numpy.vdot() in Python Last Updated : 10 Dec, 2025 Comments Improve Suggest changes 3 Likes Like Report numpy.vdot() returns the dot product of two vectors. If the first vector contains complex numbers, vdot() automatically takes its complex conjugate before performing the multiplication. For multi-dimensional arrays, it first flattens them and then computes the dot product. Example: This example shows how numpy.vdot() works on complex numbers by conjugating the first input. Python import numpy as np a = 2 + 3j b = 4 + 5j print(np.vdot(a, b)) Output(23-2j) Explanation:np.vdot(a, b) -> uses conjugate(a) = 2 - 3j.Computes: (2 - 3j) * (4 + 5j) -> 23 - 2j.Syntaxnumpy.vdot(a, b)Parameters:a (array_like): First input vector. If complex, its conjugate is used.b (array_like): Second input vector.ExamplesExample 1: This example shows how vdot() conjugates the first complex value before multiplication. Python import numpy as np a = 1 + 2j b = 3 + 4j print(np.vdot(a, b)) Output(11-2j) Explanation:Conjugate of a -> 1 - 2j.Computation -> (1 - 2j) * (3 + 4j) = 11 + 2j.Example 2: Here both arrays are 2×2 matrice, vdot() flattens them and performs element-wise multiplication. Python import numpy as np a = np.array([[1, 4], [5, 6]]) b = np.array([[2, 4], [5, 2]]) print(np.vdot(a, b)) Output55 Explanation:Flattened arrays -> a = [1,4,5,6], b = [2,4,5,2].Dot product -> 1*2 + 4*4 + 5*5 + 6*2 = 55.Example 3: This example shows vdot() working like a normal dot product when inputs are real numbers. Python import numpy as np a = np.array([3, 7, 1]) b = np.array([2, 1, 4]) print(np.vdot(a, b)) Output17 Explanation: Computes -> 3*2 + 7*1 + 1*4 = 17. Create Quiz Comment M Mohit Gupta 3 Improve M Mohit Gupta 3 Improve Article Tags : Python Explore Python FundamentalsPython Introduction 2 min read Input and Output in Python 4 min read Python Variables 4 min read Python Operators 4 min read Python Keywords 2 min read Python Data Types 8 min read Conditional Statements in Python 3 min read Loops in Python - For, While and Nested Loops 5 min read Python Functions 5 min read Recursion in Python 4 min read Python Lambda Functions 5 min read Python Data StructuresPython String 5 min read Python Lists 4 min read Python Tuples 4 min read Python Dictionary 3 min read Python Sets 6 min read Python Arrays 7 min read List Comprehension in Python 4 min read Advanced PythonPython OOP Concepts 11 min read Python Exception Handling 5 min read File Handling in Python 4 min read Python Database Tutorial 4 min read Python MongoDB Tutorial 3 min read Python MySQL 9 min read Python Packages 10 min read Python Modules 3 min read Python DSA Libraries 15 min read List of Python GUI Library and Packages 3 min read Data Science with PythonNumPy Tutorial - Python Library 3 min read Pandas Tutorial 4 min read Matplotlib Tutorial 5 min read Python Seaborn Tutorial 3 min read StatsModel Library - Tutorial 3 min read Learning Model Building in Scikit-learn 6 min read TensorFlow Tutorial 2 min read PyTorch Tutorial 6 min read Web Development with PythonFlask Tutorial 8 min read Django Tutorial | Learn Django Framework 7 min read Django ORM - Inserting, Updating & Deleting Data 4 min read Templating With Jinja2 in Flask 6 min read Django Templates 5 min read Build a REST API using Flask - Python 3 min read Building a Simple API with Django REST Framework 3 min read Python PracticePython Quiz 1 min read Python Coding Practice 1 min read Python Interview Questions and Answers 15+ min read Like