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In this tutorial, we dive into Python Classes and Objects<\/strong>, the building blocks of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python. Classes provide a blueprint for creating objects that encapsulate data and behavior, allowing for organized, reusable, and modular code. With Python\u2019s classes, developers can define attributes and methods, making it easier to model real-world entities within a program. By understanding how to work with classes and objects, you can write scalable and efficient code that reflects the principles of OOP.<\/p>

Key Features of Python Classes and Objects:<\/h3>
Encapsulation<\/strong>: Group related data and functions into single units, known as objects, to create clean, modular code.<\/li>
Reusability<\/strong>: Classes enable the creation of reusable components, helping to reduce redundant code.<\/li>
Inheritance and Polymorphism<\/strong>: Classes in Python support inheritance and polymorphism, key OOP features that promote code flexibility and extensibility.<\/li><\/ul>
Steps to Create and Use Python Classes and Objects:<\/h3>
Define a Class<\/strong>: Use the class keyword to define a class, specifying its name and methods.<\/li>
Create an Object<\/strong>: Instantiate an object from the class to access its properties and methods.<\/li>
Initialize Attributes<\/strong>: Use the __init__ method to initialize attributes for each object instance.<\/li>
Call Methods<\/strong>: Interact with an object\u2019s methods to perform actions or modify its attributes.<\/li><\/ul>
Common Mistakes to Avoid:<\/h3>
Incorrect Use of self<\/strong>: Always include self as the first parameter in instance methods to refer to the object instance.<\/li>
Overloading Initialization<\/strong>: Avoid placing complex logic in the __init__ method; keep it focused on attribute initialization.<\/li>
Confusing Class and Instance Variables<\/strong>: Be clear on when to use class variables (shared among all instances) vs. instance variables (unique to each object).<\/li><\/ul>
Applications of Python Classes and Objects:<\/h3>
Data Modeling<\/strong>: Represent real-world entities like customers, employees, or products in a structured and organized way.<\/li>
Game Development<\/strong>: Use objects to model characters, levels, and other game elements.<\/li>
Web Development<\/strong>: Manage data and functionality in web applications with class-based views and models.<\/li><\/ul>
Why Learn Python Classes and Objects?<\/h3>
Mastering classes and objects in Python is essential for writing well-organized, maintainable code. By learning this OOP concept, you will:<\/p>
Write Modular Code<\/strong>: Break down code into manageable, reusable components.<\/li>
Enhance Problem-Solving<\/strong>: Use OOP principles to tackle complex coding challenges.<\/li>
Develop Scalable Applications<\/strong>: Build robust applications that are easy to extend and maintain.<\/li><\/ul>
Topics Covered:<\/h3>
Class and Object Basics<\/strong>: Understand the fundamental structure of classes and how objects are instantiated.<\/li>
Class Attributes and Methods<\/strong>: Learn how to define properties and functions within a class.<\/li>
Inheritance and Polymorphism<\/strong>: Explore advanced OOP concepts to create more flexible and reusable code.<\/li>
Practical Examples<\/strong>: Examine real-life examples that demonstrate the use of classes and objects in various scenarios.<\/li><\/ul>
For a complete guide, examples, and code snippets, visit the full article on GeeksforGeeks: Python Classes and Objects<\/a>.<\/p>\",\"source\":\"https:\/\/cdnvideos.geeksforgeeks.org\/03fb51fb079b4ae1ebb2d6c56f6fd463gfg-ClasscsAndObjectsInPythonmp420241106093837\/video.m3u8\",\"category\":[{\"term_id__id\":10,\"term_id__term_name\":\"Python\",\"term_id__term_type\":1,\"term_id__slug\":\"python\"},{\"term_id__id\":118,\"term_id__term_name\":\"Python\",\"term_id__term_type\":2,\"term_id__slug\":\"python-eghmaz\"}],\"meta\":{\"thumbnail\":\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonClassesandObjects\/PythonClassesandObjects20241106094633-small.png\",\"largeThumbnail\":\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonClassesandObjects\/PythonClassesandObjects20241106094633.jpg\",\"likes\":2,\"views\":90510,\"isFeatured\":0,\"isPremium\":0,\"isPublic\":1,\"format\":\"video\/mp4\",\"revision\":{}},\"time\":\"06\/11\/2024\",\"subtitle\":\"https:\/\/cdnvideos.geeksforgeeks.org\/03fb51fb079b4ae1ebb2d6c56f6fd463gfg-ClasscsAndObjectsInPythonmp420241106093837\/subtitle.vtt\",\"duration\":547,\"course_link\":\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/master-python-complete-beginner-to-advanced\",\"video_schema\":{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"VideoObject\",\"name\":\"Python