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![SGML Structures
1. Elements – element names are always case – insensitive. It has 3
parts, start tag, content, end tag [<pre> example </pre>]
2. Attributes – attribute/value pair appear before the final '>'
[<h1 align = 'center'> ................. </h1>]
3. Entities – named part of a marked up document, irrespective of
any structural considerations. When parser encounters any entity
reference, it immediately substitutes the value declared for the
entity name.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-150122001950-conversion-gate02/75/Unit-1-51-2048.jpg)
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Unit 1
- 1. Principles Of Multimedia 610905 MCASemester III Faculty : Swapna Kolhatkar MCA Department
- 2. Unit 1 UNIT I:Introduction 8 Hrs What is multimedia, goals and objectives, characteristics of multimedia presentation, multimedia application, multimedia building blocks, multimedia and internet.
- 3. Unit 1 ... MultimediaArchitecture: User interface: GTK +, Qt, Windows multimedia support, hardware support, distributed multimedia application, streaming technologies, multimedia database systems, multimedia authoring tools, overview of multimedia software tools, multimedia document architecture (MHEG, SGML, ODA, OMF, etc.)
- 4. What is Multimedia Multimediameans multiple intermediaries between the source and sink of information or multiple means by which information is stored, transmitted, presented or perceived. The multiple means by which we perceive information are : 1.Text 3. Sound 2. Images 4. Video
- 5. Characteristics of Multimedia Multimediais any combination of text, graphic, art, sound, animation and video delivered by any electronic means. Multiple media non linearity scope of interactivity integrity Digital Representation.
- 6. 1. Multiple Media Pictures 1.images – captured by camera 2. graphics – hand drawn Time 1. static – text, images, graphics 2. variable – sound, movies (motion pic tures or animation)
- 7. 2. Non Linearity Itis the capability of jumping or navigating from one point within a presentation to another point without apparent delay. Eg. Multimedia based presentation Non linear eg. - TV shows, motion pictures.
- 8. 3. Interactivity Interaction ismade possible through a set of interactivity elements embedded within the presentation like buttons, menu items or hyperlinks. It helps in taking user inputs.
- 9. 4. Digital Representation Analog– audio and video cassette on magnetic tapes. Also called sequential access. Digital – random access, hard disk, floppy disk and compact disc.
- 10. 5. Integrity Several mediatypes present and playing continuously, need to be integrated or be a part of a single entity which is the presentation.
- 11. Purpose of Multimedia Topresent visualizations of concepts To present animations To require interactive participation of learner
- 12. Multimedia Application Home Entertainment EducationalPurpose Industrial Training Information kiosks corporate Presentations Business Tourism and travel industry Electronic shopping communication and networks. Medicine engineering applications content based storage and retrieval system (CBSR)
- 13.
- 14. Multimedia and Internet TheInternet has been home to multimedia -- graphics, animation, and sound files -- for years and years. The intertwining of multimedia and the Internet (slowly and irrevocably) makes sense. People like multimedia on their computers. It's engaging, entertaining, and often makes otherwise complex computers a little easier to use. Certainly it works: Some multimedia educational CD-ROMs are meant to be enjoyed by children who are barely old enough to walk. The Internet, once an ugly, text-only system, certainly needed some pictures, sound, and point-and-click simplicity to make it understandable to the masses.
- 15. This example isonly the beginning of how multimedia is changing the Internet. Consumer products and services, such as Mosaic in a Box and America Online, are making the Net still easier for all to enjoy. GoogleEarth
- 16. User interface: GTK+, Qt, GTK (GIMP Toolkit) is a library for creating graphical user interfaces. It is licensed using the LGPL (Lesser General Public License) license, so you can develop open software, free software, or even commercial non-free software using GTK without having to spend anything for licenses or royalties.
- 17. Hello World inGTK Now for a program with a widget (a button). #include <gtk/gtk.h> static void hello( GtkWidget *widget, gpointer data ) { g_print ("Hello Worldn"); } static gboolean delete_event( GtkWidget *widget, GdkEvent *event, gpointer data ) { g_print ("delete event occurredn"); return TRUE; }
- 18. GTK+ contd.. The GTK+library itself contains widgets, that is, GUI components such as #GtkButton or #GtkTextView. The GtkButton widget can hold any valid child widget. That is it can hold most any other standard GtkWidget. The most commonly used child is the GtkLabel. Syntax : GtkWidget *gtk_label_new( const char *str );
- 19. Qt+ Widgets are thebasic building blocks for graphical user interface (GUI) applications built with Qt. Each GUI component (e.g. buttons, labels, text editor) is a widget that is placed somewhere within a user interface window, or is displayed as an independent window. Each type of widge is provided by a subclass of QWidget, which is itself a subclass of QObject.
