. Audience Profile
Knowing your audience
specifically their general age,
gender, educational level, religion,
language, culture and group
membership is one of the most
important aspects in developing
your speech. Basically, this is
done so that you can tailor-fit
your speech content and delivery
to your audience

1. Audience Profile
Analyzing your audience will
help you discover the
information you can use to
build a connection between
you and members of your
audience.

The Introduction
The introduction is the most crucial part
of the speech. It is generally only 10 to
15 percent of the time the speaker
spends speaking. According to Wrench
(2012), a good introduction serves five
functions: (1) you should be able to gain
audience attention and interest, (2) it
states the purpose of your speech, (3) it
establishes your credibility, (4) it should
provide reasons for your audience to
listen and (5) your introduction should
preview the main idea of your speech.

The Body
The body of the speech is the
core part of the speech that
addresses the main ideas and
principles of the speech. It
consists of the main points.
This is presented using
methods of organization
(Flores, 2016).

Make sure that you move
smoothly from one paragraph
to another. Transitional words
are used to connect words,
phrases, or sentences. They
help the reader to move from
one idea to the next to build
coherent relationships within
the text.

Study the table showing examples of different
transitional words and their functions.

Adapted from: The Transitional Devices Table.
https://kielikompassi.jyu.fi/kookit06/corpus/micase/transitionaldevicetable.html

The Conclusion
After writing the body of your
speech following the methods of
organization, the last thing that
you need to work on is how to end
it.
The conclusion functions as the
summarizer of the entire speech.
The conclusion has to be written
using different strategies (Tandoc,
2016).

3. Duration
No matter how long the speech is,
always divide it into five parts: an
introduction, the body (paragraph 2,
paragraph 3, and paragraph 4) and a
conclusion. This format is adaptable
to a speech of almost any length. By
doing this, you can actually monitor
the time and length of your speech
or the so-called Duration. Most
experts say that the ideal length of
speech is up to 20 minutes. (Gray-
Grant, 2017).

Introduction: 2 minutes (250 words)
Body:
Point 1: 5 minutes (625 words)
Conclusion: 3 minutes (375 words)
Total word count: 2,500 words (20
minutes)

4. Word Choice
There are a lot of vocabularies
available to describe one's idea.
However, the speaker should carefully
use the correct word in writing the
speech. The use of conversational
language helps put the audience feel
at ease and creates a special bond
between the speaker and the
audience. However, there are things
that you should consider in choosing
your words.

The following words should be
avoided in a written speech
(Tandoc, 2016).
a. Jargons or technical terms
specific only for a group of people
b. Redundancy or excessive
repetition of words
c. Language inappropriate for the
audience
d. Language inappropriate for the
occasion

Jargons are specific words or phrases
used by a certain individual or group
which are difficult for others to
understand.
For example, the word idiopathic (which
means unknown cause) and hyperventilate
(rapid breathing) are jargons because they are
technical terms in medical fields. The word
affidavit (sworn) and circumstantial (specific
details) are heard commonly in legal aspect or
terms in in the field of Law. These words can
be confusing if you are speaking in front of a
general crowd or audience.

5. Grammatical Correctness
Using correct grammar when you give
a speech is important to prevent
misunderstanding and
misinterpretation between you and the
audience. Good command of the
language helps listeners understand
you quickly. Grammar inconsistencies
slow down the communication process
and generate negative impressions for
the audience, as your ideas and
thoughts are not clear and coherently
conveyed.

Types of Speech According to
Purpose
1. An informative speech provides
the audience with a clear
understanding of a concept or idea.
The lectures of your teachers are the
best examples of this type.
2. An entertainment speech amuses
the audience. The humorous speeches
of comedians and performers are the
best examples of this type.

Types of Speech According to
Purpose
3. A persuasive speech seeks to
provide the audience with
favorable or acceptable ideas
that can influence their own ideas
and decisions. The campaign
speeches of the running
candidates for government posts
are the best examples of this

Types of Speech According to Delivery
1. Extemporaneous

2. Impromptu

3. Manuscript

4. Memorized

Delivery for Different Situations
As a public speaker, you need to be ready to deal
with the most common challenges in different
speaking environments. Below are some of them.
1. Speaking to a specific audience
size

2. Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a
building

3. Speaking in different venues

4. Speaking with a microphone

5. Speaking with a podium or lectern

Tools for Effective Speech Delivery
To be effective in your delivery, watch
and emulate people who speak in
public excellently. While observing,
take note of the following:
• How they approach their audience
(formal, informal, personal,
conversational, intimate, among
others)
• How they connect with their
audience (using eye contact, body
movements, and facial expressions)

• How they present themselves (stage
presence: how they look, stand,
walk, use nonverbal cues, act on and
off the stage)
• How they use their voice in terms of
volume (loudness or softness), pitch
(highness or lowness), rate or speed,
pauses to show emphasis and
strengthen the clarity of the
message, vocal variety (effective
changes in volume, pitch, rate and
pauses), and pronunciation

More Tips for Effective Speech
Delivery
Following are more techniques and
tips to help you deliver your speech
well:
1.Use a conversational style more
often. This is the style that is more
natural; it is the style that you always
use when you express yourself with
your family and friends. Audience
members do not like the speaker to
sound unnatural or exaggerated.

