Downloaded 287 times
![Example: What is an Algorithm? Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm 25, 90, 53, 23, 11, 34 INPUT OUTPUT instance 11 Algorithm m:= a[1]; for I:=2 to size of input if m > a[I] then m:=a[I]; return s Data-Structure m Problem: Input is a sequence of integers stored in an array. Output the minimum.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lectur-120121051527-phpapp01/75/chapter-1-24-2048.jpg)
![Example Algorithm B This algorithm uses two temporary arrays . copy the input a to array t1; assign n size of input; While n > 1 For i 1 to n /2 t2 [ i ] min ( t1 [ 2* i ], t1 [ 2* i + 1] ); copy array t2 to t1 ; n n/2; 3. Output t2 [1]; Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lectur-120121051527-phpapp01/75/chapter-1-27-2048.jpg)
![Induction Example: Gaussian Closed Form Prove 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n = n(n+1) / 2 Basis: If n = 0, then 0 = 0(0+1) / 2 Inductive hypothesis: Assume 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n = n(n+1) / 2 Step (show true for n+1): 1 + 2 + … + n + n+1 = (1 + 2 + …+ n) + (n+1) = n(n+1)/2 + n+1 = [n(n+1) + 2(n+1)]/2 = (n+1)(n+2)/2 = (n+1)(n+1 + 1) / 2 Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lectur-120121051527-phpapp01/75/chapter-1-37-2048.jpg)
More Related Content
chapter 1
- 1. Design and Analysisof Computer Algorithm Lecture 1 Ms P.Yatheesha.,Lecturer. . Department of Computer Science and Engineering PPG Institute of Technology
- 2. Acknowledgement This lecturenote has been summarized from lecture note on Data Structure and Algorithm, Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm all over the world. I can’t remember where those slide come from. However, I’d like to thank all professors who create such a good work on those lecture notes. Without those lectures, this slide can’t be finished. Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 3. Course Information Coursewebpage http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~pom/courses/204512/204512.html Office hours Wed 5:00-6:00PM or make an appointment Grading policy Assign. 20%, Midterm: 40%, Final: 40% Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 4. More Information TextbookIntroduction to Algorithms 2 nd , Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest and Stein , The MIT Press, 2001 . Others Introduction to Design & Analysis Computer Algorithm 3rd, Sara Baase, Allen Van Gelder, Adison-Wesley, 2000. Algorithms , Richard Johnsonbaugh, Marcus Schaefer, Prentice Hall, 2004. Introduction to The Design and Analysis of Algorithms 2 nd Edition, Anany Levitin, Adison-Wesley, 2007. Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 5. Course Objectives Thiscourse introduces students to the analysis and design of computer algorithms. Upon completion of this course, students will be able to do the following: Analyze the asymptotic performance of algorithms. Demonstrate a familiarity with major algorithms and data structures. Apply important algorithmic design paradigms and methods of analysis. Synthesize efficient algorithms in common engineering design situations. Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 6. What is Algorithm?Algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as output. is thus a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into the output. is a tool for solving a well - specified computational problem. Any special method of solving a certain kind of problem (Webster Dictionary) Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 7. What is aprogram? A program is the expression of an algorithm in a programming language a set of instructions which the computer will follow to solve a problem Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 8. Where We're Going (1/2) Learn general approaches to algorithm design Divide and conquer Greedy method Dynamic Programming Basic Search and Traversal Technique Graph Theory Linear Programming Approximation Algorithm NP Problem Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 9. Where We're Going(2/2 ) Examine methods of analyzing algorithm correctness and efficiency Recursion equations Lower bound techniques O,Omega and Theta notations for best/worst/average case analysis Decide whether some problems have no solution in reasonable time List all permutations of n objects (takes n! steps) Travelling salesman problem Investigate memory usage as a different measure of efficiency Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 10. Some Application Studyproblems these techniques can be applied to sorting data retrieval network routing Games etc Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 11. The study ofAlgorithm How to devise algorithms How to express algorithms How to validate algorithms How to analyze algorithms How to test a program Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 12. Importance of Analyze Algorithm Need to recognize limitations of various algorithms for solving a problem Need to understand relationship between problem size and running time When is a running program not good enough? Need to learn how to analyze an algorithm's running time without coding it Need to learn techniques for writing more efficient code Need to recognize bottlenecks in code as well as which parts of code are easiest to optimize Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 13. Wh y do we analyze about them? understand their behavior, and ( Job -- Selection, performance, modify ) improve them. ( Research ) Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 14. What do weanalyze about them? Correctness Does the input/output relation match algorithm requirement? Amount of work done (aka complexity) Basic operations to do task Amount of space used Memory used Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 15. What do weanalyze about them? Simplicity, clarity Verification and implementation. Optimality Is it impossible to do better? Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 16. Complexity Thecomplexity of an algorithm is simply the amount of work the algorithm performs to complete its task. Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 17. RAM model has one processor executes one instruction at a time each instruction takes "unit time“ has fixed-size operands, and has fixed size storage (RAM and disk). Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 18. What’s more importantthan performance? Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 19. Why study algorithmsand performance? Algorithms help us to understand scalability. Performance often draws the line between what is feasible and what is impossible. Algorithmic mathematics provides a language for talking about program behavior. Performance is the currency of computing. The lessons of program performance generalize to other computing resources. Speed is fun! Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 20.