- 20. Distributed Multimedia Applications In atrue distributed system not only the hardware but the software also remains dispersed. The reasons for distribution of multimedia are those of traditional data processing objects plus some new ones. i.e. Moving and sharing.
- 21. Moving and sharing... Movingdata to the point of use Sharing of data and resources. Eg. An architectural blueprint can be worked upon by different groups of construction engineers, dispersed geographically.
- 22. More Examples Companies cancommunicate product information to customers in format and location they prefer. Advertising companies Medical professionals can collaborate
- 23. Architecture Creation of subsystemwhere the content is created. A storage subsystem where the created content is stored. A distribution subsystem using which the content may be distributed to multiple users. A management subsystem where the entire operations are managed.
- 24. Distributed Multimedia Applications Videophone, videoconference and multimedia conference Video on Demand (VoD) Movie on Demand (MoD) Interactive Television (ITV) Voice over IP (VoIP)
- 25. Streaming Technologies Streaming mediais media that is consumed (read, heard, viewed) while it is being delivered. It is more a property of the delivery system than the media itself. 2 Techniques 1. Progressive download 2. Real time streaming.
- 26. Progressive download A mediafile containing audio or video is downloaded and stored on the clients local file system. As the file is being downloaded, the client is able to play back the media file without having to wait for the file to be downloaded in its entirety. Mostly used for short video clips.
- 27. Real time Streaming Themedia file is streamed to the client but is only played and not stored by the client. Mostly used for long videos, internet radio and TV broadcasts.
- 28. A streaming mediasystem is made of many interacting technologies. Video cameras and audio recorders
- 29. Multimedia Database Systems Multimediadatabase systems (MMDBS) can be defined as collections of media elements like text, image, audio and video that can be stored, manipulated and retrieved.
- 30. 1. Storage andretrieval of multimedia a)Textual Notations MMDB needs to be populated first before it can be utilized. For retrieval, text notations were manually generated by individuals. Disadvantages : Subjective nature of manual desc. More time and effort All multimedia may not have text desc.
- 31. 1. Storage andretrieval of multimedia b) Low-Level Features color shape loudness pitch. c)Semantic features A Semantic Object (SO) is a collection of image pixels or audio samples that corresponds to the projection of a real object or event in an image, audio, video sequence eg a cluster of trees, a car moving on a road.
- 32. 1. Storage andretrieval of multimedia d) Knowledge based Interpretation Extraction and representation of low level features and semantic objects is not sufficient to appropriately handle user queries because the system still cannot interpret what the features or objects mean. e) Queries and searching. 'display all images containing the color red' 'display all audio files containing a laugh'
- 33. General Architecture ofMMDBS A multimedia database consists of 2 levels of abstractions 1. physical level consisting of the media objects (Media DB) 2. logical level consisting of the features characterizing the media objects. (Features DB)
- 34. Basic overview ofan MMDBS Symbolic links Media file Media DB Feature Extraction Feature Info Feature DB
- 35. Extended view ofan MMDBS Media DB Feature DB Media element Result list of query Feature Extraction Query Interface Semantic Info Query Symbolic Link
- 36. Prototype Implementations 1. MINOS, MULTOS 2. REDI 3. MIM 4. QBIC 5. OVID 6. CORE 7. VisualSEEk 8. SCORE 9. CHABOT 10. CANDID 11. VISION 12. JACOB 13. FACE etc
- 37. Multimedia Authoring Tools Alsoknown as authorware, a program that helps you write hypertext or multimedia applications. Authoring tools usually enable you to create a final application merely by linking together objects, such as a paragraph of text, an illustration, or a song. By defining the objects' relationships to each other, and by sequencing them in an appropriate order, authors (those who use authoring tools) can produce attractive and useful graphics applications. Most authoring systems also support a scripting language for more sophisticated applications.
- 38.
- 39. Overview of MultimediaSoftware Tools * Digital Audio * Music Sequencing and Notation * Image/Graphics Editing * Image/Graphics Editing * Animation * Multimedia Authoring Ref : http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/ Multimedia/node40.html
- 40. Digital Audio Macromedia Soundedit-- Edits a variety of different format audio files, apply a variety of effects CoolEdit -- Edits a variety of different format audio files
- 41. Music Sequencing andNotation Cakewalk Cubase Logic Audio Marc of the Unicorn Performer
- 42. Image/Graphics Editing Adobe Photoshop AdobePremiere Macromedia Freehand
- 43. Animation Avid SoftImage Animated Gifbuilding packages e.g. GifBuilder
- 44. Multimedia Authoring Macromedia Director Authorware Microcosm Flash: Macromedia HyperCard
- 45. Multimedia Document Architecture Document Adocument consists of a set of structural information using which some content is displayed. A document is aimed at the perception of a human and is accessible for computer processing. A multimedia document is a document which comprises of information coded in at least one continuous (time dependent) medium and in one discrete (time independent) medium.
