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In S. cerevisiae, the DHA1 family comprises 12 genes involved in various biological processes: AQR1, QDR1, QDR2, QDR3, FLR1, DTR1, TPO1, TPO2, TPO3, TPO4, HOL1, and YHK8 (7). Aqr1p, Qdr1-3p, and Flr1p are plasma membrane proteins that serve as multidrug transporters (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14). Aqr1p has also been implicated in the excretion of excess amino acids, and Qdr2p in the import of potassium ions (15, 16). Dtr1p, a putative dityrosine transporter, resides in the prospore membrane and functions in spore wall synthesis (17, 18). Tpo1-4p are membrane proteins involved in the export of polyamines, including spermine, spermidine, and putrescine (1, 2). Hol1p participates in cation and alcohol transport (19, 20), and Yhk8p is a putative drug transporter requiring further experimental characterization (12, 21).

The 12 DHA1 family genes of S. cerevisiae are similar to several ion and amine transporters in human, including SLC22A5, SLC22A11, SLC22A13, SLC22A14, and SLC22A3, which function primarily in the elimination of drugs and other xenobiotics from various tissues. Mutations in the human genes have been implicated in Crohn's disease, hypoglycemia, and various myopathies.", "date_edited": "2008-02-08"}, "literature_overview": {"primary_count": 16, "additional_count": 32, "review_count": 17, "go_count": 3, "phenotype_count": 5, "disease_count": 0, "interaction_count": 20, "regulation_count": 6, "ptm_count": 10, "funComplement_count": 0, "htp_count": 14, "total_count": 103}, "disease_overview": {"manual_disease_terms": [], "htp_disease_terms": [], "computational_annotation_count": 0, "date_last_reviewed": null}, "ecnumbers": [], "URS_ID": null, "main_strain": "S288C", "regulation_overview": {"regulator_count": 6, "target_count": 0}, "reference_mapping": {"572192": 1, "552726": 2, "635535": 3, "430338": 4, "526423": 5, "2390051": 6, "521671": 7, "562800": 8, "588459": 9, "535037": 10, "541361": 11, "572204": 12, "610603": 13, "640768": 14, "536234": 15, "509284": 16, "556297": 17, "533381": 18, "636159": 19, "612710": 20, "551748": 21}, "history": [{"category": "Name", "history_type": "LSP", "note": "Name: TPO3", "date_created": "2000-05-19", "references": [{"id": 572192, "display_name": "Tomitori H, et al. (2001)", "citation": "Tomitori H, et al. (2001) Multiple polyamine transport systems on the vacuolar membrane in yeast. Biochem J 353(Pt 3):681-8", "pubmed_id": 11171066, "link": "/reference/S000066148", "year": 2001, "urls": [{"display_name": "DOI full text", "link": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/0264-6021:3530681"}, {"display_name": "PMC full text", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1221615/"}, {"display_name": "PubMed", "link": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11171066"}]}]}], "complexes": []}, tabs: {"id": 1286475, "protein_tab": true, "interaction_tab": true, "summary_tab": true, "go_tab": true, "sequence_section": true, "expression_tab": true, "phenotype_tab": true, "literature_tab": true, "wiki_tab": false, "regulation_tab": true, "sequence_tab": true, "history_tab": true, "homology_tab": true, "disease_tab": false} }; TPO3 | SGD

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TPO3 / YPR156C Overview

Standard Name
TPO3 1
Systematic Name
YPR156C
SGD ID
SGD:S000006360
Feature Type
ORF , Verified
Description
Polyamine transporter of major facilitator superfamily; member of 12-spanner drug:H(+) antiporter DHA1 family; specific for spermine; localizes to plasma membrane; targeted to vacuole via AP-3 pathway; TPO3 has a paralog, TPO2, that arose from the whole genome duplication 1 2 4 5 6
Name Description
Transporter of POlyamines 3
Paralog
TPO2 5
Comparative Info
Sequence Details

Sequence

The S. cerevisiae Reference Genome sequence is derived from laboratory strain S288C. Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. Click "Sequence Details" to view all sequence information for this locus, including that for other strains.