- 21. What is therunning time of this algorithm? PUZZLE(x) while x != 1 if x is even then x = x / 2 else x = 3x + 1 Sample run: 7, 22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm pp
- 22. The Selection Problem (1/2) Problem: given a group of n numbers, determine the k th largest Algorithm 1 Store numbers in an array Sort the array in descending order Return the number in position k Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 23. The Selection Problem(2/ 2) Algorithm 2 Store first k numbers in an array Sort the array in descending order For each remaining number, if the number is larger than the k th number, insert the number in the correct position of the array Return the number in position k Which algorithm is better? Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 24. Example: What isan Algorithm? Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm 25, 90, 53, 23, 11, 34 INPUT OUTPUT instance 11 Algorithm m:= a[1]; for I:=2 to size of input if m > a[I] then m:=a[I]; return s Data-Structure m Problem: Input is a sequence of integers stored in an array. Output the minimum.
- 25. Define Problem Problem: Description of Input-Output relationship Algorithm : A sequence of computational step that transform the input into the output. Data Structure: An organized method of storing and retrieving data. Our task: Given a problem, design a correct and good a lgorithm that solves it. Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 26. Example Algorithm ADesign and Analysis of Computer Algorithm Problem: The input is a sequence of integers stored in array. Output the minimum. Algorithm A
- 27. Example Algorithm BThis algorithm uses two temporary arrays . copy the input a to array t1; assign n size of input; While n > 1 For i 1 to n /2 t2 [ i ] min ( t1 [ 2* i ], t1 [ 2* i + 1] ); copy array t2 to t1 ; n n/2; 3. Output t2 [1]; Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 28. Visualize Algorithm B8 9 5 6 11 34 7 20 6 5 8 7 5 7 5 Loop 1 Loop 2 Loop 3 Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 29. Example Algorithm CSort the input in increasing order. Return the first element of the sorted data. Sorting black box Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm 8 9 5 6 11 34 7 20 5 6 7 8 9 11 20 34
- 30. Example Algorithm DFor each element, test whether it is the minimum. Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 31. Which algorithm isbetter? The algorithms are correct, but which is the best? Measure the running time (number of operations needed). Measure the amount of memory used. Note that the running time of the algorithms increase as the size of the input increases. Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 32. What do weneed? Correctness: Whether the algorithm computes the correct solution for all instances Efficiency: Resources needed by the algorithm 1. Time: Number of steps. 2. Space: amount of memory used. Measurement “model”: Worst case, Average case and Best case. Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 33. Time vs. Sizeof Input Measurement parameterized by the size of the input. The algorihtms A,B,C are implemented and run in a PC. Algorithms D is implemented and run in a supercomputer. Let T k ( n ) be the amount of time taken by the Algorithm 1000 500 Input Size T b ( n ) T a ( n ) Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm 4 0 2 T c ( n ) Running time (second) T d ( n )
- 34. Methods of ProofProof by Contradiction Assume a theorem is false; show that this assumption implies a property known to be true is false -- therefore original hypothesis must be true Proof by Counterexample Use a concrete example to show an inequality cannot hold Mathematical Induction Prove a trivial base case, assume true for k, then show hypothesis is true for k+1 Used to prove recursive algorithms Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 35. Review: Induction Suppose S(k) is true for fixed constant k Often k = 0 S(n) S(n+1) for all n >= k Then S(n) is true for all n >= k Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 36. Proof By InductionClaim:S(n) is true for all n >= k Basis: Show formula is true when n = k Inductive hypothesis: Assume formula is true for an arbitrary n Step: Show that formula is then true for n+1 Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 37. Induction Example: Gaussian Closed Form Prove 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n = n(n+1) / 2 Basis: If n = 0, then 0 = 0(0+1) / 2 Inductive hypothesis: Assume 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n = n(n+1) / 2 Step (show true for n+1): 1 + 2 + … + n + n+1 = (1 + 2 + …+ n) + (n+1) = n(n+1)/2 + n+1 = [n(n+1) + 2(n+1)]/2 = (n+1)(n+2)/2 = (n+1)(n+1 + 1) / 2 Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 38. Induction Example: GeometricClosed Form Prove a 0 + a 1 + … + a n = (a n+1 - 1)/(a - 1) for all a 1 Basis: show that a 0 = (a 0+1 - 1)/(a - 1) a 0 = 1 = (a 1 - 1)/(a - 1) Inductive hypothesis: Assume a 0 + a 1 + … + a n = (a n+1 - 1)/(a - 1) Step (show true for n+1): a 0 + a 1 + … + a n+1 = a 0 + a 1 + … + a n + a n+1 = (a n+1 - 1)/(a - 1) + a n+1 = (a n+1+1 - 1)/(a - 1) Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 39. Induction We’ve beenusing weak induction Strong induction also holds Basis: show S(0) Hypothesis: assume S(k) holds for arbitrary k <= n Step: Show S(n+1) follows Another variation: Basis: show S(0), S(1) Hypothesis: assume S(n) and S(n+1) are true Step: show S(n+2) follows Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 40. Basic RecursionBase case: value for which function can be evaluated without recursion Two fundamental rules Must always have a base case Each recursive call must be to a case that eventually leads toward a base case Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 41. Bad Example ofRecursion Example of non-terminating recursive program (let n=1) Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm int bad(unsigned int n) { if(n == 0) return 0; else return(bad(n/3 + 1) + n - 1); }
