Approximately 24% of stroke survivors develop post-stroke depression (PSD), which is associated with poor psychological recovery, identity disruption, and reduced self-esteem. Psychological interventions often fail to address these broader challenges. The Wisdom Enhancement Timeline technique, which facilitates autobiographical reflection, has shown promise for depression in older adults. It has not yet been studied in a post-stroke population.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Wisdom Enhancement Timeline technique in stroke. It was hypothesised that wisdom would improve first, followed by identity/self-esteem and mood.

A multiple-baseline single-case experimental design (SCED) was used across three stroke survivors. Daily visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings measured mood, identity, self-esteem, and wisdom during the trial. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) measured depressive symptoms at pre- and post-intervention. Visual analysis, Tau-U, generalised least squares regression (adjusting for autocorrelation), and piecewise regression evaluated intervention effects.

Improvements were observed across all participants and outcomes. Tau-U analysis indicated small-to-large effect sizes across outcomes (effect size range: 0.30–0.92). Breakpoints confirmed wisdom improved first, followed by identity/self-esteem and mood last. Regression confirmed significant level shifts across all outcomes. All participants showed clinically meaningful reductions in PHQ-9 scores, operationalised as a shift from pre-intervention scores above 10 to post-intervention scores below 10.

Wisdom-based interventions could be beneficial in a stroke population, promoting improvements in mood, identity coherence, self-esteem and wisdom. The Wisdom Enhancement Timeline technique shows promise for PSD treatment, although further research is needed to validate these effects.

People experiencing psychosis in acute crisis should be offered cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp); however, there are few crisis-focused CBTp-informed models to underpin formulation development for people experiencing psychosis and receiving inpatient mental health care.

This paper draws on existing CBTp and crisis theories to conceptualise a psychotic crisis from a cognitive behavioural perspective to inform the delivery of therapy in inpatient settings.

Previous literature is reviewed, critiqued, and synthesised. It draws upon relevant crisis and CBTp theories to outline how to best formulate a psychotic crisis.

Drawing on existing research and theory, this paper outlines how a psychotic crisis can develop and be maintained. It highlights the importance of the person’s context including the social, political, and cultural context, interpersonal context and trauma, and previous and current inpatient experience. It then outlines the key triggers, cognitive, behavioural, and emotional components of the crisis, and personal strenghts, values and resources. A crisis-focused CBTp-informed approach is outlined, which can be used to underpin formulation and brief therapy strategies for people experiencing a psychotic crisis. More research is required to explore the efficacy of such therapies.

While around one-fifth of UK secondary school pupils exhibit clinically significant eating pathology, in-school mental health provision does not include interventions to address such eating pathology.

This preliminary qualitative study aimed to explore the views of staff, parents and pupils, on the idea of introducing a school-based brief cognitive behavioural therapy programme for non-underweight eating disorders.

31 pupils, 22 parents and 27 staff participated in 12 focus groups across four schools. The semi-structured interview guide covered topics around the practicalities of a potential eating disorders treatment programme, the acceptability of the intervention, and likelihood of future uptake.

Five over-arching themes and 12 subthemes emerged, reflecting the scale of eating and body image concerns, management limitations, and the importance of prioritising mental health over education. Advantages, challenges, considerations, and solutions were proposed for an in-school eating disorders treatment programme.

These qualitative data show that there is support for an appropriately implemented in-school delivery of brief, evidence-based treatment, demonstrating the potential scope of such an approach to support children and adolescents to receive early help with their eating problems and body image concerns.

This experimental study investigated whether the trait factors of world assumptions and cognitive flexibility were predictive of levels of attentional bias to threat stimuli, memory integration, and data-driven processing.

An opportunity sample of 74 participants took part in the investigation. Participants viewed a virtual reality film to induce mild distress to mimic processes that can occur in individuals when experiencing a traumatic event. A prospective experimental design was conducted involving measurements at pre-trauma exposure (Time 1), post-exposure (Time 2) and one-week follow-up (Time 3). Self-report measures of world assumptions, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive processing were administered. Eye-tracking equipment was used to assess attentional bias towards threat images, and a free recall task to assess memory integration.

