Where Did the Bull and Bear Market Get Their Names?

The use of bull and bear to label financial markets has several different possible origins. However, the terms could come from how these animals attack: a bull thrusts its horns upward, symbolizing rising prices, while a bear swipes its paws downward, representing falling prices. Thus, a bull market is for a period of rising prices, and a bear market is for when prices are declining.

Whether you’re bullish or bearish on animal metaphors, the bull and the bear are ingrained in the way we discuss the ups and downs of the market. There are no definitive answers about the origins of these market terms, but this article explores how bulls and bears came to battle it out in the language of finance.

Uses of Bull and Bear

Market observers traditionally used bulls and bears to describe a range of situations and time frames—a sudden upswing over a single day might be called a bull market, or a particularly rough week might be labeled a bear market.

Analysts are more specific about defining these terms. In today’s financial world, bull and bear markets generally refer to prices rising or falling 20% or more from a recent trough or peak, usually over a few months. These labels can be applied to a single asset, a group of securities, or the securities market as a whole.

Origins of Bulls and Bears

While the terms are relatively simple to understand, the impact that a bull or bear market can have on your portfolio is undeniable. Both animals are known for their incredible and unpredictable strength, so the images they evoke about stock market volatility ring true.

Interestingly enough, the actual origins of these expressions are unclear. The Oxford English Dictionary sources the first instances to the 19th century, with the use of the terms rising quickly from about 1890 forward, while the Merriam-Webster Dictionary suggests their usage began earlier.

Here are several of the most frequent explanations given:

• The story most often told relates to how each animal attacks. A bull thrusts its horns into the air, while a bear swipes down. These actions metaphorically reflect the movement of a market, with bull markets trending up and bear markets trending down. While there is not much evidence to show that this is the true etymology of the terms, the attack strategies can at least help you remember which direction bull and bear markets move.
• Another origin story traces the use of one of the animal terms to the 16th century, when intermediaries in the sale of bearskins would sell skins they had yet to receive. They were speculating on the future purchase price of these skins from the trappers, hoping they would drop. The trappers would profit from a spread—the difference between the cost and selling prices. These middlemen became known as bears, short for bearskin jobbers, and this may be how the term eventually came to describe a downturn in the market.
• Bears and bulls were widely considered opposites because of the once-popular, fight-to-the-death fights put on between bulls and bears. In the stock market, the bulls and bears battle for profits.

Bear Names: The Historical Use of Bear

While the Oxford English Dictionary starts its survey later, Merriam-Webster argues the terms date much earlier than the 19th century. It says the term bear as used in trading came first:

Etymologists point to a proverb warning that it is not wise ‘to sell the bear’s skin before one has caught the bear.’ By the eighteenth century, the term bearskin was being used in the phrase ‘to sell (or buy) the bearskin’ and in the name ‘bearskin jobber,’ referring to one selling the 'bearskin.'

Over time, the name “bearskin jobber” was shortened to “bear.” The definition was expanded to include the financial markets, which were using “bear” already to describe a speculator selling stock.

One of the earliest uses of “bear” to describe a marketplace transaction is from 1709 in an essay by Richard Steele, publisher of the British literary and society journal The Tatler. Steele defines a “bear” as an individual who places a real value on an imaginary object and thus is said to be “selling a bear.”

This negative image of the bear continues in Daniel Defoe’s “The Political History of the Devil,” published in 1726. In the book, Defoe writes, “Every dissembler, every false friend, every secret cheat, every bear-skin jobber, has a cloven foot.”

Bull Names: The Historical Use of Bull

The term bull has a much more positive connotation when used to discuss the financial markets. A bull market and a bullish speculator are used when there’s an expectation of an increase in prices.

This relationship to speculation could originate from the gruesome contests of bull- and bear-baiting. These began around the 1200s and reached the apex of their popularity during the Elizabethan era.

People would flock to the events and gamble on the outcomes, betting vast sums on a contest featuring a bull or a bear. It’s not hard to see how this corresponds to the use in today’s stock market speculations.

Shakespeare makes several references to battles involving bulls and bears. In “Macbeth,” the ill-fated title character says his enemies have tethered him to a stake, but “bear-like, I must fight the course.” In “Much Ado About Nothing,” the bull is a wild but noble beast:

“I think he thinks upon the savage bull.

Tush, fear not, man; we’ll tip thy horns with gold

And all Europa shall rejoice at thee,

As once Europa did at lusty Jove,

When he would play the noble beast in love.”

Examples of Bull and Bear Markets

Since they represent significant price swings, bull and bear markets have a great impact on the performance of your investment portfolio. The S&P 500 Index often serves as a benchmark for the performance of the U.S. stock market. Since 1942, there have been 16 bull markets and 15 bear markets.

Different factors contribute to a market downturn that eventually becomes a bear market. For instance, the S&P 500 tumbled 36% from 1968 to 1970 amid concerns about inflation resulting from U.S. military spending in Vietnam.

When the dotcom bubble burst in 2000, it helped set off a bear market that would sink the S&P 500 by up to 47%. High inflation in 2021 and 2022 contributed to a bear market in 2022, with the benchmark index dropping 25% that year.

While these bear markets cause pain across the economy, the trend for stocks overall has been to improve over time. Since its inception, the returns of the S&P 500 have only continued to grow. The longest bull market occurred between 1988 and 2000, which saw the S&P 500 return 582%. This occurred alongside and because of the end of the Cold War and the rise of the internet.

The Bottom Line

Bulls and bears have traditionally been used to describe significant upward and downward price moves in the financial markets. Various theories exist about how these animal terms took on their financial meaning—from vicious historical blood contests to how the animals attack to centuries-old speculative practices. While the origins are uncertain, in current usage, bull and bear markets now have specific definitions, typically representing market gains or losses of 20% or more.