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COURSE TITLE: PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING USING PYTHON Mulla Arshiya Asst. Professor School of Engineering
10/15/2025 Module 1: Introduction & Onboarding - What’s Problem Solving Using Programming? • Problem solving is the process of identifying a problem, analyzing it, and finding the most efficient way to solve it. • Programming is the process by which you instruct a computer to perform specific tasks. • Problem Solving Using Programming - It is the process of using logic, algorithms, and a programming language to solve a specific real-world problem.
10/15/2025 Understanding the role of programming in solving real-world problems- • Programming acts as a bridge between human problems and computer-based solutions. Real-World Problem Programming Solution Need to send messages instantly WhatsApp, Telegram apps Need to find directions Google Maps uses GPS Managing bank transactions Banking software handles deposits, transfers, etc. Online shopping and payments Amazon, Flipkart websites & payment systems
10/15/2025 Importance of algorithmic thinking and problem-solving skills - • a set of step-by-step instructions used to solve a problem or perform a task. • Ex: Add two numbers Algorithm: • Start • Read first number → a • Read second number → b • Calculate sum → sum = a + b • Display sum • Stop Logic: • Take two inputs (numbers) • Use the + operator to add them • Store the result in a variable • Display the result
10/15/2025 Python’s Features and Community Support • Large global community of developers and researchers. • Rich online resources: W3Schools, GeeksforGeeks, TutorialsPoint. • Regular updates and improvements. • Ready-made solutions available (forums, GitHub, StackOverflow). • Libraries: Biopython, NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib.
10/15/2025 What Makes Python Special? • Python is simple and easy to learn print("Hello, World!") • Clean and readable syntax • Highly versatile: Used in web, data science, AI, etc. • Large standard libraries and third-party modules. math, random → Built-in, matplotlib, pandas, NumPy → External • Strong community support and learning resources. Stack Overflow, Python.org, GitHub projects • Beginner-friendly and widely used in industry.
10/15/2025 What is an Algorithm • An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem. • It has a clear start and end. • Must be unambiguous (no confusion in steps). • Should be efficient (done in reasonable time). Steps to Structure an Algorithm • Understand the problem (what do we want?). • Identify input(s) (data required). • Identify output(s) (result we need). • Break into steps (logical sequence). • Check correctness (does it solve the problem?). • Optimize if needed (remove unnecessary steps).
10/15/2025 Problem 1: Find the Largest of Two Numbers Algorithm: 1.Start 2.Input two numbers A and B 3.If A > B, then print A 4.Else print B 5.Stop Problem 2: Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd Algorithm: 1.Start 2.Input a number N 3.If N % 2 == 0, print “Even” 4.Else print “Odd” 5.Stop
10/15/2025 Problem 3: Calculate Sum of First N Natural Numbers Algorithm: 1.Start 2.Input N 3.Initialize sum = 0 4.Repeat from 1 to N → Add each number to sum 5.Print sum 6.Stop
10/15/2025 Problem 4: Daily Life Example – Buying a Train Ticket Algorithm: 1.Start 2.Go to ticket counter 3.Provide journey details (source, destination, date) 4.Pay money 5.Collect ticket 6.Stop
10/15/2025 Syntax Basics Python Syntax • The set of rules that define how code must be written to be understood and executed by the Python interpreter.
10/15/2025 Writing and Executing Python Code - 1. Install Python from the official website: https://www.python.org 2. Open Python IDLE (comes installed with Python) 3. Click on File > New File to open a new editor window 4. Write your Python code in the editor 5. Save the file with a .py extension using File > Save As 6. Run the code using Run > Run Module or press F5 7. View the output in the IDLE Shell window Python Indentation Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line. if 5 > 2: if 5 > 2: print("Five is greater than two!") print("Five is greater than two!")
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10/15/2025 • Variables are containers for storing data values. Declaring variables and assigning values - name = "Arshiya" variable Value Assignment Operator x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Grapes" x = y = z = "Orange" Print(y) Print(x) Print(z) print(name) Variables
10/15/2025 Rules for Python variables: • A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character • A variable name cannot start with a number • A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ ) • Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables) • A variable name cannot be any of the Python keywords.
10/15/2025 Legal variable names: myvar = "John" my_var = "John" _my_var = "John" myVar = "John" MYVAR = "John" myvar2 = "John" Illegal variable names: 2myvar = "John" my-var = "John" my var = "John" Identifiers - • Identifiers are names used to identify variables, functions, classes, modules, etc.
10/15/2025 Python Keywords - • Keywords are reserved words that have special meaning in Python. • They are used to define syntax and structure. • Cannot be used as variable names. • if, else, elif, for, while, def, return, import, class, try, except, True, False, None. • All keywords are in lowercase except True, False, and None.
10/15/2025 Comments - • Comments are notes in your code that Python ignores. • They are used to explain what the code is doing. • Types of Comments: • Single-line Comment: Uses # • Multi-line Comment: Uses triple quotes ''' or """ # This is a single-line comment """ This is a multi-line comment that spans multiple lines """
10/15/2025 Python Escape Characters - • To insert characters that are illegal in a string, use an escape character. • An escape character is a backslash followed by the character you want to insert. eg: #You will get an error if you use double quotes inside a string that are surrounded by double quotes: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<string>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python3.12/py_compile.py", line 150, in compile raise py_exc py_compile.PyCompileError: File "./prog.py", line 1 txt = "Hello, "WELCOME To Chanakya University"." ^^^^^^^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax Print("Hello, "WELCOME To Chanakya University".") Print("Hello, "WELCOME To Chanakya University".") Hello, "WELCOME To Chanakya University".