A mixed effects linear model found increased cognitive bias towards trauma-related threat images pre/post-exposure, specifically for a maintenance attentional bias. Significantly greater data-driven processing was observed post-exposure, with greater conceptually driven processing observed at one-week follow-up. No significant findings were observed for memory integration. World assumptions were predictive of increased data-driven processing; the relative use of data-driven to conceptually driven processing; and trait anxiety. Cognitive flexibility was predictive of state anxiety.

These results provide additional support for the role of maintained attention, data-driven processing, and conceptually driven processing in post-trauma reactions as per established cognitive theories of post-traumatic stress disorder. More research is required to fully explore the roles of core beliefs, assumptions and cognitive flexibility in this area.

Dissociative experiences are common transdiagnostically, and particularly prevalent in psychosis. Such experiences have long been under-recognised in routine clinical practice, despite evidence that dissociation is related to clinical complexity and increased risk of self-harm and suicidality. Adopting a symptom-specific, targeted approach to conceptualisation and intervention for dissociation may help improve outcomes.

The evidence base for psychological treatments targeting dissociation is building, but training and guidance for clinicians remains sparse. This review outlines a preliminary approach to the treatment of a subtype of dissociative experience (felt sense of anomaly dissociation), based on emerging research evidence and clinical practice. The guidance is tailored to the context of psychosis, and may also have broader clinical relevance.

We present symptom-specific guidance for clinicians, including factors to consider in the assessment, formulation, and intervention for felt sense of anomaly dissociation in the context of psychosis, and reflections on process issues. We present a cognitive behavioural model, where affect-related changes are interpreted as an internal threat, driving a maintenance cycle of catastrophic appraisals and safety behaviours. Using this formulation, evidence-based therapy techniques familiar to most readers can then be applied.

It is important for clinicians to consider dissociation. As well as generating new avenues for translational intervention research, we anticipate that the novel insights and specific advice outlined here will be of use to professionals working with dissociation in psychosis (and beyond). Encouragingly, we demonstrate that widely used, evidence-based skills and techniques can be employed to address distress arising from dissociation.

Hallucinations and other unusual sensory experiences (USE) are common in people with psychosis. Yet access to effective psychological therapies remains limited. We evaluated if we can increase access to psychological therapy by using a brief treatment, focused only on understanding and dealing with hallucinations (Managing Unusual Sensory Experiences; MUSE), delivered by a less trained but more widely available workforce that harnessed the benefits (engaging content, standardisation) afforded by digital technology. The delivery of this in a real-world setting was considered within the non-adoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread, and sustainability (NASSS) framework.

Thirty-eight people with psychosis and distressing hallucinatory experiences were offered sessions of MUSE, delivered by trained and supervised assistant psychologists. MUSE was evaluated within an uncontrolled study conducted in routine clinical practice. Assessments pre- and post-treatment enabled consideration of the impact of the real-world intervention.

There was good uptake (88.4%), and receipt of MUSE (89% received four or more sessions). On average participants received 8.69 sessions. The participants reported significant reductions in voice hearing, paranoia, as well as improved quality of life. The feedback from the participants indicated that MUSE delivered by a less trained workforce was acceptable and beneficial.

In a real-world setting we were able to offer and deliver sessions of a brief psychological psycho-education and coping skills enhancement package to people with distressing USE in the context of psychosis. The delivery of MUSE when considered against the NASSS framework appears to be a good candidate for adoption in services.

Defence behaviours – actions carried out to reduce perceived threat – are an important maintenance factor for persecutory delusions. Avoidance of feared situations and subtle in-situation behaviours reduce opportunities for new learning and are erroneously credited for the non-occurrence of harm; hence inaccurate fears are maintained. In contrast, exposure to feared situations whilst dropping defence behaviours – a key technique of cognitive therapy for paranoia – allows the discovery of new information concerning safety, thereby reducing persecutory delusions.

We aimed to develop for use in research and clinical practice a self-report assessment of paranoia-related defence behaviours.

A 64-item pool was developed from interviews with 106 patients with persecutory delusions, and completed by 53 patients with persecutory delusions, 592 people with elevated paranoia, and 2108 people with low paranoia. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to derive the measure. Reliability and validity were assessed.