Classes and Objects\",\"description\":\"Python Classes and ObjectsIn this tutorial, we dive into Python Classes and Objects, the building blocks of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python. Classes provide a blueprint for creating objects that encapsulate data and behavior, allowing for organized, reusable, and modular code. With Pythons classes, developers can define attributes and methods, making it easier to model real-world entities within a program. By understanding how to work with classes and objects, you can write scalable and efficient code that reflects the principles of OOP.Key Features of Python Classes and ObjectsEncapsulation Group related data and functions into single units, known as objects, to create clean, modular code.Reusability Classes enable the creation of reusable components, helping to reduce redundant code.Inheritance and Polymorphism Classes in Python support inheritance and polymorphism, key OOP features that promote code flexibility and extensibility.Steps to Create and Use Python Classes and ObjectsDefine a Class Use the class keyword to define a class, specifying its name and methods.Create an Object Instantiate an object from the class to access its properties and methods.Initialize Attributes Use the init method to initialize attributes for each object instance.Call Methods Interact with an objects methods to perform actions or modify its attributes.Common Mistakes to AvoidIncorrect Use of self Always include self as the first parameter in instance methods to refer to the object instance.Overloading Initialization Avoid placing complex logic in the init method keep it focused on attribute initialization.Confusing Class and Instance Variables Be clear on when to use class variables (shared among all instances) vs. instance variables (unique to each object).Applications of Python Classes and ObjectsData Modeling Represent real-world entities like customers, employees, or products in a structured and organized way.Game Development Use objects to model characters, levels, and other game elements.Web Development Manage data and functionality in web applications with class-based views and models.Why Learn Python Classes and Objects?Mastering classes and objects in Python is essential for writing well-organized, maintainable code. By learning this OOP concept, you willWrite Modular Code Break down code into manageable, reusable components.Enhance Problem-Solving Use OOP principles to tackle complex coding challenges.Develop Scalable Applications Build robust applications that are easy to extend and maintain.Topics CoveredClass and Object Basics Understand the fundamental structure of classes and how objects are instantiated.Class Attributes and Methods Learn how to define properties and functions within a class.Inheritance and Polymorphism Explore advanced OOP concepts to create more flexible and reusable code.Practical Examples Examine real-life examples that demonstrate the use of classes and objects in various scenarios.For a complete guide, examples, and code snippets, visit the full article on GeeksforGeeks Python Classes and Objects.\",\"thumbnailUrl\":[\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonClassesandObjects\/PythonClassesandObjects20241106094633.jpg\",\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonClassesandObjects\/PythonClassesandObjects20241106094633-seo.png\",\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonClassesandObjects\/PythonClassesandObjects20241106094633-small.png\"],\"uploadDate\":\"2024-11-06T09:47:00Z\",\"duration\":\"PT0H9M7S\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/videos\/python-classes-and-objects\/\"}}]"); Python Classes and Objects - GeeksforGeeks