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10/15/2025 1. Create a variable named student_name and assign your name to it. Print the value. 2. Write a single-line comment and a multi-line comment in your Python file. Print "Comments practiced!" 3. Create three variables of your choice. Print all three using a single print() statement. 4. Identify the invalid variable from below and correct it in your code to make it run: 5. Use escape characters to print the following output exactly Name: your name tAge: 25 Location: "Bangalore" 1st_place = "Gold" second-place = "Silver" print(1st_place, second-place)
10/15/2025 Python Data Types A data type defines the type of value a variable holds. Text Type: str Numeric Types: int, float, complex Sequence Types: list, tuple, range Mapping Type: dict Set Types: set Boolean Type: bool None Type: NoneType
10/15/2025 Python Numbers - • int • float • Complex To verify the type of any object in Python, use the type() function. x = 1 # int y = 2.8 # float z = 1j #complex print(type(x)) print(type(y)) print(type(z)) <class 'int'> <class 'float'> <class 'complex'>
10/15/2025 Python Casting - You can convert from one type to another with the int(), float(), and complex() methods. x = 1 # int y = 2.8 # float z = 1j # complex #convert from int to float: a = float(x) #convert from float to int: b = int(y) #convert from int to complex: c = complex(x) print(a) print(b) print(c) print(type(a)) print(type(b)) print(type(c))
10/15/2025 1. Create variables of different numeric types: a = 25 (integer) b = 12.75 (float) c = 4 + 5j (complex) Print each variable and its data type. 2. Type Casting • Take an integer value, cast it to float. • Take a float value, cast it to integer. • Print both results with their types.
10/15/2025 Strings - • Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double quotation marks. • Strings can contain letters, digits, symbols, and even spaces. • Strings are used to represent textual data in Python. 'hello' is the same as "hello". Quotes Inside Quotes print("It's alright") print("He is called 'Johnny'") print('He is called "Johnny"') It's alright He is called 'Johnny' He is called "Johnny"
10/15/2025 Operation Example Output Concatenation "Hello" + "World" "HelloWorld" Repetition "Hi" * 3 "HiHiHi" Indexing "Python"[0] 'P' Slicing "Python"[1:4] 'yth' Length len("hello") 5 String Operations: word = "Hello" print(word[0]) # H print(word[-1]) # o text = "Python" print(text[0:3]) # Pyt print(text[2:]) # thon first = "Good" second = "Morning" print(first + " " + second) #Good Morning
10/15/2025 Method Use Example Output .upper() Convert to uppercase "python".upper() 'PYTHON' .lower() Convert to lowercase "HELLO".lower() 'hello' .strip() Remove spaces " hi ".strip() 'hi' .replace() Replace text "cat".replace("c", "b") 'bat' String Methods:
10/15/2025 Escape Code Description Example Output n New Line print("HellonWorld") Hello World t Tab print("Name:tAli") Name: Ali " Double Quote print("She said "Hi"") She said "Hi" Backslash print("C:pathfile") C:pathfile Escape Characters:
10/15/2025 Input and Output • Input: Receiving data from the user. • Output: Displaying results or information to the user. 1.input() Function – Getting User Input • Used to accept input from the keyboard. • Always returns data as a string. Syntax: variable = input("Enter something: ") Eg: name = input("Enter your name: ") print("Hello", name)
10/15/2025 Type Casting with input() age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) print("Next year, you will be", age + 1) Print Function • Used to show messages, variables, or results. Syntax: print("Text or variable") Eg: print("Welcome to Python!")
10/15/2025 1.Take your name as input and print a greeting message. 2.Create a string "Python Programming" and print only the word "Python". 3.Use the len() function to find the length of "Hello World". 4.Print the string "PythontRocks!" to show tab escape character. 5.Take a number as input, convert it to integer and print it. 6.Take a sentence as input and count how many times the letter "a" appears.
10/15/2025 name = input("Enter your name: ") print("Hello, " + name + "!") text = "Python Programming" print(text[0:6]) text = "Hello World" print(len(text)) print("PythontRocks!") num = input("Enter a number: ") num = int(num) print(num) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
10/15/2025 1. Take two strings as input and print the combined string with a space in between. 2. Replace the word "bad" with "good" in the sentence: "This is a bad idea." 3. Accept a number input, convert it to float, divide by 3, and print the result. 4. Format Full Name Output Input Format: Two strings – first name and last name. Output Format: Print as Welcome, <Last>, <First>
10/15/2025 first = input("Enter first word: ") second = input("Enter second word: ") print(first + " " + second) text = "This is a bad idea." new_text = text.replace("bad", "good") print(new_text) num = input("Enter a number: ") num = float(num) print(num / 3) first = input("Enter first name: ") last = input("Enter last name: ") print("Welcome,", last + ",", first) 1. 2. 3. 4.
10/15/2025 Boolean Data Type in Python • The Boolean data type has only two possible values: True or False (with the first letter capitalized). • Used in decision making, comparisons, and conditions. • Commonly used in if statements, loops, and comparisons. • You can get a Boolean result from comparison operators (==, !=, <, >, etc.)
10/15/2025 a = True​ b = False​ print(a) # Output: True​ print(type(a)) # Output: <class 'bool' >​ print(bool(0)) # Output: False​ print(bool(1)) # Output: True​ print(bool("")) # Output: False (empty string is False)​ print(bool("Hi")) # Output: True (non-empty string is True)​
10/15/2025 Python Operators Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. Eg1: print(2+2) #output: 4 Eg2: a = 2 b = 2 Print(a+b) #output: 4 Types of Operators: Arithmetic operators Assignment operators Comparison operators Logical operators Identity operators Membership operators Bitwise operators
10/15/2025 Operator Meaning Example Result + Addition 3 + 2 5 - Subtraction 5 - 2 3 * Multiplication 4 * 3 12 / Division 10 / 2 5.0 // Floor Division 7 // 2 3 % Modulus (remainder) 7 % 3 1 ** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 8 Python Arithmetic Operators – Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations
10/15/2025 Comparison Operators - Used to compare two values; returns Boolean (True/False). Operator Meaning Example Result == Equal to 5 == 5 True != Not equal to 4 != 3 True > Greater than 6 > 2 True < Less than 3 < 5 True >= Greater than or equal 5 >= 5 True <= Less than or equal 3 <= 2 False
10/15/2025 Logical Operators - Used to combine multiple conditions. Operator Meaning Example Result and Returns True if both are True 5 > 2 and 4 > 3 True or Returns True if one is True 5 > 2 or 4 < 1 True not Reverses the result not(5 > 2) False
10/15/2025 Assignment Operators - Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables: Operator Meaning Example Equivalent Expression Result (x = 10) = Assigns a value x = 10 x = 10 10 += Adds and assigns x += 3 x = x + 3 13 -= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3 x = x - 3 7 *= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3 x = x * 3 30 /= Divides and assigns (float result) x /= 3 x = x / 3 3.33 (approx.)
10/15/2025 %= Modulus and assigns x %= 3 x = x % 3 1 //= Floor division and assigns x //= 3 x = x // 3 3 **= Exponentiation and assigns x **= 3 x = x ** 3 1000 >>= Bitwise right shift and assigns x >>= 2 x = x >> 2 2 <<= Bitwise left shift and assigns x <<= 2 x = x << 2 40
10/15/2025 Identity Operators - Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are the same object, with the same memory location Operator Meaning Example Output is Returns True if both variables point to the same object a is b True or False is not Returns True if both variables point to different objects a is not b True or False a = [1, 2, 3] b = a c = [1, 2, 3] print(a is b) # True print(a is c) # False print(a is not c) # True
10/15/2025 Python Membership Operators - Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object Operator Meaning Example Output in True if value is found in the sequence 'a' in 'apple' True not in True if value is not found in sequence 'x' not in 'apple' True text = "Python" print('P' in text) # True print('z' not in text) # True
10/15/2025 Operator Name Description Example & AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 x & y | OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1 x | y ^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1 x ^ y ~ NOT Inverts all the bits ~x << Zero fill left shift Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off x << 2 >> Signed right shift Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off x >> 2 Python Bitwise Operators - Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:
10/15/2025 Operator Precedence - Operator precedence describes the order in which operations are performed. Precedence Operators Description 1 (Highest) () Parentheses (expression grouping) 2 ** Exponentiation 3 +x, -x, ~x Unary plus, minus, bitwise NOT 4 *, /, //, % Multiplication, division, floor division, modulo 5 +, - Addition, subtraction 6 <<, >> Bitwise shift operators
10/15/2025 7 & Bitwise AND 8 ^ Bitwise XOR 9 ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=, is, is not, in, not in Comparisons 10 not Logical NOT 11 and Logical AND 12 or Logical OR 13 =, +=, -=, etc. Assignment operators 14 (Lowest) lambda Lambda function x = 3 + 2 * 5 # * has higher precedence than + # So, 2 * 5 = 10 → 3 + 10 = 13
10/15/2025 1. Take two numbers as input and print their sum, difference, product, and quotient. 2. Declare a variable x = 10. Use the += operator to increase its value by 5 and print the result. 3. Compare two numbers using == and print True or False. 4. Use a logical and operator to check if x > 5 and x < 20. 5. Use assignment operators (-=, *=, /=) on a variable x = 10 and print after each operation. 6. Demonstrate membership using in with a string (e.g., "Py" in "Python"). 7. Demonstrate identity operators using is and is not with two variables referring to the same value.
10/15/2025 a = int(input("Enter first number: ")) b = int(input("Enter second number: ")) print("Sum:", a + b) print("Difference:", a - b) print("Product:", a * b) print("Quotient:", a / b) x = 10 x += 5 print("Result:", x) a = 5 b = 5 print(a == b) x = 15 (x > 5 and x < 20) x = 10 x -= 2 print("After -= :", x) x *= 3 print("After *= :", x) x /= 2 print("After /= :", x) text = "Python" print("Py" in text) a = 100 b = 100 print(a is b) # True, because both point to same object print(a is not b) # False 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
10/15/2025 1. Show the use of all arithmetic operators in one program with inputs from the user. 2. Take two strings and check if they are identical using identity operator (is). 3. Check if a user-input word exists in a predefined string using in. 4. Accept a number and use assignment operators in sequence (+=, -=, *=, //=, %=), print after each. 5. Evaluate and explain this expression: 5 + 3 * 2 > 10 and 4 < 2 6. Input a value and evaluate this complex expression: result = (10 + 5) * 2 > 20 or (15 / 3 == 5 and not 10 == 5) 7. Show the difference between == and is using numbers and strings.
10/15/2025 a = int(input("Enter first number: ")) b = int(input("Enter second number: ")) print("Addition:", a + b) print("Subtraction:", a - b) print("Multiplication:", a * b) print("Division:", a / b) print("Floor Division:", a // b) print("Modulus:", a % b) print("Exponentiation:", a ** b) str1 = input("Enter first string: ") str2 = input("Enter second string: ") print(str1 is str2) 1. 2. text = "Python is awesome" word = input("Enter a word: ") print(word in text) x = int(input("Enter a number: ")) x += 2 print("After += 2:", x) x -= 1 print("After -= 1:", x) x *= 3 print("After *= 3:", x) x //= 2 print("After //= 2:", x) x %= 4 print("After %= 4:", x) 3. 4.
10/15/2025 result = 5 + 3 * 2 > 10 and 4 < 2 print(result) # Output will be False val = input("Enter anything as input") result = (10 + 5) * 2 > 20 or (15 / 3 == 5 and not 10 == 5) print(result) # Output will be True #Number a = 100 b = 100 print("a == b:", a == b) print("a is b:", a is b) # Strings x = "hello" y = "hello" print("x == y:", x == y) print("x is y:", x is y) 5. 6. 7.
10/15/2025 Conditional Statements in Python Conditional statements allow the program to make decisions and execute different code blocks based on conditions. 1. if Statement - Executes the block only if the condition is True. age = 18 if age >= 18: print("You are eligible to vote.") 2. if-else Statement - else block executes if the if condition is False. marks = 45 if marks >= 50: print("Pass") else: print("Fail")
10/15/2025 3. if-elif-else - Checks multiple conditions in sequence and Stops when one condition is True. marks = int(input("Enter your marks: ")) if marks >= 90: print("Grade: A") elif marks >= 75: print("Grade: B") elif marks >= 60: print("Grade: C") elif marks >= 40: print("Grade: D") else: print("Grade: F (Fail)")
10/15/2025 1. Even or Odd Input: A number Task: Check if it is even or odd. 2. Positive, Negative or Zero • Input: A number • Task: Print whether it is positive, negative, or zero. 3. Greatest of Three Numbers • Input: Three numbers • Task: Print the greatest number among them. 4. Student Grade System Input: Marks Task: Print grade using: A: 90-100 B: 75-89 C: 60-74 D: 40-59 F: < 40
10/15/2025 num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) if num % 2 == 0: print("Even number") else: print("Odd number") num = float(input("Enter a number: ")) if num > 0: print("Positive number") elif num < 0: print("Negative number") else: print("Zero") a = int(input("Enter first number: ")) b = int(input("Enter second number: ")) c = int(input("Enter third number: ")) if a >= b and a >= c: print("Greatest number is:", a) elif b >= a and b >= c: print("Greatest number is:", b) else: print("Greatest number is:", c) 1. 2. 3.
10/15/2025 Looping Statements in Python Loops allow executing a block of code multiple times, useful for repetition and automation. 1. while Loop With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true. count = 1 while count <= 5: print(count) count += 1 correct_pin = "1234" attempt = "" while attempt != correct_pin: attempt = input("Enter your 4-digit PIN: ") if attempt != correct_pin: print("Incorrect PIN. Try again.") print("PIN accepted. Welcome!")
10/15/2025 2. For Loops - A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence. range(start, stop) generates numbers from start to stop – 1 for i in range(1, 6): print(i) break and continue - • break: exits loop early. • continue: skips current iteration.
10/15/2025 # break example for i in range(1, 10): if i == 5: break print(i) #output: 1 2 3 4 # continue example for i in range(1, 6): if i == 3: continue print(i) #output: 1 2 4 5
10/15/2025 1.Print Numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop. 2. Sum of First n Natural Numbers Input: n Task: Find sum using while loop. 3.Multiplication Table • Input: Number n • Task: Print table of n up to 10 (e.g., n x 1 = ...) 4. Reverse a Number • Input: 1234 • Output: 4321 5.Factorial of a Number Input: Number Output: Factorial using a loop (no math module).
10/15/2025 for i in range(1, 11): print(i) n = int(input("Enter a number: ")) sum = 0 i = 1 while i <= n: sum += i i += 1 print("Sum is:", sum) n = int(input("Enter a number: ")) for i in range(1, 11): print(n, "x", i, "=", n * i) num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) rev = 0 while num > 0: digit = num % 10 rev = rev * 10 + digit num = num // 10 print("Reversed number:", rev) num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) fact = 1 for i in range(1, num + 1): fact *= i print("Factorial is:", fact) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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PythonModule1.pdf school of engineering.

  • 1.
    COURSE TITLE: PROGRAMMINGFOR PROBLEM SOLVING USING PYTHON Mulla Arshiya Asst. Professor School of Engineering
  • 2.
    10/15/2025 Module 1: Introduction& Onboarding - What’s Problem Solving Using Programming? • Problem solving is the process of identifying a problem, analyzing it, and finding the most efficient way to solve it. • Programming is the process by which you instruct a computer to perform specific tasks. • Problem Solving Using Programming - It is the process of using logic, algorithms, and a programming language to solve a specific real-world problem.
  • 3.