Two scales were developed: a 12-item avoidance scale and a 20-item in-situation defences scale. The avoidance scale had three factors (indoor spaces, outdoor spaces, and interactions) with an excellent model fit (CFI=0.98, TLI=0.97, RMSEA=0.04, SRMR=0.027). The in-situation defences scale had a 5-factor model (maintaining safety at home, mitigating risk, staying vigilant, preparing for escape, and keeping a low profile) with a good fit (CFI=0.95, TLI=0.94, RMSEA=0.046, SRMR=0.039). Both scales demonstrated good internal reliability, test–retest reliability, and construct validity.

The Oxford Paranoia Defence Behaviours Questionnaire is a psychometrically robust scale that can assess a key factor in the maintenance of persecutory delusions.

Cognitive behavioural therapy for fatigue (CBT-F) and insomnia (CBT-I) are effective therapies. Little is known on their effectiveness when severe fatigue and insomnia co-occur.

This observational study investigated whether the co-occurrence of fatigue and insomnia influences the outcomes of CBT-F and CBT-I. Furthermore, it was determined if changes in fatigue and insomnia symptoms are associated, and how often the co-occurring symptom persists after CBT.

Patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS, n = 241) received CBT-F and patients with insomnia disorder (n = 162) received CBT-I. Outcomes were fatigue severity assessed with the subscale of the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS-fat) and insomnia severity assessed with the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). In each cohort, treatment outcomes of the subgroups with and without co-occurring symptoms were compared using ANCOVA. The association between changes in insomnia and fatigue severity were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

There were no differences in treatment outcomes between patients with and without co-occurring fatigue and insomnia (CBT-F: mean difference (95% CI) in CIS-fat-score 0.80 (−2.50–4.11), p = 0.63, d = 0.06; CBT-I: mean difference (95% CI) in ISI-score 0.26 (−1.83–2.34), p = 0.80, d = 0.05). Changes in severity of both symptoms were associated (CBT-F: r = 0.30, p < 0.001, CBT-I: r = 0.50, p < 0.001). Among patients no longer severely fatigued after CBT-F, 31% still reported insomnia; of those without clinical insomnia after CBT-I, 24% remained severely fatigued.

CBT-F and CBT-I maintain their effectiveness when severe fatigue and insomnia co-occur. Changes in severity of both symptoms after CBT are associated, but the co-occurring symptom can persist after successfully treating the target symptom.

Fear of childbirth (FoB) is a common experience during pregnancy which can cause clinically significant distress and impairment. To date, a number of investigations of FoB have assumed that clinically significant FoB is best understood as a type of specific phobia. However, preliminary evidence suggests that specific phobia may not be the only diagnostic category under which clinically significant symptoms of FoB are best described.

The current study is the first to investigate which DSM-5 diagnostic categories best describe clinically significant symptoms of FoB.

Pregnant people reporting high levels of FoB (n=18) were administered diagnostic interviews related to their experience of FoB.

Participants (n=18) were predominantly nulliparous (73.3%), cisgender women (83.3%). Of these, 14 (77.8%) met criteria for one or more DSM-5 anxiety-related disorders. Preliminary findings suggest that primary FoB may align with specific phobia criteria, whereas secondary FoB (following a traumatic birth) may be better classified under post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). FoB also featured in other anxiety-related disorders but was not the primary focus (e.g. obsessive-compulsive disorder). Four participants did not meet criteria for any DSM-5 disorder.

Findings provide preliminary evidence that clinically significant FoB fits within existing DSM-5 categories, in particular specific phobia and PTSD. Although FoB-related concerns appears in other anxiety-related disorder categories, it does not appear as the primary focus. Although informative, due to the small sample employed in this research, replication in larger and more diverse samples is needed.

Parent depression is a well-established prospective risk factor for adverse offspring mental health. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that improvements in parent depression predicts improved offspring mental health. However, no systematic review has examined the impact on offspring of psychological treatment of purely parent depression after the postnatal period.

To systematically review the literature of randomised controlled trials examining the impact on offspring mental health outcomes of psychological interventions for parental depression after the postnatal period.

