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- 3. The mother artis architecture. Without an architecture of our own, we have no soul of our own civilization. –Frank Lloyd Wright
- 4. Introduction • What isarchitecture? • Why is architecture important to us? • Why does architecture, of all the arts, have the greatest impact on our lives? • Why does architecture determine the quality of the environments in which we work, play, live, meditate, and rest?
- 5. Architecture • Architecture -The art and science of designing buildings, bridges, and other structures to meet our personal and communal needs. • It is also a vehicle for artistic expression in three-dimensions. • The architect mediates between the client and the selected site
- 6. Architectural Materials • Stone,Wood, Cast Iron, Steel Cage Reinforced Concrete, Steel Cable, Shell
- 7. STONE ARCHITECTURE • Massiveand virtually indestructible. • Symbol of strength and permanence. • Expresses warmth Terms: • Kivas - Circular underground community centers created by the native American Cliff dwellers. • Adobe - dried mud used in architectural construction.
- 8. Figure 11.1, p.214:Cliff Dwellings, Mesa Verde, Colorado. Native American, Pre-Columbian.
- 9. Post-and-Lintel Construction Figure 11.3a, p.215: Post-and-lintel construction.
- 10. Dry Masonry Figure 11.4,p.216: Walls of Fortress of Machu Picchu, Urubamba Valley, Peru. Incan, 1490–1530.
- 13. Stone as afavored material Figure 11.5, p.216: Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak. Egyptian, XVIII dynasty, 1570–1342 BCE.
- 14. Arches • Arches spandistances. • They support other structures, such as roofs. • They can serve as an actual symbolic gateway, such as in the Arch of Triumph in Paris, France.
- 15. Rounded and Pointed Arches Figure 11.3b, p.215: Rounded arches enclosing square bay.
- 16. Figure 11.3c, p.217:Pointed arches enclosing rectangular bay.
- 17. Figure 11.7, p.217:EERO SAARINEN. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MO (1966).
- 20. Terminology • Bricks • Voussiors- wedge shaped blocks of stone • Centering • Keystone • Compressive strength • Tiers
- 21. Vaults Terminology • Vault- an extended • Gothic arc • Pointed arcs • Barrel (or tunnel) • Ottonian Vault • Groin vault • Romanesque • Buttressing • Clerestory • Bay • Fenestration • Ribs • Webbing
- 22. Figure 11.3d, p.215:Tunnel or barrel vault.
- 23. Figure 11.3e, p.215:Groin vault.
- 24. Figure 11.3f, p.215:Groin vault showing ribs that carry greatest loads.
- 25. Figure 11.3g, p.215:Flying buttress.
- 27. Stone is anelegant Gothic structural element for examples of vaults see: • The lacy buttressing and ample fenestration of – Laon Cathedral, – Cathedral of Notre-Dame, – and Chartres Cathedral (ch. 14)
- 28. Domes Domes are hemisphericalforms – They are rounded when viewed from underneath – They are extensions of the principle of the arch – They are capable of enclosing a vast amount of space • Pendentives - triangular surfaces used to support the dome on a square base • Piers - structures under the pendentives that the load of the dome is transferred onto • Veneers - thin facades
- 29. Figure 11.3j, p.215:Dome.
- 37. A prominent exampleof Roman coffering, employed to lighten the weight of the dome and increase structural strength can be found in the ceiling of the Pantheon.
- 40. Figure 11.25, p.227:BUCKMINSTER FULLER. United States Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal (1967).
- 41. Other Uses ofStone in Construction • Stone is rarely used today as a structural material. • Expensive to quarry and transport • Mostly stone veneers are used – Decorative stone used on façades • Stone slabs are used for entry halls, patios, and gardens.
