Trabeated structures

CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES
• TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
• LITERATURE STUDY
• CASE STUDY

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION | 3D DIAGRAMS | 2D DIAGRAMS
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
TRABEATED STRUCTURES
• In architecture, post and lintel (also called prop and lintel or a
trabeated system) is a building system where strong horizontal
elements are held up by strong vertical elements with large spaces
between them.
• This is usually used to hold up a roof, creating a largely open space
beneath, for whatever use the building is designed for.
• The horizontal elements are called by a variety of names including
lintel, header, architrave or beam, and the supporting vertical
elements may be called columns, pillars, or posts. The use of wider
elements at the top of the post, called capitals, to help spread the
load, is common to many traditions.

INTRODUCTION
The vertical elements are called posts
The horizontal element is called lintel.

INTRODUCTION
The horizontal distance between two posts
is known as the span

INTRODUCTION
LOADS AND COUNTER LOADS

INTRODUCTION
The post and lintel structure is subjected to
two
kinds of loads:-
i) Live load – It is the load by external forces
e.g. Air pressure
ii) Dead loads – It is the load the structure
bears
due to its own weight of its
materials

ANCIENT TRABEATED
STRUCTURES
NEOLITHIC | EGYPTIAN | GREEK
ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES

NEOLITHIC
STONE HENGE

STONE HENGE
SALISBURY, WILTSHIRE,
ENGLAND
• Prehistoric stone
circle monument
• Cemetery
• Built during the
transition from
Neolithic Period (New
Stone Age) to the
Bronze Age
SOURCE: BRITANNICA
STONE CUT SLABS HAVE BEEN USED AS THE HORIZONTAL ELEMENT
AND VERTICAL STONE BLOCKS HAVE BEEN USED AS THE VERTICAL
ELEMENTS

PLAN OF STONE
HENGE
• 100 massive upright
stones placed in a
circular layout.
• Sarsen sandstone
slabs assembled into
the iconic three-
pieced structures
called trilithons that
stand tall in the center
of Stonehenge
Stone boulders
have been used
as posts.

TRABEATED ELEVATION AND SCIOGRAPHY
DETAILS OF STONE HENGE

EGYPTIAN
LUXOR TEMPLE

LUXOR TEMPLE
• STYLE: ANCIENT EGYPT
• BUILDING TYPE: TEMPLE
• CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: BERING MASONRY, STONE WITH
MASSIVE LINTEL.
• LOCATION: ON THE EASTERN BANK OF RIVER NILE.
HISTORICAL BUILDINGS WITH TRABEATED STRUCTURES
LOCATION

THE TEMPLE OF LUXOR
• The temple measures 189.89m by 55.17m and consists of a
colonnade.
• One of the temples of Amon , the forecourt , with papyrus bud
capitals and a seated colossus of Ramses , connected by twin
colonnades , 53m long to a lesser court by Amenophis in the
distance.
• The obelisk is 25m high and the seated colossi of Ramses on a base
of about 1m and 15m , both are made by pink granite.

ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES SOURCE: PLANETWARE

MASSIVE STONE COLONNADES HOLDING THE HORIZONTAL STONE STRUCTURES

GREEK
PATHENON | PROPYLAE OF ATHENS | ERECTHEUM | STOA OF
ZEUS

TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN GREECE
• Classical Greek temples used the basic post- and- beam
construction, which is referred to as trabeated.
• All the types of Greek temples had the colonnade as the basic
element of the temple; mostly surrounding the 'naos’of the Greek
temple.
21

PLAN OF A GREEK TEMPLE
• The grandeur and evident expense of a temple can be seen in the
number of columns employed.
• An open area or porch in front, with supporting columns.
• Dipteral temples have double colonnade surrounding them.
• Peripteral temples (Parthenon) have both back and front porch as
well as a colonnade surrounding the entire structure
22

PARTHENON,
GREECE
(THE CURRENT BUILDING IS A RECONSTRUCTED
VERSION OF THE ORIGINAL BUILDING)
23
COLUMNS WITH FLUTED SHAFTS HOLDING
THE PEDIMENT AND ROOF
REPRESENTING TRABEATED STRUCTURES

THE PARTHENON
• Stylobate measuring 30.9- 69.5 m(section of a large sphere).
• The east and west façade were lined with 8 towering Doric
columns.
• Only octastyle peripteral temple with open porticos at both ends.
• Rising 41mm on its short sides, and 102 mm on its long flanks; the
columns are not vertical but inclined towards the centre.
24