- 42. Recursion( 1/ 2)Problem: write an algorithm that will strip digits from an integer and print them out one by one Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm void print_out(int n) { if(n < 10) print_digit(n); /*outputs single-digit to terminal*/ else { print_out(n/10); /*print the quotient*/ print_digit(n%10); /*print the remainder*/ } }
- 43. Recursion( 2/2 )Prove by induction that the recursive printing program works: basis: If n has one digit, then program is correct hypothesis: Print_out works for all numbers of k or fewer digits case k+1: k+1 digits can be written as the first k digits followed by the least significant digit The number expressed by the first k digits is exactly floor( n/10 )? which by hypothesis prints correctly; the last digit is n%10; so the (k+1)-digit is printed correctly By induction, all numbers are correctly printed Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 44. Recursion Don't needto know how recursion is being managed Recursion is expensive in terms of space requirement; avoid recursion if simple loop will do Last two rules Assume all recursive calls work Do not duplicate work by solving identical problem in separated recursive calls Evaluate fib(4) -- use a recursion tree fib(n) = fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 45. What is AlgorithmAnalysis? How to estimate the time required for an algorithm Techniques that drastically reduce the running time of an algorithm A mathemactical framwork that more rigorously describes the running time of an algorithm Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm pp
- 46. Running time forsmall inputs Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm pp
- 47. Running time formoderate inputs Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 48. Important Question Isit always important to be on the most preferred curve? How much better is one curve than another? How do we decide which curve a particular algorithm lies on? How do we design algorithms that avoid being on the bad curves? Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 49. Algorithm Analysis (1/5)Measures the efficiency of an algorithm or its implementation as a program as the input size becomes very large We evaluate a new algorithm by comparing its performance with that of previous approaches Comparisons are asymtotic analyses of classes of algorithms We usually analyze the time required for an algorithm and the space required for a datastructure Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 50. Algorithm Analysis (2/5 ) Many criteria affect the running time of an algorithm, including speed of CPU, bus and peripheral hardware design think time, programming time and debugging time language used and coding efficiency of the programmer quality of input (good, bad or average) Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 51. Algorithm Analysis (3/5 ) Programs derived from two algorithms for solving the same problem should both be Machine independent Language independent Environment independent (load on the system,...) Amenable to mathematical study Realistic Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 52. Algorithm Analysis (4/5 ) In lieu of some standard benchmark conditions under which two programs can be run, we estimate the algorithm's performance based on the number of key and basic operations it requires to process an input of a given size For a given input size n we express the time T to run the algorithm as a function T(n) Concept of growth rate allows us to compare running time of two algorithms without writing two programs and running them on the same computer Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 53. Algorithm Analysis (5/5 ) Formally, let T(A,L,M) be total run time for algorithm A if it were implemented with language L on machine M. Then the complexity class of algorithm A is O(T(A,L1,M1) U O(T(A,L2,M2)) U O(T(A,L3,M3)) U ... Call the complexity class V; then the complexity of A is said to be f if V = O(f) The class of algorithms to which A belongs is said to be of at most linear/quadratic/ etc. growth in best case if the function T A best(n) is such (the same also for average and worst case). Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 54. Asymptotic Performance Inthis course, we care most about asymptotic performance How does the algorithm behave as the problem size gets very large? Running time Memory/storage requirements Bandwidth/power requirements/logic gates/etc. Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 55. Asymptotic Notation Bynow you should have an intuitive feel for asymptotic (big-O) notation: What does O(n) running time mean? O(n 2 )? O(n lg n)? How does asymptotic running time relate to asymptotic memory usage? Our first task is to define this notation more formally and completely Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 56. Analysis of AlgorithmsAnalysis is performed with respect to a computational model We will usually use a generic uniprocessor random-access machine ( RAM ) All memory equally expensive to access No concurrent operations All reasonable instructions take unit time Except, of course, function calls Constant word size Unless we are explicitly manipulating bits Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 57. Input Size Timeand space complexity This is generally a function of the input size E.g., sorting, multiplication How we characterize input size depends: Sorting: number of input items Multiplication: total number of bits Graph algorithms: number of nodes & edges Etc Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 58. Running Time Numberof primitive steps that are executed Except for time of executing a function call most statements roughly require the same amount of time y = m * x + b c = 5 / 9 * (t - 32 ) z = f(x) + g(y) We can be more exact if need be Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 59. Analysis Worst caseProvides an upper bound on running time An absolute guarantee Average case Provides the expected running time Very useful, but treat with care: what is “average”? Random (equally likely) inputs Real-life inputs Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm
- 60. Function of Growthrate Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithm