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Constrained node networks [Autosaved].pptx
- 1. Constrained node networks Figure2: Constrained node network building blocks
- 2. • A constrainednetwork exhibits the following characteristics: • Low bit-rate/throughput • High packet loss and high variability of packet loss • Highly asymmetric link characteristics • Lack of advanced network services like multi-cast • The possible reasons for these characteristics of constrained networks are listed below: • Cost constraints • Constraints posed by the nodes • Physical constraints, e.g., power or environmental constraints • Technology constraints such as having to use legacy technologies
- 3. • constrained nodenetworks are deployed generally in the edge network of an IoT system. The building blocks of a constrained node network are listed below. • Sensors: Sensors are electronic devices, modules or sub-systems that measure physical properties and give an electrical output, e.g., temperature or acceleration sensors. • Actuators: These are devices that take an electronic input and give a physical output, e.g., motors. • Clusters: This is a grouping of sensors and actuators. • Communication channels: This is a medium through which data is transferred, e.g., wired or wireless. • Aggregators: These are the devices used to aggregate all the data from sensors and sometimes give commands to actuators. They are gateway devices. • eUtility: This may be software, hardware or services that support aggregators in feeding data and in computing. • Decision trigger: This is the software that does the computing and takes action if needed
- 4. • Special networkstacks and constrained node networks Constrained networks cannot use conventional TCP/IP stacks and need a new network stack because of their resource constrained nature. Refer Table 3 which compares protocols in conventional networks and constrained node networks
- 6. Application Protocol ofIOT 1. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) • Designed for HTTP-based IoT systems, CoAP uses a request/response model and built- in service discovery. It relies on the USe Datagram Protocol to establish secure communication between endpoints. 2.Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) • AMQP is used for receiving and placing messages in queues, and for setting up relationships between components. However, it may not be suitable for IoT devices with limited memory. 3.Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) • MQTT is a contender with HTTP for the most widely used protocol in IoT applications. 4.Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) • XMPP is a communication protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML. It allows for the real-time exchange of structured data between network entities
- 7. Constrained Application Protocol(CoAP) A REST-CoAP server is a server that uses the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), which is based on the Representational State Transfer (REST) model:
- 8. Advanced Message QueuingProtocol (AMQP) Binding: Bindings are a set of predetermined instructions for queuing and exchanging. It manages message transmission and delivery
- 9. MQTT (Message QueueTelemetry Transport)
- 10. Extensible Message AndPresence Protocol
- 11. IOT Sensors • Sensorsare devices that detect and measure different things, such as pressure, temperature, or motion. Sensors can be classified into different types, including: • Active sensors: Require an external power source to function and provide most of the signal's output power • Passive sensors: Generate their own electric signal and don't require an external power source • Analog sensors: Produce a continuous output signal or measurement • Digital sensors: Include digital accelerometers and digital temperature sensor
- 12. Temperature sensors • Measuretemperature or temperature gradient. • They can be classified as contact or non-contact sensors. Contact sensors, like thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are in direct contact with the object being measured and provide accurate readings.
- 13. • A temperaturesensor is a device that is designed to measure the degree of hotness or coolness in an object. • The working of a temperature meter depends upon the voltage across the diode. The temperature change is directly proportional to the diode's resistance.
- 16. • The ICwe will use to measure the temperature is the TMP36 IC. We will integrate this with the arduino to measure the temperature. • The arduino will then read this measured value from the TMP36 and translate into degrees fahrenheit which we will be able to read from the computer. The TMP36 is a low voltage IC which uses between 2. 7V and 5. 5V of pow
- 17. • This isideal because the arduino`s power pin gives out 5V of power. • The IC has just 3 pins, 2 for the power supply and one for the analog output. • The output pin provides a voltage output that is linearly proportional to the celsius (centigrade) temperature. • In order to get the temperature in fahrenheit, we have to write code to the arduino to convert this celsius temperature into fahrenheit. • The code is shown below. Pin 1 receives positive DC voltage in order for the IC to work. • This, again, is voltage between 2. 7-5. 5V. Pin 3 is the ground, so it receives the ground or negative terminal of the DC power supply. • And Pin 2 is the output of the IC, outputting an analog voltage in porportion to the temperature it measures. • Also to do this project we need a USB cable with a Type A connector on one end and a Type B connector on the other end. This is so that we can hook our arduino to a computer and send it code that it can run to dispaly to us the temperature. • Now that we have this circuit setup, we now connect the USB cable from the arduino to the computer. • The type B side of the connector goes into the arduino and the type A side into the USB port of the computer. Now the computer is connected to the arduino. • We can now write code in the processing software to give instructions to the arduino. The code will now be explained. Before we can get a celsius or fahrenheit reading of the temperature, the analog output voltage.
- 18. Humidity Sensors • Ahumidity sensor is a device that measures the amount of water, or humidity, in the air around it. • They can be handheld or built into air quality systems and come in many different sizes and forms. • The readings from these sensors can help you adjust things if the air is too dry or humid. • Humidity sensors are transducers that convert the amount of water (H2O) vapour into a measurable parameter.
- 19. • For humidityand temperature reading the DHT22 sensor will be the perfect choice. • It can read 0 to 100% humidity and 0 to 120°C temperature. • The humidity sensor DHT22 is an affordable and easy to use sensor
- 21. • To wireup this sensor with arduino follow these steps, first connect bias to sensor that is +Vcc 5 volt to pin 1 and Ground GND to pin4. • Then put external resistor 10K Ω between +Vcc and pin 2 for to get accurate value. • Finally connect the pin 2 of sensor to any one digital pwm pin in arduino board here we connected in Digital pwm D2 pin. • The sensor pin 3 need not to be connected anywhere.
- 22. Light Sensor • Alight sensor is a device that detects light and converts it into an electrical signal. • Light sensors can measure the intensity, wavelength, frequency, or direction of light. • They are also known as photodetectors or photosensors
- 23. LDR • LDR isLight Dependent Resistor. LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their light-sensitive properties. • There are many types but one material is popular and it is cadmium sulfide (CdS). These LDRs or PHOTO RESISTORS works on the principle of “Photo Conductivity”. • Now what this principle says is, whenever light falls on the surface of the LDR (in this case) the conductance of the element increases or in other words, the resistance of the LDR falls when the light falls on the surface of the LDR. • This property of the decrease in resistance for the LDR is achieved because it is a property of semiconductor material used on the surface
- 25. proximity sensor • Aproximity sensor is a device that detects nearby objects without making physical contact. • It converts information about the object's presence or movement into an electrical signal. • There are many types of proximity sensors, each with different characteristics and best suited to different applications.
- 26. • Here aresome types of proximity sensors: • Inductive • Uses electromagnetic energy to detect metal targets. The sensing range depends on the type of metal being detected. Inductive sensors can operate valves, brakes, electromagnetic clutches, and contactors without additional interface components. • Capacitive • Can detect both metallic and nonmetallic targets, including small or lightweight objects that mechanical limit switches can't detect. • Ultrasonic • Emits a sound impulse and measures the time it takes for the echo to return from an object. Ultrasonic sensors can sense most materials and aren't affected by lighting conditions, transparency, shininess, or color. • Magnetic • Can detect magnets through walls of non-ferrous metal, stainless steel, aluminum, plastic, or wood. Magnetic sensors are used for non-contact object detection beyond the limits of inductive sensors.
- 28. Gyroscope sensor • Agyroscope sensor, also known as an angular velocity sensor or gyro sensor, is a device that measures an object's orientation and angular velocity. Gyroscopes can detect movements that are difficult for humans to sense, such as rotation and changes in orientation. • They work by measuring the rotation rate with respect to an inertial frame, and can also measure the Earth's rotation rate if placed on the ground. Gyroscope output is usually expressed in degrees per second (°/s) or radians per second (rad/s).
- 29. Gyroscopes are usedin many applications • Smartphones: For motion-sensing GUIs, image stabilization, GPS- inertial navigation, and motion-sensing control games • Gaming consoles: For responsive controls • Robots and drones: For stabilization systems • Cruise ships: For leveling motion-sensitive devices like pool tables
- 31. An accelerometer sensor •An accelerometer sensor is a device that measures the acceleration or vibration of an object over time. It's a type of inertial sensor that can detect tilt, vibration, and impact. Accelerometers are used in many applications, including: • Smartphones and other digital devices: Accelerometers can rotate the display based on the orientation of the device. • Vehicles: Accelerometers can trigger airbags. • Wearable devices: Accelerometers can be used as body sound sensors to sense bone-conducted voice
- 32. • Accelerometers workby attaching a mass to a force sensor. When the object accelerates, the mass inertia creates a force that "squeezes" a piezoelectric material, producing an electrical charge. • The charge is proportional to the force, and since the mass is constant, the charge is also proportional to the acceleration
- 34. An infrared (IR)sensor • An infrared (IR) sensor is a radiation-sensitive electronic device that detects infrared radiation, which is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and has wavelengths longer than visible light. • IR sensors can detect changes in light that are invisible to the human eye by emitting and detecting infrared radiation from objects and generating an electrical signal when they detect a change.
- 35. IR sensors areused in a variety of applications, including: • Security and safety systems • IR sensors are a cornerstone of security systems, especially for intrusion detection. They can be used in motion detectors, alarm systems, and gas warning devices. • Temperature measurement • IR sensors can measure body temperatures and contactless precision temperatures over a wide range without cooling. However, some sensors may need to be cooled or thermally stabilized to achieve a good signal-to-noise ratio. • Other applications • IR sensors can also be used in night vision equipment, chemical analysis instruments, and guidance systems.
- 37. Level sensors • Levelsensors can determine the levels of different types of free- flowing media, such as liquids, powdered solids, and granular solids. They work in different ways, depending on the type of sensor, but typically output a distance quantity that estimates the level in relation to the container dimensions. • This distance can then be converted to volumetric values based on the same tank dimensions
- 39. Level sensors arecommonly used in many industries, including: • Automotive and manufacturing • Civil engineering • Household appliances • Oil manufacturing plants • Beverage and food manufacturing companies • Water treatment plants
- 40. pressure sensor • Apressure sensor is an electronic device that detects or monitors either gas or liquid pressure (force) and converts that information into an electrical signal that can be used to monitor or regulate the force being measured. • The way pressure sensors work depends on the type of technology used. • For example, • piezoelectric pressure sensors use the property of piezoelectric materials like ceramic or metallized quartz to generate an electrical potential when the material is subjected to mechanical stress.
- 42. Smoke Sensor • Asmoke detector is a device that senses smoke and sends a signal to a building's fire alarm system to activate an alarm. Smoke detectors can detect both slow-burning and fast-burning fires, and can provide an early warning before temperature changes or flame detection systems can activate.
- 43. • There aretwo basic types of smoke detectors: 1.Photoelectric detectors Use a light beam inside a sensing chamber to detect light that is reflected off smoke particles. When the amount of light registered reaches a certain threshold, the alarm sounds. Photoelectric detectors can respond faster to smoldering fires than ionization alarms. 2.Ionization detectors Use radioactive material to ionize air molecules. When smoke enters the chamber, particles attach to the ions, reducing the current and setting off the alarm. Ionization detectors are highly sensitive to small smoke particles and can respond faster to fast flaming fires than photoelectric alarms.
- 44. • This gassensor has four pins in total, which are: • Vcc: We need to provide +5V. • GND: We need to ground it. • D0: Digital Output. • A0: Analog Output
- 45. water quality sensor •The water quality sensor is a general term for multiple sensors that measure PH, residual chlorine, turbidity, suspended solids, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. Water quality does not refer to a specific day parameter, it contains multiple elements to measure water conditions.
- 46. Total Organic CarbonSensors • Total organic carbon (TOC) is both a direct indicator and a surrogate, and is a crucial parameter for water quality evaluation. There are two types of TOC water quality sensors currently available: TOC analyzers and TOC sensors. • If used for regulatory reporting, governing an essential process- control variable or quality control, instrument reliability is crucial. If used for general TOC tracking - not for making important quality decisions, then other water quality sensor properties may be more essential than accuracy.
- 47. Residual Chlorine Sensor •Determining residual chlorine in water treatment centers and distribution systems is essential in safely treating water and has been important as long as chlorine has been used to disinfect water. • These water quality sensors evaluate the level of free chlorine, monochloramine, and total chlorine in the water source. The principal application is drinking water disinfection, although total chlorine is also often assessed when treating wastewater
- 48. Turbidity Sensor • Turbiditysensors gauge suspended solids in water, normally by determining the amount of light that is able to pass through the water. These water quality sensors are used in river and stream testing, wastewater measurements, drinking water treatment operations, settling ponds management, sediment transport study and laboratory testing
- 49. Conductivity Sensor • Conductivitytesting is often conducted in industrial settings to obtain data on total ionic concentrations, such as the amount of dissolved compounds, in aqueous solutions. Common applications include water purification, clean in place (CIP) control, and measuring concentration amounts in solutions. • A standard conductivity sensor can be either an inline sensor directly inserted or a water quality sensor in a housing, with a cable linked to a transmitter, which sends signals to a processing and/or recording device.
- 50. pH Sensor • ThepH of a solution, how acidic or basic it is, is a major indicator of water quality. pH sensors are usually a single electrode, typically made of glass and quite delicate. An electrode is typically attached to an analyser that has an interface for water quality data collection, calibration, and alerts.
- 51. ORP Sensor • ORPsensors gauge the Oxygen-Reduction Potential of a water source. Used in conjunction with a pH sensor, an ORP measurement can offer insight into the degree of oxidation/reduction reactions taking place in the solution. An ORP Sensor should be connected to an effective interface and software to gather data
- 52. Gas sensors • Gassensors (also known as gas detectors) are electronic devices that detect and identify different types of gasses. They are commonly used to detect toxic or explosive gasses and measure gas concentration. Gas sensors are employed in factories and manufacturing facilities to identify gas leaks, and to detect smoke and carbon monoxide in homes.
- 53. • One ofthe most commonly used gas sensors for toxic identification and smoke detection is the metal oxide based gas sensor. This type of sensor employs a chemiresistor which comes in contact and reacts with target gasses. Metal oxide gas sensors increase their electrical resistance as they come into contact with gasses such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and butane. Most home based smoke detection systems are oxide based sensors.
- 55. image sensor An imagesensor is a semiconductor that converts light into a digital signal, similar to how film works in a film camera. It's a small piece of optical technology found in digital cameras and other imaging devices that receives light focused through the lens. The sensor then converts the light into an electrical signal that can be interpreted by the
- 56. There are twomain types of image sensors: • CCD (charge coupled device) image sensors • CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) image sensors
- 57. • A charge-coupleddevice (CCD) image sensor has an array of capacitors, each carrying an electric charge corresponding to the light intensity of a pixel. A control circuit causes each capacitor to transfer its contents to its neighbor, and the last capacitor in the array dumps its charge into a charge amplifier. The bucket-brigade style of data transfer is characteristic of CCD sensors. • In contrast, a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor has a photodiode and a CMOS transistor switch for each pixel, allowing the pixel signals to be amplified individually. By operating the matrix of switches, the pixel signals can be accessed directly and sequentially, and at a much higher speed than a CCD sensor. Having an amplifier for each pixel also gives another advantage: it reduces the noise that occurs when reading the electrical signals converted from captured light