We pre-registered our systematic review on PROSPERO (CRD42023408953), and searched the METAPSY database in April 2023 and October 2024, for randomised controlled trials of psychological interventions for adults with depression, which also included a child mental health or wellbeing outcome. We double screened 938 studies for inclusion using the ‘Paper in a Day’ approach. All included studies would be rated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.

We found no studies that met our inclusion criteria.

Robust research into psychological therapy for depression in adults outside the postnatal period has failed to consider the potential benefits for the children of those adults. This is a missed clinical opportunity to evaluate the potential preventive benefits for those children at risk of adverse psychological outcomes, and a missed scientific opportunity to test mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of risk for psychopathology. Seizing the clinical and scientific opportunities would require adult-focused mental health researchers to make inexpensive additions of child mental health outcomes measures to their evaluation projects.

Motivational Interviewing (MI) has demonstrated significant effects in diverse areas of practice, with over 2,000 controlled clinical trials published. Some criticisms of MI have emerged along the way.

We examine theoretical and methodological critiques of MI.

We discuss three significant theoretical and methodological criticisms of MI: (1) that MI lacks conceptual stability; (2) that MI lacks a theoretical foundation; and (3) that MI is just common factors in psychotherapy.

It is true that definitions and descriptions of MI have evolved over the years. Mastery of MI clearly varies across providers, and when the quality of an intervention is unmeasured, it is unclear what has been trained or delivered. Reliable and valid tools to assess MI fidelity are available but often unused in outcome studies. It remains unclear what levels of proficiency are necessary to improve client outcomes. Some attempts to minimize variability in the delivery of MI appear to have reduced its effectiveness. In respect of the second critique is that MI lacks a theoretical foundation. It is unclear whether and how this is a disadvantage in research and practice. Various theories have been proposed and specific causal chain predictions have been tested. A third critique is that MI is merely common factors found among psychotherapists. The contribution of such relational skills is testable. There are specific aspects of MI related to client language that influence client outcomes above and beyond its relational components.

The critiques reflect important factors to consider when delivering, training, and evaluating MI research.

People with intellectual disability often face barriers accessing mainstream psychological services due to a lack of reasonable adjustments, including the absence of adapted versions of routine outcome measures. Adapted versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) have been created for adults with ID.

This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the adapted PHQ-9 and GAD-7.

The adapted PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and the Glasgow Depression and Anxiety Scales (GDS-ID, GAS-ID) were administered to 47 adults (n=21 clinical group; n=26 community group) with ID. Cross-sectional design and between-group analyses tested for discriminant validity. Concurrent and divergent validity was tested using correlational designs. Reliability was investigated by internal consistency and test–retest analysis.

The clinical group scored significantly higher on the adapted PHQ-9 (t45=–2.28, p=.03, 95% CI [–7.09, –.45]) and GAD-7 (t45=–3.52, p=.001, 95% CI [–7.44, –2.02]) than the community group, evidencing discriminant validity. The adapted PHQ-9 correlated with the GDS-ID (r47=.86, p<.001) and the adapted GAD-7 correlated with the GAS-ID (r46=.77, p<.001). The adapted PHQ-9 (Cronbach’s α=.84, ICC=.91) and GAD-7 (Cronbach’s α=.86, ICC=.77) had good internal consistency and test–retest reliability.

Preliminary research suggests the adapted PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are valid and reliable measures. They could provide a reasonable adjustment for the minimum dataset used in NHS Talking Therapies and can be easily administered in routine clinical practice. Further work to establish additional psychometric properties is now required.

Moral injury is a potentially deleterious mental health outcome that can follow exposure to events that challenge one’s moral code. Theoretical models suggest a multi-faceted self-concept may support adaptation following such events. However, little is known about the relationship between self-concept complexity and outcomes following potentially morally injurious events.

This cross-sectional study investigated hypothesized relationships between self-concept complexity and outcomes in adults (n=172) exposed to potentially morally injurious events.

Participants completed validated measures of event-related distress, traumatic stress, depression and anxiety, and a self-complexity task in which they provided multiple descriptors of their self-concept. Responses were coded for overall diversity, defined as number of categories of self-descriptors, and role diversity, defined as number of social and activity-based roles.