PROPYLAE
ATHENS,
GREECE
(TODAY PROPYLAE HAS BEEN PARTLY
RESTORED, SINCE 1984, UNDER THE
DIRECTION OF TASOS TANOULAS)
25

THE PROPYLAE
• Monumental entry to the Acropolis.
• Approached by a massive ramp 20 m wide and 80 m long.
• Enters into a U-shaped structure with doric façade
• The road continues through the building; flanked by slender ionic
columns.
• Remarkable is the intricate play for solid and void spaces.ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES
26

ERECTHEUM
ATHENS, GREECE
( FROM 1902 TO 1909 N.BALANOS
CARRIED OUT A
MAJOR RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT )
ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 27

THE ERECTHEUM
• Built on two levels with three porticos of different designs.
• Four entrances.
• Continuing on the axis made on the porch of Poseidon, one goes up
the flight of stairs to the caryatid porch.
28

STOA OF ZEUS,
ATHENS
( THE CURRENT BUILDING
WAS RECONSTRUCTED IN 1952–1956 BY
AMERICAN ARCHITECTS)
29

STOA OF ZEUS
• Quintessential Greek civic building.
• 115*20 m long, defining the eastern edge of the agora.
• A row of 42 commercial stands, precedented by double doric and ionic
colonnade, supporting a wooden roof.
• Same pattern of colonnades repeated in the second storey.
• Colonnade provided ventilation and shade.
30

TRABEATED STRUCTURE
IN
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
THE FARNSWORTH HOUSE
MIES VAN DER ROHE
TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE

THE FARNSWORTH
HOUSE
ARCHITECT
MIES VAN DER ROHE
LOCATION
PLANO, USA
TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

SITE PLAN AND
GF PLAN
• The ground floor of the
Farnsworth House is thereby
elevated, and wide steps
slowly transcend almost
effortlessly off the ground, as
if they were floating up to the
entrance
• Aside from walls in the center
of the house enclosing
bathrooms, the floor plan is
completely open exploiting
true minimalism.
TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN
ARCHITECTURE

SECTIONAL DETAILS
• The single-story house consists
of eight I-shaped steel columns
that support the roof and floor
frameworks, and therefore are
both structural and expressive.
• In between these columns are
floor-to-ceiling windows around
the entire house, opening up the
rooms to the woods around it.
TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
HORIZONTAL ROOFS ON VERTICAL POSTS
IS A POST MODERNISM TRABEATED STRUCTURE

TRABEATED STRUCTURE IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
SKETCH OF ELEVATIONAL
DETAILS
FRANSWORTH HOUSE
IN DIFFERENT SEASONS

LITERATURE STUDY
CHIPPERFIELD MUSEUM OF MODERN LITERATURE
LITERATURMUSEUM DER MODERNE
DAVID CHIPPERFIELD ,GERMANY
LITERATURE STUDY

LITERATURE STUDY
CHIPPERFIELD MUSEUM OF MODERN LITERATURE
ARCHITECT: DAVID CHIPPERFIELD
PROJECT START: 2002
PROJECT COMPLETION: 2006
GROSS FLOOR AREA: 3,800 SQ. M
REGION: MARBACH
COUNTRY: GERMANY
LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM
NECKAR

LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR SOURCE: MAPHILL

NECKAR
SATELLITE GOOGLE IMAGES

INTRODUCTION
• The Museum of Modern Literature is located in Marbach, on a rock
plateau overlooking the Neckar River valley.
• The Museum of Modern Literature is Germany’s primary literary
archive, home not just to just everything from Franz Kafka’s
manuscripts but also the collective libraries of the country’s great
writers.
• It displays artefacts from the extensive twentieth-century
collection in the German Literature Archive, including the original
manuscripts of Kafka’s The Trial and Alfred Döblin’s Berlin
Alexanderplatz.LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM
NECKAR

TERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR
SOURCE: ARCHDAILY
TRABEATED STRUCTURE
OF POST MODERNISM
WITH SLENDER
CONCRETE
VERTICAL ELEMENTS
SUPPORTING THE ROOF

SITE PLAN AND HILLSIDE VIEW
NECKAR
SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

PLANNING OF THE MUSEUM
• A pavilion-like volume is located on the highest terrace, providing the
entrance to the museum.
• The interiors of the museum reveal themselves as one descends down
through the loggia, foyer and staircase spaces.
• The dark timber-panelled exhibition galleries are illuminated only by
artificial light due to fragility and sensitivity of the works on display.
• Each of these environmentally controlled spaces borders onto a naturally lit
gallery, balancing views inward to the composed, internalized world of texts
and manuscripts with the green and scenic valley on the other side of the
glass.
NECKAR