Summary
TPO3 has a paralog, TPO2, that arose from the whole genome duplication

Analyze Sequence

S288C only

BLASTN | BLASTP | Design Primers | Restriction Fragment Map | Restriction Fragment Sizes | Six-Frame Translation

S288C vs. other species

BLASTN vs. fungi | BLASTP at NCBI | BLASTP vs. fungi

S288C vs. other strains

Strain Alignment | Variant Viewer

Protein Details

Protein

Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. Click "Protein Details" for further information about the protein such as half-life, abundance, domains, domains shared with other proteins, protein sequence retrieval for various strains, physico-chemical properties, protein modification sites, and external identifiers for the protein.

Length (a.a.)
622
Mol. Weight (Da)
68065.3
Isoelectric Point
7.09
Median Abundance (molecules/cell)
3768 +/- 1584
Half-life (hr)
7.1

Alleles

Curated mutant alleles for the specified gene, listed alphabetically. Click on the allele name to open the allele page. Click "SGD search" to view all alleles in search results.

View all TPO3 alleles in SGD search

Gene Ontology Details

Gene Ontology

GO Annotations consist of four mandatory components: a gene product, a term from one of the three Gene Ontology (GO) controlled vocabularies (Molecular Function, Biological Process, and Cellular Component), a reference, and an evidence code. SGD has manually curated and high-throughput GO Annotations, both derived from the literature, as well as computational, or predicted, annotations. Click "Gene Ontology Details" to view all GO information and evidence for this locus as well as biological processes it shares with other genes.

Summary
Spermine transmembrane transporter that localizes to plasma membrane and vacuole membrane

View computational annotations

Molecular Function

Manually Curated

Biological Process

Manually Curated

Cellular Component

Manually Curated
Phenotype Details

Phenotype

Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. In addition, annotations are classified as classical genetics or high-throughput (e.g., large scale survey, systematic mutation set). Whenever possible, allele information and additional details are provided. Click "Phenotype Details" to view all phenotype annotations and evidence for this locus as well as phenotypes it shares with other genes.

Interaction Details

Interaction

Interaction annotations are curated by BioGRID and include physical or genetic interactions observed between at least two genes. An interaction annotation is composed of the interaction type, name of the interactor, assay type (e.g., Two-Hybrid), annotation type (e.g., manual or high-throughput), and a reference, as well as other experimental details. Click "Interaction Details" to view all interaction annotations and evidence for this locus, including an interaction visualization.

Summary
The tpo3 null mutant is viable; the null mutant of paralog tpo2 is viable; the tpo3 tpo2 double mutant has not been annotated for phenotype.

83 total interactions for 78 unique genes

Physical Interactions

  • Affinity Capture-MS: 8
  • Affinity Capture-RNA: 7
  • Biochemical Activity: 2
  • Co-fractionation: 2
  • PCA: 43

Genetic Interactions

  • Negative Genetic: 17
  • Positive Genetic: 1
  • Synthetic Growth Defect: 2
  • Synthetic Lethality: 1
Regulation Details

Regulation

The number of putative Regulators (genes that regulate it) and Targets (genes it regulates) for the given locus, based on experimental evidence. This evidence includes data generated through high-throughput techniques. Click "Regulation Details" to view all regulation annotations, shared GO enrichment among regulation Targets, and a regulator/target diagram for the locus.

Regulators
6
Targets
0
Expression Details

Expression

Expression data are derived from records contained in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and are first log2 transformed and normalized. Referenced datasets may contain one or more condition(s), and as a result there may be a greater number of conditions than datasets represented in a single clickable histogram bar. The histogram division at 0.0 separates the down-regulated (green) conditions and datasets from those that are up-regulated (red). Click "Expression Details" to view all expression annotations and details for this locus, including a visualization of genes that share a similar expression pattern.

Summary Paragraph

A summary of the locus, written by SGD Biocurators following a thorough review of the literature. Links to gene names and curated GO terms are included within the Summary Paragraphs.

Last Updated: 2008-02-08

Literature Details

Literature

All manually curated literature for the specified gene, organized into topics according to their relevance to the gene (Primary Literature, Additional Literature, or Review). Click "Literature Details" to view all literature information for this locus, including shared literature between genes.

Primary
16
Additional
32
Reviews
17

Resources

AlphaFold Protein Structure | Entrez Gene | Entrez RefSeq Protein | FungiDB | Search all NCBI | TCDB | UniParc | UniProtKB