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![Ambient Illumination
• The reflected intensity Iamb of any point on the
surface is:
Ia - ambient light intensity
Ka [0,1] - surface ambient reflectivity
• In principle Ia and Ka are functions of color, sowe
have IR
amb, IG
amb and IB
amb
Iamb = Ka Ia](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/illuminationmodelsshading-200501081735/75/Illumination-Models-Shading-9-2048.jpg)
![Diffuse Reflection
• The reflected intensity Idiff of a point on the
surface is:
Idiff = Kd Ipcos() = Kd Ip(NL)
Ip - the point light intensity. May appear as
attenuated source fatt(r)IP
Kd [0,1] - the surface diffuse reflectivity
N - the surface normal
L - the light direction
NOTE: If N and L have unitary length: cos() = N L](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/illuminationmodelsshading-200501081735/75/Illumination-Models-Shading-13-2048.jpg)
Illumination Models & Shading
The document discusses illumination models and shading techniques essential for realistic image rendering in computer graphics. It covers light source models, ambient illumination, diffuse and specular reflection, and various shading methods such as flat, Gouraud, and Phong shading. Additionally, it explains the interplay between light sources and surface properties to compute the intensity of reflected light at different surface points.
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Illumination Models & Shading
- 1. ILLUMINATION MODELS & SHADING Prof.Bailappa Bhovi Department of Computer Engineering International Institute of Information Technology, I²IT www.isquareit.edu.in
- 2. Illumination Models andShading • Light Source Models • Ambient Illumination • Diffuse Reflection • Specular Reflection • Polygon Rendering Methods • Flat Shading • Gouraud Shading • Phong Shading
- 3. Illumination Models •Motivation: Inorder to produce realistic images, we must simulate the appearance of surfaces under various lighting conditions •Illumination Model: Given the illumination incident at a point on a surface, quantifies the reflected light
- 4. Illumination Model Parameters •Lightingeffects are described with models that consider the interaction of light sources with object surfaces •The factors determining the lighting effects are: – The light source parameters: • Positions • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Shape – The surface parameters • Position • Reflectance properties • Position of nearby surfaces – The eye (camera) parameters • Position • Sensor spectrum sensitivities
- 5. Illumination Models andRendering •An illumination model is used to calculate the intensity of the light that is reflected at a given point on a surface •A rendering method uses intensity calculations from the illumination model to determine the light intensity at all pixels in the image
- 6. Light Source Models •Point Source (a): All light rays originate at a point and radially diverge. A reasonable approximation for sources whose dimensions are small compared to the object size • Parallel source (b): Light rays are all parallel. May be modeled as a point source at infinite distance (the sun) • Distributed source (c): All light rays originate at a finite area in space. It models a nearby source, such as a fluorescent light b a c
- 7. Illumination Models • Simplifiedand fast methods for calculating surfaces intensities, mostly empirical • Calculations are based on optical properties of surfaces and the lighting conditions (no reflected sources nor shadows) • Light sources are considered to be point sources • Reasonably good approximation for most scenes
- 8. Ambient Illumination • Assumethere is some non-directional light in the environment (background light) • The amount of ambient light incident on each object is constant for all surfaces and over all directions • Very simple model, not very realistic • OpenGL default
- 9. Ambient Illumination • Thereflected intensity Iamb of any point on the surface is: Ia - ambient light intensity Ka [0,1] - surface ambient reflectivity • In principle Ia and Ka are functions of color, sowe have IR amb, IG amb and IB amb Iamb = Ka Ia
- 10.
- 11. Diffuse Reflection • Diffuse(Lambertian) surfaces are rough or grainy, like clay, soil, fabric • The surface appears equally bright from all viewing directions • The brightness at each point is proportional to cos() N L
- 12. Diffuse Reflection • Brightnessis proportional to cos() because a surface (a) perpendicular to the light direction is more illuminated than a surface (b) at an oblique angle a b N L
- 13. Diffuse Reflection • Thereflected intensity Idiff of a point on the surface is: Idiff = Kd Ipcos() = Kd Ip(NL) Ip - the point light intensity. May appear as attenuated source fatt(r)IP Kd [0,1] - the surface diffuse reflectivity N - the surface normal L - the light direction NOTE: If N and L have unitary length: cos() = N L
- 14.
