Infomation & Communication Technology Lecture 1 Intro

In the name of ALLAH the most beneficent
and merciful
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What is a Science?
 Science is "knowledge attained through study or
practice"
 Knowledge covers general truths of the
operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and
tested through scientific method [and]
concerned with the physical world."
 Refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This
system uses observation and experimentation to
describe and explain natural phenomena.

?
What is Technology?
 Practical application of science is technology.
 Technology is a human innovation in action
that involves the generation of knowledge and
processes to develop systems that solve
problems.

Data and Information
 What is data?
Data is unorganised facts, numbers, letters and
symbols represented in a formalised manner
suitable for communication, interpretation and
processing by humans or computers.
 What is information?
Information is data which has been assigned a
commonly understood meaning.

AB34652 22025 46723 45890 98345
??
Data

Information
Number of Products Sold in November in All Sales Areas
Product South North East West
AB34652 22025 46723 45890 98345

Information Technology
 Information technology refers to both the
hardware and software that are used to store,
retrieve, and manipulate information.
 The practice of creating and/or studying
computer systems and applications.

Communication
 The term 'Communication' has been derived from the
Latin word 'communis' that means 'common'. Thus
'to communicate' means 'to make common' or 'to
make known'. This act of making common and
known is carried out through exchange of thoughts,
ideas or the like.
 Communication is a process of transferring
information from one entity to another.

E-World
 eWorld stands for electronic world, is
responsible for providing online services.
 It includes email (eMail Center), news, and
a bulletin board system (Community Center).
 Users of eWorld are referred to as "ePeople".

E-World
Email:
 Messages automatically passed from one computer user to
another, often through computer networks and/or
via modems over telephone lines.
Bulletin Board System (Community Center)
 A computer and associated software which typically provides
an electronic message database where people can log in and
leave messages. Messages are typically split into topic groups.
Any user may submit or read any message in these public
areas.

?
What is a Computer?
 An electronic device that can perform the following
tasks:
 Respond predictably to input
 Store the set of instructions needed to process
the input
 Process the input according to these instructions
 Store the results of processing
 Output information

How is a computer defined?
Produces and stores results
Electronic device operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory
Processes data into
information
information
Data that is organized,
meaningful, and useful
Accepts data
data
Raw facts, figures,
and symbols

All computers take in information called input and
give out information called output
How computer works:

Input
Processing
Output
Storage
Components of a Computing System

Central processing
unit (CPU) holds
instructions
temporarily and
data and programs
executes computer
Input device
sends data to
the central
processing
unit
Output device
makes
processed
(information)
available
data
Secondary storage
device stores data
and programs
Four Hardware Components

17
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Calculating Machines
 The first calculating device called
ABACUS was developed by the Egyptian
and Chinese people.
 Its only value is that it aids the memory of
the human performing the calculation.
 A skilled abacus operator can work on
addition and subtraction problems at the
speed of a person equipped with a hand
calculator
Abacus Computer

18
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Napier’s bones
 English mathematician John Napier built a
mechanical device for the purpose of
multiplication.
 He invented logarithms, which are a
technology that allows multiplication to be
performed via addition.
 The magic ingredient is the logarithm of
each operand, which was originally
obtained from a printed table.
 Napier also invented an alternative to
tables, where the logarithm values were
carved on ivory sticks which are now called
Napier's Bones.

19
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Slide Rule
 English mathematician Edmund Gunter developed the slide rule.
This machine could perform operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. It was widely used in Europe in 16th
century.

20
Pascal's Machine
 Pascal invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who
was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-
function calculator (it could only add).
 A machine consisted of wheels, gears and cylinders, that
could add and subtract .
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
HISTORY OF COMPUTER

21
Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing
Machine
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 It could both multiply and divide.
 German co-inventor managed to build a four-function (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division) calculator that he called the stepped reckoner.
 It employed fluted drums having ten flutes arranged around their circumference in a
stair-step fashion.

22
Babbage’s Analytical Engine
Charles Babbage (father of computer) built a
mechanical machine to do complex mathematical
calculations.
Mechanical and Electrical Calculator
Mechanical calculator was developed to perform
all sorts of mathematical calculations. Later
mechanical calculator was developed to the
electrical calculator.
Modern Electronic Calculator
 At first made quite bulky then transistors.
 It can do all kinds of mathematical computations
and store some data permanently.
 Its size is too small.

Types Of Computers
 Computers Can be divided into the following
types on the basis of their working:
1. Analog Computers
2. Digital Computers
3. Hybrid Computers

Types Of Computers
 Analog Computers:
 An analog Computer does not operate with
digital signals. It recognizes data as a continuous
measurement of a physical property. it has no
state. Analog computer is difficult to operate and
use. Voltage ,pressure, speed and temperature are
some physical properties that can be measured in
this way.
 Analog computer is mainly used in the field of
engineering and medicine.

Types Of Computers
 Examples:
1. The speed of the car is measured by speedometer
2. Analog clock measures time by the distance of the
hands of a clock around a dial.