    10/15/2025 Understanding the roleof programming in solving real-world problems- • Programming acts as a bridge between human problems and computer-based solutions. Real-World Problem Programming Solution Need to send messages instantly WhatsApp, Telegram apps Need to find directions Google Maps uses GPS Managing bank transactions Banking software handles deposits, transfers, etc. Online shopping and payments Amazon, Flipkart websites & payment systems
  • 4.
    10/15/2025 Importance of algorithmicthinking and problem-solving skills - • a set of step-by-step instructions used to solve a problem or perform a task. • Ex: Add two numbers Algorithm: • Start • Read first number → a • Read second number → b • Calculate sum → sum = a + b • Display sum • Stop Logic: • Take two inputs (numbers) • Use the + operator to add them • Store the result in a variable • Display the result
  • 5.
    10/15/2025 Python’s Features andCommunity Support • Large global community of developers and researchers. • Rich online resources: W3Schools, GeeksforGeeks, TutorialsPoint. • Regular updates and improvements. • Ready-made solutions available (forums, GitHub, StackOverflow). • Libraries: Biopython, NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib.
  • 6.
    10/15/2025 What Makes PythonSpecial? • Python is simple and easy to learn print("Hello, World!") • Clean and readable syntax • Highly versatile: Used in web, data science, AI, etc. • Large standard libraries and third-party modules. math, random → Built-in, matplotlib, pandas, NumPy → External • Strong community support and learning resources. Stack Overflow, Python.org, GitHub projects • Beginner-friendly and widely used in industry.
  • 7.
    10/15/2025 What is anAlgorithm • An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem. • It has a clear start and end. • Must be unambiguous (no confusion in steps). • Should be efficient (done in reasonable time). Steps to Structure an Algorithm • Understand the problem (what do we want?). • Identify input(s) (data required). • Identify output(s) (result we need). • Break into steps (logical sequence). • Check correctness (does it solve the problem?). • Optimize if needed (remove unnecessary steps).
  • 8.
    10/15/2025 Problem 1: Findthe Largest of Two Numbers Algorithm: 1.Start 2.Input two numbers A and B 3.If A > B, then print A 4.Else print B 5.Stop Problem 2: Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd Algorithm: 1.Start 2.Input a number N 3.If N % 2 == 0, print “Even” 4.Else print “Odd” 5.Stop
  • 9.
    10/15/2025 Problem 3: CalculateSum of First N Natural Numbers Algorithm: 1.Start 2.Input N 3.Initialize sum = 0 4.Repeat from 1 to N → Add each number to sum 5.Print sum 6.Stop
  • 10.
    10/15/2025 Problem 4: DailyLife Example – Buying a Train Ticket Algorithm: 1.Start 2.Go to ticket counter 3.Provide journey details (source, destination, date) 4.Pay money 5.Collect ticket 6.Stop
  • 11.
    10/15/2025 Syntax Basics Python Syntax •The set of rules that define how code must be written to be understood and executed by the Python interpreter.
  • 12.
    10/15/2025 Writing and ExecutingPython Code - 1. Install Python from the official website: https://www.python.org 2. Open Python IDLE (comes installed with Python) 3. Click on File > New File to open a new editor window 4. Write your Python code in the editor 5. Save the file with a .py extension using File > Save As 6. Run the code using Run > Run Module or press F5 7. View the output in the IDLE Shell window Python Indentation Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line. if 5 > 2: if 5 > 2: print("Five is greater than two!") print("Five is greater than two!")
  • 13.
  • 14.
    10/15/2025 • Variables arecontainers for storing data values. Declaring variables and assigning values - name = "Arshiya" variable Value Assignment Operator x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Grapes" x = y = z = "Orange" Print(y) Print(x) Print(z) print(name) Variables
  • 15.
    10/15/2025 Rules for Pythonvariables: • A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character • A variable name cannot start with a number • A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ ) • Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables) • A variable name cannot be any of the Python keywords.
  • 16.
    10/15/2025 Legal variable names: myvar= "John" my_var = "John" _my_var = "John" myVar = "John" MYVAR = "John" myvar2 = "John" Illegal variable names: 2myvar = "John" my-var = "John" my var = "John" Identifiers - • Identifiers are names used to identify variables, functions, classes, modules, etc.
  • 17.
    10/15/2025 Python Keywords - •Keywords are reserved words that have special meaning in Python. • They are used to define syntax and structure. • Cannot be used as variable names. • if, else, elif, for, while, def, return, import, class, try, except, True, False, None. • All keywords are in lowercase except True, False, and None.
  • 18.
    10/15/2025 Comments - • Commentsare notes in your code that Python ignores. • They are used to explain what the code is doing. • Types of Comments: • Single-line Comment: Uses # • Multi-line Comment: Uses triple quotes ''' or """ # This is a single-line comment """ This is a multi-line comment that spans multiple lines """
  • 19.
    10/15/2025 Python Escape Characters- • To insert characters that are illegal in a string, use an escape character. • An escape character is a backslash followed by the character you want to insert. eg: #You will get an error if you use double quotes inside a string that are surrounded by double quotes: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<string>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python3.12/py_compile.py", line 150, in compile raise py_exc py_compile.PyCompileError: File "./prog.py", line 1 txt = "Hello, "WELCOME To Chanakya University"." ^^^^^^^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax Print("Hello, "WELCOME To Chanakya University".") Print("Hello, "WELCOME To Chanakya University".") Hello, "WELCOME To Chanakya University".
  • 20.
  • 21.