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Python Classes and Objects

Last Updated : 06 Sep, 2025

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Python’s object-oriented programming (OOP) allows you to model real-world entities in code, making programs more organized, reusable and easier to maintain. By grouping related data and behavior into a single unit, classes and objects help you write cleaner, more logical code for everything from small scripts to large applications.
Class
A class in Python is a user-defined template for creating objects. It bundles data and functions together, making it easier to manage and use them. When we create a new class, we define a new type of object. We can then create multiple instances of this object type.
Classes and Objects (Here Dog is the Base Class and Bobby is Object)
Creating Class
Classes are created using class keyword. Attributes are variables defined inside class and represent properties of the class. Attributes can be accessed using dot . operator (e.g., MyClass.my_attribute).
Python # define a class class Dog: sound = "bark" # class attribute
Object
An object is a specific instance of a class. It holds its own set of data (instance variables) and can invoke methods defined by its class. Multiple objects can be created from same class, each with its own unique attributes.
Let's create an object from Dog class.
Python class Dog: sound = "bark" dog1 = Dog() # Creating object from class print(dog1.sound) # Accessing the class

Output
bark
Explanation: sound attribute is a class attribute. It is shared across all instances of Dog class, so can be directly accessed through instance dog1.
Why do we need Classes and Objects
Supports object-oriented programming using reusable templates (classes) and real-world models (objects).
Promotes code reusability and modular design with organized methods and attributes.
Simplifies complex programs by grouping related data and behavior.
Enables key OOP concepts like inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.
Using __init__() Function
In Python, class has __init__() function which automatically initializes object attributes when an object is created. The __init__() method is the constructor in Python.
Let’s see how to create a class with __init__() to set up attributes when an object is made:
Python class Dog: species = "Canine" # Class attribute def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name # Instance attribute self.age = age # Instance attribute
Explanation:
class Dog: Defines a class named Dog.
species: class attribute shared by all instances of class.
__init__ method: Initializes name and age attributes when a new object is created.
Initiate Object with __init__()
Let’s now create an object using __init__() method and see how it initializes attributes:
Python class Dog: species = "Canine" # Class attribute def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name # Instance attribute self.age = age # Instance attribute # Creating an object of the Dog class dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3) print(dog1.name) print(dog1.species)

Output
Buddy Canine
Explanation:
Dog("Buddy", 3): Creates an object of Dog class with name as "Buddy" and age as 3.
dog1.name: Accesses instance attribute name of dog1 object.
dog1.species: Accesses class attribute species of dog1 object.
Self Parameter
self parameter is a reference to the current instance of class. It allows us to access the attributes and methods of the object.
Let’s see an example of how the self parameter works in accessing attributes and methods:
Python class Dog: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age def bark(self): print(f"{self.name} is barking!") # Creating an instance of Dog dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3) dog1.bark()

Output
Buddy is barking!
Explanation:
Inside bark(), self.name accesses specific dog's name and prints it.
When we call dog1.bark(), Python automatically passes dog1 as self, allowing access to its attributes.
__str__() Method
__str__ method in Python allows us to define a custom string representation of an object. By default, when we print an object or convert it to a string using str(), Python uses the default implementation, which returns a string like <__main__.ClassName object at 0x00000123>.
Let’s look at an example of using __str__() method to provide a readable string output for an object:
Python class Dog: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age def __str__(self): return f"{self.name} is {self.age} years old." dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3) dog2 = Dog("Charlie", 5) print(dog1) print(dog2)
Explanation:
__str__ Implementation: Defined as a method in Dog class. Uses self parameter to access instance's attributes (name and age).
Readable Output: When print(dog1) is called, Python automatically uses __str__ method to get a string representation of object. Without __str__, calling print(dog1) would produce something like <__main__.Dog object at 0x00000123>.
Class and Instance Variables in Python
In Python, variables defined in a class can be either class variables or instance variables and understanding distinction between them is crucial for object-oriented programming.
Class Variables
These are variables that are shared across all instances of a class. It is defined at class level, outside any methods. All objects of class share same value for a class variable unless explicitly overridden in an object.
Instance Variables
Variables that are unique to each instance (object) of a class. These are defined within __init__() method or other instance methods. Each object maintains its own copy of instance variables, independent of other objects.
Example:
This code shows how class variables are shared across all objects, while instance variables are unique to each object.
Python class Dog: # Class variable species = "Canine" def __init__(self, name, age): # Instance variables self.name = name self.age = age # Create objects dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3) dog2 = Dog("Charlie", 5) # Access class and instance variables print(dog1.species) # (Class variable) print(dog1.name) # (Instance variable) print(dog2.name) # (Instance variable) # Modify instance variables dog1.name = "Max" print(dog1.name) # (Updated instance variable) # Modify class variable Dog.species = "Feline" print(dog1.species) # (Updated class variable) print(dog2.species)
Explanation:
Class Variable (species): Shared by all instances of class. Changing Dog.species affects all objects, as it's a property of class itself.
Instance Variables (name, age): Defined in __init__() method. Unique to each instance (e.g., dog1.name and dog2.name are different).
Accessing Variables: Class variables can be accessed via class name (Dog.species) or an object (dog1.species). Instance variables are accessed via object (dog1.name).
Updating Variables: Changing Dog.species affects all instances. Changing dog1.name only affects dog1 and does not impact dog2.
Additional Important Concepts in Python Classes and Objects
1. Getter and Setter Methods
Getter and Setter methods provide controlled access to an object's attributes. In Python, these methods are used to retrieve(getter) or modify(setter) values of private attributes, allowing for data encapsulation.
Python doesn't have explicit get and set methods like other languages, but it supports this functionality using property decorators.
Getter: Used to access value of an attribute.
Setter: Used to modify value of an attribute.
Let’s see an example of implementing getter and setter methods using @property decorators:
Python class Dog: def __init__(self, name, age): self._name = name # Conventionally private variable self._age = age # Conventionally private variable @property def name(self): return self._name # Getter @name.setter def name(self, value): self._name = value # Setter @property def age(self): return self._age # Getter @age.setter def age(self, value): if value < 0: print("Age cannot be negative!") else: self._age = value # Setter
Explanation:
__init__: Initializes private attributes _name and _age.
@property name: Returns _name value.
@name.setter: Updates _name.
@property age: Returns _age value.
@age.setter: Updates _age if it’s not negative.
2. Method Overriding
Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. This allows subclasses to modify or extend behavior of inherited methods.
Let’s look at an example of method overriding, where a subclass changes the behavior of an inherited method:
Python class Animal: def sound(self): print("Some sound") class Dog(Animal): def sound(self): # Method overriding print("Woof") dog = Dog() dog.sound()