- 15. Diffuse Reflection • Example:diffuse reflection from different light directions
- 16. Diffuse Reflection •Commonly, thereare two types of light sources: – A background ambient light – A point light source • The equation that combines the two models is: I = Idiff + Iamb = Kd Ip NL + Ka Ia • Note this is the model for one color and it should be replicated for each channel: IR, IG and IB
- 17. Diffuse Reflection • Example: 00.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.7 Ka Kd
- 18. Specular Reflection • Modelsshiny and glossy surfaces (like metal, plastic, etc..) with highlights • Reflectance intensity changes with reflected angle • An ideal specular surface (mirror) reflects light exclusively in one direction: R • Glossy objects are not ideal mirrors and reflect in the immediate vicinity of R N L N R L R V Ideal specular surface Non-ideal specular surface
- 19. Specular Reflection • ThePhong Model: reflected specular intensity falls off as some power of cos (): Ispec = Ks Ipcosn() = Ks Ip(RV)n Ks - the surface specular reflectivity n – specular reflection parameter, determining the deviation from ideal specular surface (for a perfect mirror n=) N L R V Specular surface
- 20. Specular Reflection • ThePhong Model: plots of cosn() for three values of the specular parameter n -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 n=1 n=8 n=64 N L R V Specular surface
- 21. Specular Reflection •The illuminationequation combined with diffuse reflection is: I = Iamb+Idiff+Ispec= Ka Ia + Ip (Kd NL + Ks(RV)n) • If k light sources are present in the scene: diff specI= Iamb+k (Ik +Ik )
- 22. Specular Reflection • Example: 0.20.5 0.8 0 0.3 0.7 Kd Ks
- 23. Specular Reflection • Example:effects of the specular parameter n n=50 n=10 n=3
- 24. Specular Reflection • Example: AmbientIllumination Ambient + Diffuse Ambient + Diffuse + Specular
- 25. Composing Light Sources •Example:
- 26. Polygon Rendering Methods •A freeform surface can be approximated by polyhedra • Rendering: calculate the illumination at each surface point • Applying the illumination model at each surface point is computationally expensive
- 27. Flat Shading • Asingle intensity is calculated for each surface polygon • Fast and simple method • Gives reasonable result only if all of the following assumptions are valid: – The object is a polyhedron – Light source is far away from the surface so that N•L is constant over each polygon – Viewing position is far away from the surface so that V•R is constant over each polygon
- 28. Gouraud Shading • Rendersthe polygon surface by linearly interpolating intensity values across the surface Gouraud Shading Algorithm: 1. Determine the normal at each polygon vertex 2. Apply an illumination model to each vertex to calculate the vertex intensity 3. Linearly interpolate the vertex intensities over the surface polygon
- 29. Gouraud Shading •The normalNv of a vertex is an average of all neighboring normals: k k k k V N N N
- 30. Gouraud Shading 2 21 41 1 21 24 4 I y y I y y I 2 23 53 3 23 25 5 I y y y y I y y y y I 5 45 4p 4 45 p5 p I x x y y x x I x x y y x x I I1 I I4 5 scan line I2 x • Interpolation of the vertex intensities y I3 IP
- 31. Gouraud Shading • Example:Gouraud shading of a sphere
- 32. Phong Shading •A moreaccurate method for rendering a polygon surface is to interpolate normal vectors, and then apply the illumination model to each surface point • Phong Shading Algorithm: 1. Determine the normal at each polygon vertex 2. Linearly interpolate the vertex normals over the surface polygon 3. Apply the illumination model along each scan line to calculate intensity of each surface
- 33. Phong Shading • Example:Phong shading of a sphere
- 34. Polygon Rendering Methods •Example: Flat Gouraud Phong
- 35. Polygon Rendering Methods •Example: Flat Gouraud Phong
- 36. Polygon Rendering Methods •Example: Flat Gouraud Phong
- 37. Thank-You International Institute ofInformation Technology (I²IT) P-14, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, MIDC Phase – 1, Hinjawadi, Pune – 411057, India http://www.isquareit.edu.in/ [email protected]