    10/15/2025 1. Create avariable named student_name and assign your name to it. Print the value. 2. Write a single-line comment and a multi-line comment in your Python file. Print "Comments practiced!" 3. Create three variables of your choice. Print all three using a single print() statement. 4. Identify the invalid variable from below and correct it in your code to make it run: 5. Use escape characters to print the following output exactly Name: your name tAge: 25 Location: "Bangalore" 1st_place = "Gold" second-place = "Silver" print(1st_place, second-place)
  • 22.
    10/15/2025 Python Data Types Adata type defines the type of value a variable holds. Text Type: str Numeric Types: int, float, complex Sequence Types: list, tuple, range Mapping Type: dict Set Types: set Boolean Type: bool None Type: NoneType
  • 23.
    10/15/2025 Python Numbers - •int • float • Complex To verify the type of any object in Python, use the type() function. x = 1 # int y = 2.8 # float z = 1j #complex print(type(x)) print(type(y)) print(type(z)) <class 'int'> <class 'float'> <class 'complex'>
  • 24.
    10/15/2025 Python Casting - Youcan convert from one type to another with the int(), float(), and complex() methods. x = 1 # int y = 2.8 # float z = 1j # complex #convert from int to float: a = float(x) #convert from float to int: b = int(y) #convert from int to complex: c = complex(x) print(a) print(b) print(c) print(type(a)) print(type(b)) print(type(c))
  • 25.
    10/15/2025 1. Create variablesof different numeric types: a = 25 (integer) b = 12.75 (float) c = 4 + 5j (complex) Print each variable and its data type. 2. Type Casting • Take an integer value, cast it to float. • Take a float value, cast it to integer. • Print both results with their types.
  • 26.
    10/15/2025 Strings - • Stringsin python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double quotation marks. • Strings can contain letters, digits, symbols, and even spaces. • Strings are used to represent textual data in Python. 'hello' is the same as "hello". Quotes Inside Quotes print("It's alright") print("He is called 'Johnny'") print('He is called "Johnny"') It's alright He is called 'Johnny' He is called "Johnny"
  • 27.
    10/15/2025 Operation Example Output Concatenation"Hello" + "World" "HelloWorld" Repetition "Hi" * 3 "HiHiHi" Indexing "Python"[0] 'P' Slicing "Python"[1:4] 'yth' Length len("hello") 5 String Operations: word = "Hello" print(word[0]) # H print(word[-1]) # o text = "Python" print(text[0:3]) # Pyt print(text[2:]) # thon first = "Good" second = "Morning" print(first + " " + second) #Good Morning
  • 28.
    10/15/2025 Method Use ExampleOutput .upper() Convert to uppercase "python".upper() 'PYTHON' .lower() Convert to lowercase "HELLO".lower() 'hello' .strip() Remove spaces " hi ".strip() 'hi' .replace() Replace text "cat".replace("c", "b") 'bat' String Methods:
  • 29.
    10/15/2025 Escape Code DescriptionExample Output n New Line print("HellonWorld") Hello World t Tab print("Name:tAli") Name: Ali " Double Quote print("She said "Hi"") She said "Hi" Backslash print("C:pathfile") C:pathfile Escape Characters:
  • 30.
    10/15/2025 Input and Output •Input: Receiving data from the user. • Output: Displaying results or information to the user. 1.input() Function – Getting User Input • Used to accept input from the keyboard. • Always returns data as a string. Syntax: variable = input("Enter something: ") Eg: name = input("Enter your name: ") print("Hello", name)
  • 31.
    10/15/2025 Type Casting withinput() age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) print("Next year, you will be", age + 1) Print Function • Used to show messages, variables, or results. Syntax: print("Text or variable") Eg: print("Welcome to Python!")
  • 32.
    10/15/2025 1.Take your nameas input and print a greeting message. 2.Create a string "Python Programming" and print only the word "Python". 3.Use the len() function to find the length of "Hello World". 4.Print the string "PythontRocks!" to show tab escape character. 5.Take a number as input, convert it to integer and print it. 6.Take a sentence as input and count how many times the letter "a" appears.
  • 33.
    10/15/2025 name = input("Enteryour name: ") print("Hello, " + name + "!") text = "Python Programming" print(text[0:6]) text = "Hello World" print(len(text)) print("PythontRocks!") num = input("Enter a number: ") num = int(num) print(num) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
  • 34.
    10/15/2025 1. Take twostrings as input and print the combined string with a space in between. 2. Replace the word "bad" with "good" in the sentence: "This is a bad idea." 3. Accept a number input, convert it to float, divide by 3, and print the result. 4. Format Full Name Output Input Format: Two strings – first name and last name. Output Format: Print as Welcome, <Last>, <First>
  • 35.
    10/15/2025 first = input("Enterfirst word: ") second = input("Enter second word: ") print(first + " " + second) text = "This is a bad idea." new_text = text.replace("bad", "good") print(new_text) num = input("Enter a number: ") num = float(num) print(num / 3) first = input("Enter first name: ") last = input("Enter last name: ") print("Welcome,", last + ",", first) 1. 2. 3. 4.
  • 36.
    10/15/2025 Boolean Data Typein Python • The Boolean data type has only two possible values: True or False (with the first letter capitalized). • Used in decision making, comparisons, and conditions. • Commonly used in if statements, loops, and comparisons. • You can get a Boolean result from comparison operators (==, !=, <, >, etc.)
  • 37.