- 46. Document Architecture It specifiesthe content of a document, the physical layout of document like pages and frames and logical layout of the document like paragraph, sections, headings etc. For exchanging of documents between different applications, the documents themselves must adhere to a standard architecture.
- 47. Standardized Architectures SGML (StandardGeneralized Markup Language) ODA (Open Document Architecture) specifically for multimedia .... OMF (Open Media Framework) MHEG (Multimedia and Hypermedia Information Coding Expert Group) DCA (Document Content Architecture) MODCA (Mixed Object Document Content Architecture)
- 48. SGML It prescribes astandard format for embedding descriptive markup within a document. SGML allows you to set up hierarchical models for each type of document produced. It forces each element in the structure (labeled chapter, title, paragraph) to fit in the logical, predictable structure of document. A typical document has 3 layers – structure, content and style.
- 49. SGML ... 1. Structure DTD– (Document Type Definition) which provides a framework and rules for the definition of the elements that constitute a document. A DTD accompanies a document wherever it goes.
- 50. SGML ... 2. Content Contentis the information itself. Creating an SGML document involves inserting tags around content. <topic><par>Multimedia is interesting !! </par></topic> 3. Style 2 standard based style sheets : FOSI – Formatting Output Specification Instance DSSSL – Document Style Semantics and Specification Language
- 51. SGML Structures 1. Elements– element names are always case – insensitive. It has 3 parts, start tag, content, end tag [<pre> example </pre>] 2. Attributes – attribute/value pair appear before the final '>' [<h1 align = 'center'> ................. </h1>] 3. Entities – named part of a marked up document, irrespective of any structural considerations. When parser encounters any entity reference, it immediately substitutes the value declared for the entity name.
- 52. SGML DTD Rules arethe first stage in the creation of a formal specification for the structure of an SGML document ie SGML DTD Minimization Rules determine whether or not start and end tags must be present in every occurrence of the element concerned. Content Model for specifying the content in terms of other elements or using special reserved words. Occurrence indicators, group connectors and entity definitions together make the DTD.
- 53. Example <! ELEMENT poem- - (title?, stanza+)> <! ELEMENT title - 0 (#PCDATA)> - : must be present (start tag is present for both) 0 : may be omitted. (for title, end tag may be omitted) #PCDATA : valid character data ?, *, + : Occurrence indicators
- 54. ODA The main propertyof ODA is the distinction among content, logical structure and layout structure. This is in contrast to SGML where only logical structure and contents are defined. 1. The ODA Architecture – enables compound documents to be encoded and interchanged electronically between systems conforming to the standards. 2. Logical, layout and content information – indept of page layout 3. Generic structures – reports as defining class of the document. 4. Style – Layout (figure + caption) and presentation(indentation of first line) 5. The document profile – author name, create date, keywords etc
- 55. MHEG An MHEG documentcan be distributed over the network or in CD ROM format, but for presentation only, no editing is possible. MHEG is intended to produce electronic multimedia versions of printed books. It supports encoding of interactive multimedia presentations defining a platform independent set of multimedia objects like buttons, text fields etc. Facility of an embedded scripting language for event handling is also provided.
- 56. MHEG ... It isbased on object hierarchy where each object has a set of components and behaviours. MH-Object Behavior Action Link Script Component content Interaction Descriptor
- 57. HyTIME (extension ofSGML) It is meta language similar to SGML. The structure allows for: 1. The specification of spatial interrelations between document elements. 2. The specification of temporal interrelations between document elements (synchronization and time dependencies) 3. The specification of the overall logical structure 4. The specification of pointers between elements within or outside the document.
- 58. OMF It is astandard format for the interchange of digital media data among heterogeneous platforms. The primary emphasis is video production. 1. Source (analogue) material object represent videotape and film so that the origin of the data is readily identified. 2. special track types store (SMPTE) time codes for segments of data. 3. Transitions and effects for overlapping and sequences of segments are predefined.
- 59. OMF ... The OMFprovides structures for 3 distinct elements : 1. Digital media data – audio, video and graphics for m only part of the information. 2. Media Sources – describes the original physical sources of data. 3. Composition – describe the arrangement of sections of sources and how they are played over time. OMF interchange keeps sources separate from compositions. More than one composition can reference sections of the same digital media data, reducing storage requirements.
- 60. OMF ... OMF usesobjects called Mobs (media Objects) to uniquely describe compositions and sources. Each Mob contains an identifier called a MobID It uses SMPTE time code for numbering frames. It also has support for motion control.