Multiple regression analyses found greater role diversity independently predicted lower event-related distress, while overall self-diversity and total number of self-descriptors did not.

Findings indicate diversity in active facets of the self (e.g. relational or activity-based roles) may buffer the effects of a potentially morally injurious event.

Severe fatigue following COVID-19 is a debilitating symptom in adolescents for which no treatment exists currently.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for severe fatigue following COVID-19 in adolescents.

A serial single-case observational design was used. Eligible patients were ≥12 and <18 years old, severely fatigued and ≥6 months post-COVID-19. Five patients, consecutively referred by a paediatrician, were included. The primary outcome was a change in fatigue severity, assessed with the fatigue severity subscale of the Checklist Individual Strength, 12 weeks after the start of CBT, tested with a permutation distancing two-phase A-B test. Secondary outcomes were the presence of severe fatigue, difficulty concentrating and impaired physical functioning directly post-CBT as determined with questionnaires using validated cut-off scores. Also, the frequency of post-exertional malaise (PEM) and absence from school directly post-CBT determined with self-report items were evaluated.

All five included patients completed CBT. Twelve weeks after starting CBT for severe post-COVID-19 fatigue, three out of five patients showed a significant reduction in fatigue severity. After CBT, all five patients were no longer severely fatigued. Also, four out of five patients were no longer physically impaired and improved regarding PEM following CBT. All five patients reported no school absence post-CBT and no difficulties concentrating.

This study provides a first indication for the effectiveness and feasibility of CBT among adolescents with post-COVID-19 fatigue.

Preliminary evidence suggests that mental imagery may be an important clinical feature in hoarding. Individuals who hoard use objects as receptacles for memories, and experience more frequent, intrusive and distressing images compared with the general community. However, the specific nature of these associations remains poorly understood.

We aimed to investigate whether hoarding traits were related to the ability to voluntarily generate imagery in different sensory modalities, and uniquely with the tendency to experience negative intrusive imagery. We also aimed to understand the mechanism by which mental imagery experiences may confer vulnerability to hoarding problems.

Undergraduates (n=328) completed questionnaires assessing hoarding, beliefs about objects, imagining ability across the senses, and negative intrusive imagery, as well as symptom measures of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress. We conducted Pearson’s correlations, hierarchical regressions, and mediational analyses.

Hoarding tendencies were associated with reduced visualising ability, but not with the capacity to deliberately generate imagery in other senses. Hoarding was also uniquely associated with the tendency to experience negative involuntary imagery when controlling for symptoms of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress. Object-memory beliefs partially mediated the relationship between hoarding and reduced visualising ability. Object attachment partially mediated the relationship between hoarding and negative intrusive imagery.

Results suggest that visualisation difficulties may promote a reliance on objects to facilitate recall, and experiencing negative intrusive imagery may strengthen object attachment. Findings may inform imagery-based conceptualisations and treatments of hoarding problems, such as imagery training or modification interventions.

Improved understanding of the cognitive and behavioural processes underpinning panic disorder (PD) in adolescents could improve identification and treatment.

We investigated whether the processes outlined in Clark’s (1986) cognitive model of PD are observed in adolescents with PD, are specific to PD, and predict symptom severity.

We recruited three groups of adolescents (12–17 years): 34 with a PD diagnosis, 33 with another anxiety disorder excluding PD (‘clinical control’), and 34 scoring below the clinical cut-off on a measure of anxiety symptoms (‘community control’). Participants self-reported on measures of PD symptom severity, catastrophic cognitions, bodily sensation fear, and safety-seeking behaviours.

The PD group reported significantly higher levels of catastrophic cognitions and safety-seeking behaviours than both control groups. They reported significantly higher levels of bodily sensation fear compared with the community but not the clinical control group. All process measures positively predicted PD symptom severity across all groups.

We found evidence of catastrophic cognitions and safety-seeking behaviours as PD-specific processes in adolescents which predict symptom severity. Bodily sensation fear also predicted symptom severity. Findings support Clark’s cognitive model of PD in adolescents and suggest that catastrophic cognitions and safety behaviours may be targets for adolescent PD treatment.