2. Look your audience members in
the eye so they will feel that they
are part of your speech. Eye
contact should be maintained to
keep the attention of your audience
and enhance your delivery.
3. Remember to adjust your volume to
the size of the audience and the
venue. When addressing a large
audience, modulate your voice in
such a way that you speak loudly
without sounding like shouting or

4.Vary your rate or speed to keep your
audience interested and to avoid a
monotone pattern. The audience
might get bored if you speak very
slowly and they might get confused
if you speak very fast. Hence, your
rate should be at an appropriate
speed.

5.Master your voice and find your pitch
level (high or low). If you have a high
pitch level, modulate or slightly move
it down. If you have a low pitch level,
modulate or slightly move it up. Your
performance will definitely be
affected if you do not modulate.

6.Use pauses when you emphasize
the most important words, phrases,
or sentences. Your pauses should
not last for three seconds.
Otherwise, it will result in dead air or
a moment of awkward silence.
7.Pronounce and enunciate words
correctly. You will confuse the
audience if you mispronounce
words, and it could distract them and
affect your credibility.

8.Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute
actual words in your speech because
these words are distracting. Examples of
fillers are “like,” “um,” “ah,” “uh,” and “er.”
To reduce the use of these fillers, detect
the instances when you use them: Do
you generally use fillers after each
sentence, between different ideas, or
whenever you make transitions? Then,
instead of using them the next time you
deliver a speech, simply stop and pause.

9.Start your speech by standing
straight and balancing your weight.
This will give a positive first
impression.
10.Use precise movements. Avoid
distracting mannerisms like swaying
back and forth, leaning on the
podium, licking or biting your lips,
playing with your wristwatch or
jewelry, scratching parts of your
body, frowning, and others. Observe
your mannerisms and learn how to

11.Avoid having a poker face or a
highly animated face. These facial
expressions appear distracting and
may even be annoying. Instead,
follow the most highly suggested
tip: smile. However, make sure that
the meaning of your speech reflects
in your facial expressions; do not
smile if you are talking about
something sad.

12.Dress properly and appropriately.
Wearing the proper attire will make
you look more confident and
professional. Make sure not to
overdress, as this may distract your
audience.

13.Observe ethics by coming
prepared, being honest with your
words, being polite, avoiding
offensive words and back-biting or
talking negative things about other
people, or copying someone’s
work without proper
documentation.
14.Breathe in and out to relax before
your speech. Most importantly,
have fun.

Articulation
When a speaker’s words cannot be
understood because of poor
articulation, the speech might as well
not have been delivered at all.
Articulation refers to the clear
pronunciation or diction and speech
which is very essential in effectively
transmitting the message.

Articulation
Word choice and grammatical
correctness are necessary in writing
the speech, but it is highly important
to know by the speaker the correct
way of saying a word, whether they
are familiar or unfamiliar. It also
includes proper breathing techniques
together with the correct production
of sounds that make up words
contribute to an efficient articulation.

Modulation
This happens when you control or
adjust the tone or volume of your
voice as you try to lower your voice to
a loud whisper in order to get the
attention of your audience as they
find your message more appealing,
dramatic and mysterious.
Modulation has various meanings,
such as a change of key in music or
of the sound of a person's voice.
Modulation refers to the capability of
the vocal tone to adjust to the
resonance and timbre of the voice.

Stage presence
Stage Presence refers to the ability of
the speaker to “own the stage,”
meaning to be able to fill the space and
project his/her personality to the
audience. The speaker’s ability to get
and secure the audience's interest in
listening to him / her through his or
her presentation style refers to stage
presence. Every time the speaker faces
his audience, he is encouraged to keep
his poise, posture, gestures, and
movements since they may make or
break the presentation.

A good stage presence
essentially engages the audience
into the performance. It is the
ability to make the audience
connect with the speaker and
pull them into the story being
told, and as a result, the
audience are affected by the
feelings, emotions, and ideas
being conveyed.
Stage presence

Facial Expressions, Gestures
and Movements
To effectively communicate emotions
and enthusiasm while speaking, the
speaker must use emphatic and
descriptive gestures. These helps
enhance the verbal content of our
speech. Gestures should appear
spontaneous but purposeful.
Movements from the waist down
should be decisively used to
emphasize a point or as a transition
during a speech.

Facial expressions are essential in
setting the emotional tone for a speech. It
is helpful that facial expressions jive with
the message being delivered. To achieve
the positive tone of the speaker before he
begins, he simply must glance at the
audience and smile. A smile may be
simple, but its value is indispensable in
communicating friendliness, openness,
and confidence. In addition, facial
expressions communicate various types of
emotions which reflect the speaker’s
moods and personality traits.

Arm and hand movements constitute gesture. We
all may have developed our native culture and we
tend to internalize them as we speak. Becoming
fluent in a language is part of this process. On the
other hand, we also become fluent in non-verbal
communication through our gestures. We all use
hand gestures while we speak, but we didn’t ever
go to any class in learning how to match our verbal
communication with the appropriate gestures; we
just internalized on these norms as a result of long
period of time based on observation later
incorporate them as we speak. By this point in
your life, you have a whole vocabulary of hand
movements and gestures that spontaneously come
out while you’re speaking. Some of these gestures
are emphatic and some are descriptive (Koch,
2007).

Movement of the whole body,
instead of just gesturing with
hands, is appropriate in a speech.

“The success of your
presentation or speech, will be
judged not by the knowledge
you send but with what the
listener receives.”

oral-com-2nd-Sem.pptx

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