PLAN AND SECTION
PLAN SECTION
NECKAR
SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

ELEVATION
 Since the museum is located on a rock plateau,
the site has a varying topography. In order to
complement the contours of the site, the
museum has been built on two distinct levels.
 Embedded in topography, the museum reveals a
single height elevation to the north and a double
height elevation to the south.
 The steep slope of the site creates an intimate,
shaded entrance on the brow of the hill facing
the Schiller National Museum, the forecourt, the
park and the grander open tiered spaces on the
valley bellow it.
 On the highest terrace, the building appears as a
pavilion, providing entrance to the museum.
THE BUILDING REVEALS SINGLE HEIGHTED
ELEVATION IN THE NORTH AND DOUBLE
HEIGHTED ELEVATION IN THE SOUTH
NECKAR

 Slender concrete columns
articulate the façade and
enclose the entrance.
 Once inside, the visitors work
their way down the grand
series of stairs(owing to the
contours of the site) into the
exhibition spaces, which
consists of a sequence of five
galleries. The galleries are
timber-lined with richly
coloured wood and connected
to the naturally lit, glazed
loggias, connecting to the
world of manuscripts and texts
to the valley beyond.
ON THE
HIGHEST
TERRACE
THE
BUILDING
APPEARS AS A
PAVILLION
PROVIDING
ENTRANCE
CONCRETE COLUMNS
ARTICULATE THE FACADE
NECKAR

ANALYSIS
 The space between the façade articulated by
concrete columns and naturally glazed loggias,
witnesses amazing play of light and shadow, as
the glass too reflects the pattern.
 It locates a comfortable double heighted
circulation space around the functional area.
 Since the columns are placed at a good
distance from each other, it not only forms a
sturdy structure with less number of
structural elements, but also allows huge
expanse of glass to be accommodated on the
main skin of the building, which lets in more
light.
INTERPLAY OF LIGHT AND SHADOWS IN
DOUBLE HEIGHTED CIRCULATION SPACE
AROUND THE BUILDING
LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM,
AM NECKAR

 The façade is made to cut off direct
light and preserve the fragile
manuscripts.
 As the building is built to
complement the contours of the
site, it exhibits variation in datum
levels.
 The columns on the façade generate
rhythm.
 The building thus creates an
incredible fusion of ancient
Egyptian, Minoan and Greek form
with a more subtle modern form.
CONNECTING
NATURALLY
GLAZED
LOGGIAS TO
TIMBER LINED
GALLERIES
VARIATION IN
DATUM LEVELS
COMPLEMENTS
THE SITE
TOPOGRAPHY
NECKAR

MATERIALS
• Slender concrete columns articulate the façade and enclose the entrance
.
• Once inside, visitors work their way down a grand series of concrete flights of stairs
into the exhibition spaces, a sequence of five galleries.
• The galleries are timber-lined with a richly coloured dark wood and connected to
naturally lit, glazed loggias, contrasting the internalized world of texts and
manuscripts with the valley beyond.
• The walls and ceilings are fair-faced, in-situ cast concrete.
• Limestone is used internally for the floors, and is also used as an aggregate in the
precast, sandblasted concrete elements of the façade.
NECKAR

MATERIALS USED FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SLENDER CONCRETE
COLUMNS
TIMBER LINED GALLLERIES
CONCRETE STEPS CONCRETE BASED CONSTRUCTION
NECKAR
SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

LITERARY ARCHIVE DISPLAYS
NECKAR
SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY
• A clearly defined material concept using solid materials (fair-faced concrete,
sandblasted reconstituted stone with limestone aggregate, limestone, wood,
felt and glass) gives the calm, rational architectural language a sensual
physical presence.
• The museum is located in Marbach’s scenic park, on top of a rock plateau
overlooking the valley of the Neckar River symbolizing the fall and rebirth of
Germany through the dark ages of the World Wars and its re-emergence as a
stronger and an economically strengthened country.
• As the birthplace of the dramatist Friedrich Schiller, the town’s park already
held the National Schiller Museum, built in 1903, and the Archive for German
Literature, built in the 1970s. And hence the creation of light and shadow
pattern to enhance the drama.LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM
NECKAR