- 43. WOOD ARCHITECTURE Advantages: Disadvantage: • Attractive • Versatile • Warps • • Abundant • Cracks Renewable • Light • Highly flammable • Can be worked onsite with portable hand tools • Termites • Variety of colors and grains • Weathers well • Can be painted • Can be used on the façade or as a structural material
- 44. Post-and-Beam Construction • Similar to post-and-lintel construction • Vertical and horizontal timbers are cut and pieced together with wooden pegs • The beams allow for windows, doors, and interior supports • Supports another story or roofs
- 45. Figure 11.10a, p.222:Post-and-beam construction.
- 47. Trusses Trusses - Lengthsof wood, iron, or steel pieced together in a triangular shape. – Trusses span large distances. – Trusses are used as design and engineering elements.
- 48. Figure 11.10b, p.220:Trusses.
- 49. Balloon Framing • AnAmerican construction building technique. • A product of the Industrial Revolution (early 20th century). • Mass production and assembly of materials • Originally “balloon framing” was an insulting term due to the fact that people were skeptical that it would work.
- 50. Figure 11.10c, p.220:Balloon framing.
- 52. CAST-IRON ARCHITECTURE Cast-Iron – Was also a product of the 19th century’s Industrial Revolution – Changed the realm of architecture – It was a welcome alternative to stone and wood. – Allowed for the erection of taller buildings with thinner walls – Has great strength but is heavy Prefabrication Steel-cage construction
- 53. Figure 11.14, p.222:Engraving of Sir Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, London (1851).
- 54. Figure 11.15, p.222:GUSTAVE EIFFEL. Eiffel Tower, Paris (1889).
- 56. Steel-Cage Architecture • Verystrong metal with some carbon and other metals • Harder than cast iron and very expensive; however, less of the material needs to be used • Skeletal forms of steel result in “steel cages” • Façades and inner walls are hung from the skeleton
- 57. Terms • Steel -strong metal of iron alloyed with small amounts of carbon and a variety of other metals. • Steel cages - skeletal forms on to which I-beams can be riveted or welded. • Pilasters • Cornice
- 58. Figure 11.16, p.223:Steel-cage construction.
- 59. Figure 11.17, p.223:Louis Sullivan. Wainwright Building, St. Louis, MO (1890).
- 61. Less is more. –LudwigMiës van der Rohe
- 62. REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCHITECTURE Reinforced Concrete - (or ferroconcrete) • Invented by gardener Jacques Monier in 1860s • Steel rods and/or steel mesh are inserted into wet concrete. • Steel is inserted at points of greatest stress before hardening. Advantages: – Less susceptible to pulling apart at stress points. – The concrete prevents the steal from rusting. – Can span greater distances then stone. – Supports more weight then steel. – Can take on more natural shapes.
- 64. Figure 11.22 p.226 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT. Kaufmann House (“Fallingwater”), Bear Run, PA (1936).
- 66. Figure 11.23 p.226MOSHE SAFDIE. Habitat, Expo 67, Montreal (1967).
- 67. STEEL-CABLE ARCHITECTURE Steel-cable bridgesare not new. The Asian culture has made suspension bridges for thousands of years. Steel Cable - many parallel wires are intertwined so that they share the stress of the load. Advantages: • Strong • Flexible • Can sway during weather and traffic conditions
- 73. SHELL ARCHITECTURE • Modernmaterials and engineering methods now enclose spaces with inexpensive shell structures. • Shells are capable of spanning greater spaces. • Constructed from reinforced concrete, wood, steel, paper, etc. • Concepts as old as the tent, or new as a geodesic dome
- 76. NEW MATERIALS, NEW VISIONS • New idea in architecture: “If you can think it, we can build it.” • Global architects now adopt high-tech metals and methods. • Different visions concerning assembling designs and buildings have created new and interesting buildings. • Architects are also using unorthodox building materials.
- 81. New Materials, New Visions in Architecture • Frank Gehry’s Ray and Maria Stata Center for Computer, Information and Intelligence Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA • Peter Testa and Devyn Weisner, Testa Architecture and Design’s Carbon Tower • Shigeru Ban’s Nomadic Museum