    10/15/2025 a = True​ b= False​ print(a) # Output: True​ print(type(a)) # Output: <class 'bool' >​ print(bool(0)) # Output: False​ print(bool(1)) # Output: True​ print(bool("")) # Output: False (empty string is False)​ print(bool("Hi")) # Output: True (non-empty string is True)​
  • 38.
    10/15/2025 Python Operators Operators areused to perform operations on variables and values. Eg1: print(2+2) #output: 4 Eg2: a = 2 b = 2 Print(a+b) #output: 4 Types of Operators: Arithmetic operators Assignment operators Comparison operators Logical operators Identity operators Membership operators Bitwise operators
  • 39.
    10/15/2025 Operator Meaning ExampleResult + Addition 3 + 2 5 - Subtraction 5 - 2 3 * Multiplication 4 * 3 12 / Division 10 / 2 5.0 // Floor Division 7 // 2 3 % Modulus (remainder) 7 % 3 1 ** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 8 Python Arithmetic Operators – Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations
  • 40.
    10/15/2025 Comparison Operators - Usedto compare two values; returns Boolean (True/False). Operator Meaning Example Result == Equal to 5 == 5 True != Not equal to 4 != 3 True > Greater than 6 > 2 True < Less than 3 < 5 True >= Greater than or equal 5 >= 5 True <= Less than or equal 3 <= 2 False
  • 41.
    10/15/2025 Logical Operators - Usedto combine multiple conditions. Operator Meaning Example Result and Returns True if both are True 5 > 2 and 4 > 3 True or Returns True if one is True 5 > 2 or 4 < 1 True not Reverses the result not(5 > 2) False
  • 42.
    10/15/2025 Assignment Operators - Assignmentoperators are used to assign values to variables: Operator Meaning Example Equivalent Expression Result (x = 10) = Assigns a value x = 10 x = 10 10 += Adds and assigns x += 3 x = x + 3 13 -= Subtracts and assigns x -= 3 x = x - 3 7 *= Multiplies and assigns x *= 3 x = x * 3 30 /= Divides and assigns (float result) x /= 3 x = x / 3 3.33 (approx.)
  • 43.
    10/15/2025 %= Modulus and assigns x %=3 x = x % 3 1 //= Floor division and assigns x //= 3 x = x // 3 3 **= Exponentiation and assigns x **= 3 x = x ** 3 1000 >>= Bitwise right shift and assigns x >>= 2 x = x >> 2 2 <<= Bitwise left shift and assigns x <<= 2 x = x << 2 40
  • 44.
    10/15/2025 Identity Operators - Identityoperators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are the same object, with the same memory location Operator Meaning Example Output is Returns True if both variables point to the same object a is b True or False is not Returns True if both variables point to different objects a is not b True or False a = [1, 2, 3] b = a c = [1, 2, 3] print(a is b) # True print(a is c) # False print(a is not c) # True
  • 45.
    10/15/2025 Python Membership Operators- Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object Operator Meaning Example Output in True if value is found in the sequence 'a' in 'apple' True not in True if value is not found in sequence 'x' not in 'apple' True text = "Python" print('P' in text) # True print('z' not in text) # True
  • 46.
    10/15/2025 Operator Name DescriptionExample & AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 x & y | OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1 x | y ^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1 x ^ y ~ NOT Inverts all the bits ~x << Zero fill left shift Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off x << 2 >> Signed right shift Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off x >> 2 Python Bitwise Operators - Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:
  • 47.
    10/15/2025 Operator Precedence - Operatorprecedence describes the order in which operations are performed. Precedence Operators Description 1 (Highest) () Parentheses (expression grouping) 2 ** Exponentiation 3 +x, -x, ~x Unary plus, minus, bitwise NOT 4 *, /, //, % Multiplication, division, floor division, modulo 5 +, - Addition, subtraction 6 <<, >> Bitwise shift operators
  • 48.
    10/15/2025 7 & BitwiseAND 8 ^ Bitwise XOR 9 ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=, is, is not, in, not in Comparisons 10 not Logical NOT 11 and Logical AND 12 or Logical OR 13 =, +=, -=, etc. Assignment operators 14 (Lowest) lambda Lambda function x = 3 + 2 * 5 # * has higher precedence than + # So, 2 * 5 = 10 → 3 + 10 = 13
  • 49.
    10/15/2025 1. Take twonumbers as input and print their sum, difference, product, and quotient. 2. Declare a variable x = 10. Use the += operator to increase its value by 5 and print the result. 3. Compare two numbers using == and print True or False. 4. Use a logical and operator to check if x > 5 and x < 20. 5. Use assignment operators (-=, *=, /=) on a variable x = 10 and print after each operation. 6. Demonstrate membership using in with a string (e.g., "Py" in "Python"). 7. Demonstrate identity operators using is and is not with two variables referring to the same value.
  • 50.
    10/15/2025 a = int(input("Enterfirst number: ")) b = int(input("Enter second number: ")) print("Sum:", a + b) print("Difference:", a - b) print("Product:", a * b) print("Quotient:", a / b) x = 10 x += 5 print("Result:", x) a = 5 b = 5 print(a == b) x = 15 (x > 5 and x < 20) x = 10 x -= 2 print("After -= :", x) x *= 3 print("After *= :", x) x /= 2 print("After /= :", x) text = "Python" print("Py" in text) a = 100 b = 100 print(a is b) # True, because both point to same object print(a is not b) # False 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
  • 51.