CASE STUDY
PRINCEP GHAT
CASE STUDY

PRINSEP GHAT
INTRODUCTION
• Prinsep ghat is a ghat built in 1841 during the British Raj, along
the Kolkata bank of the Hooghly River in India. The Palladian
porch in the memory of the eminent Anglo-Indian scholar and
antiquary James Prinsep was designed by W. Fitzgerald and
constructed in 1843.
• Prinsep Ghat is one of the oldest recreational spots of Kolkata.
People visit it in the evenings on weekends to go boating on the
river, stroll along the bank and purchase food from stalls there.
CASE STUDY: PRINCEP GHAT

VIEWS OF PRINSEP
GHAT
CASE STUDY: CASE STUDY
PRINSEP GHAT IN
EVENING
PRINSEP GHAT AT NIGHT

LOCATION
• It is located between the Water Gate
and the St George’s Gate of the Fort
William
• It is located near Strand Road, beside
the banks of Hooghly River. It is
situated near Vidyasagar Setu,
Kolkata, in West Bengal, India.

ACTIVITIES AROUND THE SITES
.
BOATING AND ROWING VISITORS IN THE EVENING HOURS
FISHERY

SITE SURROUNDINGS
• Located along the banks of the beautiful Hooghly River (River Ganges), the Ghat is surrounded by
greenery and overlooked by the Vidyasagar Setu.
• There are many food-stalls nearby that sell a variety of street delicacies.
• There is also 50 year old ice-cream cum fast-food joint near the Ghat, which is popular among the
crowds, especially the youngsters.
• The short river cruises on the traditional wooden boats and speedboats are available nearby.
• After the recent beautification of the Prinsep Ghat premises with gardens, lawns, park benches and
shady trees, the Ghat has become a very peaceful retreat for nature lovers.
• There is a jetty nearby called the Man-O-War jetty that belongs to the Kolkata Port Trust and
commemorates the role played by the port in the Second World War. The jetty is mainly used by the
Indian Navy.

ABOUT THE STRUCTURE
 Architect, Captain W. Fitzgerald built the colonial monument Princep Ghat in
memory of James Princep.
 The Palladian porch has been designed with rich Greek and Gothic inlays.
 Six ionic columns lines each of the two side facades and two ionic columns
lines each of the two shorter sides. There are a total of 4 rows of ionic
columns that support the entablature above. The ionic columns have fluted
shafts.
 It has a rectangular plan. At the four corners there are projections, having
thick walls. Towards the outside they bears arches supported on Ionic
pilasters, also the projections have been cut out such that they provide a
platform for sitting.
CASE STUDY : PRINCEP GHAT

 The entablature bears the name James Princep, in whose memory
the structure has been built.
 There are finials atop the entablature.
PROJECTIONS AT CORNERS, BEARING
ARCHES AND ACCOMODATING
SEATING PLATFORM
IONIC COLUMNS HOLD THE ENTABLATURE
FINIALS ATOPS THE
ENTABLATURE

ARCHITECTURE
• The Palladian porch in the memory of the eminent Anglo-Indian scholar
and antiquary James Prinsep.
• It was designed by W. Fitzgerald and constructed in 1843.
• The memorial is set in a square with Ionian Columns holding up a 40
foot roof painted entirely in white.
• The monument rich in Greek and Gothic inlays was restored by the
state’s public works department in November 2001 and has since been
well-maintained

SKETCH
SKETCH DURING SITE VISIT

TIMELINE AGE BUILDING PLACE COUNTRY USE
1 NEOLITHIC STONE AGE STONE HENGE SALISBURY
PLAIN
ENGLAND CEMETARY
• STONE CIRCLE
MONUMENT
• POST LINTEL
STRUCTURE
• USE OF
MONOLITHIC
SARSEN STONE
TRITITHONS
2 MIDDLE KINGDOM,
1400 BCE
ANCIENT
EGYPT
LUXOR TEMPLE
COMPLEX
THEBES EGYPT TEMPLE COMPLEX
• BERING
MASONRY
• MONUMENTAL
SANDSTONE
POST LINTEL
STRUCTURES
3 ATHENIAN EMPIRE ANCIENT
GREECE
PARTHENON ATHENS GREECE TEMPLE
• COLUMNS WITH
FLUTED ROOF
HOLDING
PEDIMENTS.
4 21ST CENTURY MODERN LITERATURMUSEUM
DER MODERNE
MARBACH,
STUTTGAURT
GERMANY BEAM POST
STRUCTURE

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