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This is a presentation for c programming language
- 1. Unit_1 Introduction to Computers andProgramming Sonam Singh
- 2. What is aComputer? • A computer is an electronic device that processes data and converts it into useful information. • It performs four main functions: Input, Processing, Storage, and Output.
- 3. Basic Functions ofa Computer 1. Input: Data entered into the computer. 2. Processing: Data manipulation and decision- making. 3. Storage: Saving data and instructions. 4. Output: Displaying results.
- 4. Basic Block Diagramof Computer System Input Unit CPU (Control Unit + ALU) Memory → → Unit Output Unit →
- 6. Input Unit •Takes data and instructions from the user. • Converts it into a form that the computer can understand. • Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.
- 7. Central Processing Unit(CPU) • Brain of the Computer • Consists of: - Control Unit (CU): Directs operations of the computer. - Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs calculations and logical comparisons.
- 8. Memory Unit •Temporarily stores data and instructions. • Two main types: - Primary Memory (RAM, ROM) - Secondary Storage (Hard Disk, SSD)
- 9. Output Unit •Converts processed data into a human-readable form. • Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, etc.
- 10. Storage Devices •Used for long-term data storage. • Examples: - Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - Solid State Drive (SSD) - USB Flash Drive
- 11. Concept of Hardware • Physical parts of the computer. • Examples: - Monitor, Keyboard, CPU, Printer, Mouse • Tangible and visible
- 12. Concept of Software • Set of instructions used to operate computers and perform tasks. • Types: - System Software (e.g., Operating System) - Application Software (e.g., MS Word, Web Browser)
- 13. Difference: Hardware vsSoftware Hardware: - Tangible, Physical components - Can be touched Software: - Intangible, Logical components - Cannot be touched
- 14. Types of Software& Computer Languages Concepts of Machine Level, Assembly Level, and High-Level Languages Your Name / Institution / Date
- 15. Types of Software Software is categorized into: 1. System Software 2. Application Software 3. Utility Software 4. Programming Software
- 16. System Software •Controls the hardware and basic system operations. • Examples: Operating System (Windows, Linux), Device Drivers
- 17. Application Software •Designed for end-users to perform specific tasks. • Examples: MS Word, Excel, Web Browsers, Games
- 18. Utility Software •Provides additional functionality to the OS. • Examples: Antivirus, Disk Cleanup, File Compression Tools
- 19. Programming Software •Used to write, test, and debug programs. • Examples: Text Editors, Compilers, Debuggers, IDEs
- 20. Introduction to ComputerLanguages • Used to write instructions for a computer to perform specific tasks. • Types: 1. Machine Level Language 2. Assembly Level Language 3. High-Level Language
- 21. Machine Level Language • Lowest-level language (binary: 0s and 1s) • Directly understood by the computer. • Very fast but hard to understand and write.
- 22. Assembly Level Language • Uses mnemonic codes (e.g., ADD, SUB) • Easier than machine language but still hardware-specific. • Requires an assembler to convert to machine code.
- 23. High-Level Language •Human-readable languages (e.g., Python, Java, C++) • Easy to learn, write, and debug. • Requires a compiler or interpreter.
- 24. Comparison of Languages Machine Language: - Binary - Fast, hardware-specific Assembly Language: - Mnemonics - Less complex High-Level Language: - English-like syntax - Platform independent
- 25. Compiler Understanding Compilerin Programming Your Name / Institution / Date
- 26. What is aCompiler? • A compiler is a program that converts high- level source code into machine code (binary). • It translates the entire code at once before execution.
- 27. Functions of aCompiler 1. Lexical Analysis 2. Syntax Analysis 3. Semantic Analysis 4. Optimization 5. Code Generation 6. Error Handling
- 28. Lexical Analysis •Breaks code into tokens. • Removes comments and whitespace. • Checks for valid identifiers.
- 29. Syntax Analysis •Checks grammatical structure. • Constructs syntax tree. • Ensures code follows language rules.
- 30. Semantic Analysis •Validates meaning of statements. • Checks type compatibility and undeclared variables.
- 31. Optimization • Improvescode efficiency. • Reduces resource usage. • Maintains program behavior.
- 32. Code Generation •Converts optimized intermediate code into machine code. • Generates object code for execution.
- 33. Error Handling •Detects and reports errors. • Types: Syntax errors, Semantic errors, Runtime errors
- 34. Compiler vs Interpreter Compiler: • Translates full program before execution. • Faster execution after compilation. Interpreter: • Translates and runs code line by line. • Easier debugging, slower execution.
- 35. Examples of Compilers • GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) • Clang • Java Compiler (javac) • Microsoft Visual C++ Compiler
- 36. Flowcharts and Algorithms Comprehensive Overview Your Name / Institution / Date
- 37. What is anAlgorithm? • An algorithm is a finite set of well-defined steps to solve a particular problem. • It is independent of programming languages. • Must be: Clear, Finite, and Effective.
- 38. Characteristics of aGood Algorithm 1. Input: Zero or more inputs. 2. Output: At least one output. 3. Definiteness: Clear and unambiguous steps. 4. Finiteness: Must terminate after a finite number of steps. 5. Effectiveness: Basic, executable instructions.
- 39. Importance of Algorithms • Forms the foundation of computer programming. • Helps in efficient problem-solving. • Enables code reusability and optimization. • Used in searching, sorting, encryption, AI, etc.
- 40. Types of Algorithms 1. Search Algorithms (e.g., Binary Search) 2. Sort Algorithms (e.g., Quick Sort, Merge Sort) 3. Recursion Algorithms 4. Dynamic Programming 5. Greedy Algorithms 6. Brute Force Algorithms
- 41. What is aFlowchart? • A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. • It shows the sequence of operations in a process. • Uses standard symbols to depict different actions.
- 42. Importance of Flowcharts • Visual representation of the process. • Easy to understand and analyze logic. • Helps in debugging and documentation. • Useful for communication among team members.
- 43. Flowchart Symbols •Terminator: Start/End - Oval • Process: Operation - Rectangle • Decision: Yes/No - Diamond • Input/Output: Parallelogram • Arrows: Show flow direction
- 44. Rules for CreatingFlowcharts • Flow should be top to bottom or left to right. • Use correct symbols. • Keep it clear and uncluttered. • Use connectors to avoid crossing lines.
- 45. Flowchart vs Algorithm Algorithm: • Text-based step-by-step instructions. • Better for precise representation. Flowchart: • Diagrammatic representation. • Easier for visualization and understanding.
- 46. Example Algorithm Problem:Find the largest of two numbers Step 1: Start Step 2: Read A, B Step 3: If A > B then Print A is largest Else Print B is largest Step 4: End
- 48. Example Flowchart Problem: Findthe largest of three numbers
- 49. Advantages of Algorithms • Easy to understand logic. • Platform-independent. • Helps in algorithm analysis. • Improves problem-solving skills.
- 50. Advantages of Flowcharts • Simplifies complex logic. • Helps in planning and designing programs. • Identifies errors in logic easily. • Documentation tool.
- 51. Limitations of Flowcharts • Complex to modify. • Tedious for large programs. • Requires drawing tools/software. • Can become confusing if not properly organized.
- 52. Summary • Algorithmsand flowcharts are essential tools in programming and logic design. • Algorithms define the logic; flowcharts visualize it. • Both improve clarity, efficiency, and problem- solving.
- 53.