Output
Woof
Explanation:
Animal class: Defines a sound() method.
Dog subclass: Overrides sound() to give a new implementation.
dog.sound(): Calls overridden method, printing "Woof".
3. Static Methods and Class Methods
Static methods and class methods are bound to the class, not instances of the class.
Static Method: A method that does not require access to instance or class. It’s defined using @staticmethod decorator.
Class Method: A method that receives the class as its first argument (cls). It’s defined using @classmethod decorator.
Let’s see how to define and use @staticmethod and @classmethod in Python:
Python class Dog: @staticmethod def info(): print("Dogs are loyal animals.") @classmethod def count(cls): print("There are many dogs of class", cls) dog = Dog() dog.info() # Static method call dog.count() # Class method call

Output
Dogs are loyal animals. There are many dogs of class <class '__main__.Dog'>
Explanation:
@staticmethod info(): No access to instance or class; prints a general message.
@classmethod count(cls): Receives the class as cls and prints a message including the class.
dog.info(): Calls static method.
dog.count(): Calls class method.
4. Abstract Classes and Interfaces
Abstract classes provide a template for other classes. These classes can't be instantiated directly. They contain abstract methods, which are methods that must be implemented by subclasses.
Abstract classes are defined using abc module in Python. Let’s see an example of using an abstract class to define a required method for subclasses:
Python from abc import ABC, abstractmethod class Animal(ABC): @abstractmethod def sound(self): pass class Dog(Animal): def sound(self): print("Woof") dog = Dog() dog.sound()

Output
Woof
Explanation:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod: Imports tools for creating abstract classes.
class Animal(ABC): Defines an abstract base class.
@abstractmethod sound(): Declares a method that must be implemented by subclasses.
class Dog(Animal): Subclass that implements sound().
dog.sound(): Calls implemented method, printing "Woof".
5. Class Variables vs. Instance Variables
Class Variables are shared by all instances of a class. They are defined inside the class but outside any methods.
Instance Variables are unique to each instance and are defined in __init__() method.
Let’s see difference between a class variable and an instance variable in Python:
Python class Dog: species = "Canine" # Class variable def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name # Instance variable self.age = age # Instance variable dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3) dog2 = Dog("Lucy", 2) print(dog1.species) # Accessing class variable print(dog2.name) # Accessing instance variable

Output
Canine Lucy
Explanation:
species = "Canine": Class variable shared by all Dog objects.
self.name, self.age: Instance variables unique to each object.
dog1 = Dog(...) / dog2 = Dog(...): Creates two instances with different names and ages.
dog1.species: Accesses the class variable.
dog2.name: Accesses an instance variable.

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