    10/15/2025 1. Show theuse of all arithmetic operators in one program with inputs from the user. 2. Take two strings and check if they are identical using identity operator (is). 3. Check if a user-input word exists in a predefined string using in. 4. Accept a number and use assignment operators in sequence (+=, -=, *=, //=, %=), print after each. 5. Evaluate and explain this expression: 5 + 3 * 2 > 10 and 4 < 2 6. Input a value and evaluate this complex expression: result = (10 + 5) * 2 > 20 or (15 / 3 == 5 and not 10 == 5) 7. Show the difference between == and is using numbers and strings.
  • 52.
    10/15/2025 a = int(input("Enterfirst number: ")) b = int(input("Enter second number: ")) print("Addition:", a + b) print("Subtraction:", a - b) print("Multiplication:", a * b) print("Division:", a / b) print("Floor Division:", a // b) print("Modulus:", a % b) print("Exponentiation:", a ** b) str1 = input("Enter first string: ") str2 = input("Enter second string: ") print(str1 is str2) 1. 2. text = "Python is awesome" word = input("Enter a word: ") print(word in text) x = int(input("Enter a number: ")) x += 2 print("After += 2:", x) x -= 1 print("After -= 1:", x) x *= 3 print("After *= 3:", x) x //= 2 print("After //= 2:", x) x %= 4 print("After %= 4:", x) 3. 4.
  • 53.
    10/15/2025 result = 5+ 3 * 2 > 10 and 4 < 2 print(result) # Output will be False val = input("Enter anything as input") result = (10 + 5) * 2 > 20 or (15 / 3 == 5 and not 10 == 5) print(result) # Output will be True #Number a = 100 b = 100 print("a == b:", a == b) print("a is b:", a is b) # Strings x = "hello" y = "hello" print("x == y:", x == y) print("x is y:", x is y) 5. 6. 7.
  • 54.
    10/15/2025 Conditional Statements inPython Conditional statements allow the program to make decisions and execute different code blocks based on conditions. 1. if Statement - Executes the block only if the condition is True. age = 18 if age >= 18: print("You are eligible to vote.") 2. if-else Statement - else block executes if the if condition is False. marks = 45 if marks >= 50: print("Pass") else: print("Fail")
  • 55.
    10/15/2025 3. if-elif-else -Checks multiple conditions in sequence and Stops when one condition is True. marks = int(input("Enter your marks: ")) if marks >= 90: print("Grade: A") elif marks >= 75: print("Grade: B") elif marks >= 60: print("Grade: C") elif marks >= 40: print("Grade: D") else: print("Grade: F (Fail)")
  • 56.
    10/15/2025 1. Even orOdd Input: A number Task: Check if it is even or odd. 2. Positive, Negative or Zero • Input: A number • Task: Print whether it is positive, negative, or zero. 3. Greatest of Three Numbers • Input: Three numbers • Task: Print the greatest number among them. 4. Student Grade System Input: Marks Task: Print grade using: A: 90-100 B: 75-89 C: 60-74 D: 40-59 F: < 40
  • 57.
    10/15/2025 num = int(input("Entera number: ")) if num % 2 == 0: print("Even number") else: print("Odd number") num = float(input("Enter a number: ")) if num > 0: print("Positive number") elif num < 0: print("Negative number") else: print("Zero") a = int(input("Enter first number: ")) b = int(input("Enter second number: ")) c = int(input("Enter third number: ")) if a >= b and a >= c: print("Greatest number is:", a) elif b >= a and b >= c: print("Greatest number is:", b) else: print("Greatest number is:", c) 1. 2. 3.
  • 58.
    10/15/2025 Looping Statements inPython Loops allow executing a block of code multiple times, useful for repetition and automation. 1. while Loop With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true. count = 1 while count <= 5: print(count) count += 1 correct_pin = "1234" attempt = "" while attempt != correct_pin: attempt = input("Enter your 4-digit PIN: ") if attempt != correct_pin: print("Incorrect PIN. Try again.") print("PIN accepted. Welcome!")
  • 59.
    10/15/2025 2. For Loops- A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence. range(start, stop) generates numbers from start to stop – 1 for i in range(1, 6): print(i) break and continue - • break: exits loop early. • continue: skips current iteration.
  • 60.
    10/15/2025 # break example fori in range(1, 10): if i == 5: break print(i) #output: 1 2 3 4 # continue example for i in range(1, 6): if i == 3: continue print(i) #output: 1 2 4 5
  • 61.
    10/15/2025 1.Print Numbers from1 to 10 using a for loop. 2. Sum of First n Natural Numbers Input: n Task: Find sum using while loop. 3.Multiplication Table • Input: Number n • Task: Print table of n up to 10 (e.g., n x 1 = ...) 4. Reverse a Number • Input: 1234 • Output: 4321 5.Factorial of a Number Input: Number Output: Factorial using a loop (no math module).
  • 62.
    10/15/2025 for i inrange(1, 11): print(i) n = int(input("Enter a number: ")) sum = 0 i = 1 while i <= n: sum += i i += 1 print("Sum is:", sum) n = int(input("Enter a number: ")) for i in range(1, 11): print(n, "x", i, "=", n * i) num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) rev = 0 while num > 0: digit = num % 10 rev = rev * 10 + digit num = num // 10 print("Reversed number:", rev) num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) fact = 1 for i in range(1, num + 1): fact *= i print("Factorial is:", fact) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.