Types Of Computers
 Digital Computers:
 A Digital Computer Works with Digits.
Everything Is described in two states i.e. either on
or off. The number 1 represents on and 0
represents off state. it operates by counting
numbers or digits and gives output in digital
form.
 The digital computers are very fast. These
computers store result in digital form.

Types Of Computers
 Examples:
1. Digital watch is a good example of digital
computer.
2. Score board that directly count discrete values
such as the time left to play and the score of each
team.

Types Of Computers
 Hybrid Computers:
 These types of computers are, as the name suggests, a
combination of both Analog and Digital computers.
A hybrid computer combines the best characteristics
of both the analog and digital computer. It can
accept data in analog and digital form.
 Examples:
 Hybrid computer devices may calculate patient’s
heart function ,temperature, blood pressure etc.

Categories of Computers
Next
Personal Computers
(desktop)
Mobile Computers and
Mobile Devices
Midrange Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Embedded Computers

Personal Computers
 Designed so all of the components fit entirely on or under a desk or
table
 Refer to a type of computer system that was designed for use by a
single person
Next

Mobile Computers and Mobile
Devices
 What is a notebook computer?
Next
 Portable, small enough
to fit on your lap
 Also called a laptop
computer
 Generally more
expensive than a
desktop computer

Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
 What is a Tablet PC?
Next
 Resembles a letter-sized slate
 Allows you to write on the screen
using a digital pen
 Especially useful for taking notes
 Offer all the functionality of a
notebook PC, but they are lighter.
 Can accept input from an
electronic pen or the user’s voice.

 What are mobile devices?
 Small enough to carry in a
pocket
Next
 Internet-enabled
telephone is a “smart
phone”

 What is a handheld computer?
 Also called palmtop computers.
Next
Used
by mobile
employees such as
meter readers
Small
enough to fit
in one
hand

 What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?
Next
 Provides personal
organizer functions
 Calendar
 Appointment book
 Address book
 Calculator
 Notepad

 What are smart phones and smart watches?
Next
A smart watch is
an Internet-enabled
watch that automatically
adjusts to time zone changes
and stores personal
information
A smart phone is
an Internet-enabled
telephone that usually
provides PDA capabilities

Servers
 What types of servers are there?
Midrange server Powerful, large
computer that supports up to a few
thousand computers
Mainframe Very powerful,
expensive computer that supports
thousands of computers.
Supercomputer The fastest, most
powerful, most expensive
computer. Used for applications
requiring complex mathematical
calculations like weather
forecasting etc
Next

Embedded Computers
 What is an embedded computer?
 A special-purpose computer that functions as a
component in a larger product
Next

Capabilities Of Computers
Computers have some significant characteristics
because of which they are becoming versatile
day by day. They have several capabilities and
some limitations.

Following are some important characteristics of Computers :
 Speed
 Storage Capacity
 Processing
 Accuracy
 Recalling
Capabilities Of Computers ( Cont )

Capabilities Of Computers ( Cont )
 Control sequence
 Consistency
 Communication
 Versatility
 Cost Reduction

Speed
Computers can carry out instructions in less than a millionth
of a second. For instant , a small computer can sort a set of
hundred names in less than a hundredth of a second.
Storage Capacity
Computers have the capacity to store large amounts of
instructions and data and supply stored information to us
when we ask for it. This is an advantage over our brains
where it is difficult to store all information we acquire for
long time.
Description:

Processing
A computer can process the given instructions. It can perform
different types of processing like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. It can also perform logical
Functions like comparing two numbers to decide which one is
greater.
Accuracy
Accuracy means to provide result without any error.
Computer can process large amount of data and generate
error free results.

Recalling
A computer can recall the stored data and information as and
when required . The data stored in the computer can be used
at a later time. The computer can recall the data within few
seconds .
Control Sequence
A computer works strictly according to the given instructions.
It follows the same sequence of instructions that is given to a
Program.

Consistency
Computers works in consistent way. It does not lose
concentration due to heavy work. It does not become tired or
bore .Computer performs all the jobs with equal attention.
Communication
Most computers have the capability to communicate with
other computers. We can connect two or more computers by
Communicating device such as modem. These computers can
share data , instructions and information.

Versatile
A computer can perform different types of tasks. We can use
computers in hospitals , banks or at home. A variety of facilities
are available through computers.
Cost Reduction
By using computers we can perform a difficult task in less time
and less cost. For example we may have to hire many persons to
handled an office. The same work can be performed by a single
person with the help of computer. It reduce the cost.

Limitations Of Computers
We have understood the importance of computer in our lives.
Does that means that a computer act like an Obedient assistant
who can perform all tasks repeatedly at high speed without
any error?
Lack of Commonsense
Yes to some extent computer acts as human being. But there is
big difference between the machine and master. A computer is
only a tool. It cannot think. It does not have Intelligence or
commonsense as well.

Limitations Of Computers (Cont )
Inability to correct
When we instruction to the computer we must give the
correct instructions . A computer cannot correct the wrong
instruction itself. This follows the fact that computer cannot
use its brain because it does not have one!
Dependence on human instructions
A computer cannot generate any information on its own.
It can only do what it is told to do.

Infomation & Communication Technology Lecture 1 Intro

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