Although research has highlighted that suicidal imagery (SuiMI) and experiential avoidance (EA) are important in understanding suicidality, there is a need to understand how they potentially interact. Previous research has highlighted that EA potentially leads to increased cognitive intrusions, but it not known whether EA leads to increased SuiMI.

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of SuiMI and EA on suicidality (i.e. encompassing thoughts, behaviour and suicide attempts). It was hypothesised that greater frequency of SuiMI would be associated with greater EA. It was also hypothesised that greater SuiMI would be associated with greater suicidality, and that EA would moderate this relationship.

Hypotheses were tested by surveying 197 general university students who completed self-report measures that assessed suicide-related mental imagery (i.e. Suicidal Imagery Questionnaire, SIQ), experiential avoidance (i.e. Multi-dimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, MEAQ) and suicidality (i.e. Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised, SBQ-R).

Frequency of SuiMI was positively correlated with the tendency to engage in EA. SuiMI was a significant predictor of both suicidality and EA. Exploratory analysis found that voluntary SuiMI explained greater variance in suicidality than intrusive, involuntary SuiMI, and that SuiMI only predicted EA in low-risk participants and not for those at high risk of suicide. EA did not predict suicidality and it also did not show any moderating effect on the relationship between SuiMI and suicidality.

There is evidence to suggest that suicide-related mental imagery may play an important role in suicide risk and more specifically imagery that is voluntarily engaged with. Future research is needed to explore the different types of imagery in relation to suicidal ideation in populations at higher risk of suicide.

One of the most effective treatments for social anxiety disorder (SAD) is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Prior research indicates group cohesion is connected to treatment success in group CBT for SAD (CBGT). Videoconference CBGT delivery is now common following the COVID-19 pandemic; however, research investigating treatment outcomes and group cohesion in videoconference CBGT for SAD is limited.

The present study aimed to compare group cohesion in videoconference CBGT for SAD to group cohesion in both in-person CBGT for SAD and videoconference CBGT for other anxiety and related disorders. A secondary aim was to compare symptom reduction across all three groups.

Patients completed a 12-week CBGT program for SAD in-person (n=28), SAD via videoconference (n=46), or for another anxiety or related disorder via videoconference (n=100). At mid- and post-treatment patients completed the Group Cohesion Scale Revised (GCS-R), and at pre- and post-treatment patients completed the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN, only in the SAD groups) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21).

Over the course of treatment, all three groups showed a significant increase in cohesion and a significant decrease in symptoms (ηp2 ranged from .156 to .562, all p<.001). Furthermore, analyses revealed no significant difference in cohesion scores between groups at both mid- and post-treatment.

These results suggest that videoconference CBGT for SAD is similarly effective in facilitating cohesion and reducing symptoms compared with in-person delivery. Limitations of the study and implications for treatment are discussed.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the population’s mental health, particularly for individuals with health anxiety (HA) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This is in conjunction with a significant change in accessibility of face-to-face psychological services which have had to rapidly adapt to the remote delivery of therapy.

Using a single-arm open trial design, the study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of evidence-based CBT interventions for HA and OCD delivered via a blend of online therapist consultations interspersed with self-study reading materials. A secondary aim was to evaluate remote training workshops provided to therapists.

Therapists attended three half-day remote workshops after which consecutive participants with HA or OCD were assigned to therapists for treatment. Monthly expert supervision was provided. Patients completed routine outcome measures at each session and an idiosyncratic measure of pre-occupation with COVID-19 at pre- and post-treatment.

Significant and comparable improvements were observed on measures of anxiety, depression and social adjustment from pre- to post-treatment in both the HA (n=14) and OCD (n=20) groups. Disorder-specific measures also showed significant improvements after treatment. The HA group showed greater levels of change on the COVID-19-specific questionnaire. The training workshops were well received by therapists, who valued the monthly supervision sessions.

The study provides support for the effectiveness of the online delivery of CBT for HA and OCD supported by the inclusion of additional self-study booklets.

Specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV), also called emetophobia, is a debilitating condition that shares features with several other anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Approximately half of sufferers from SPOV do not fully benefit from current treatment modalities.

Bergen 4-day treatment (B4DT) is a highly concentrated form of exposure and response prevention developed for OCD. This case series reports on the first participants undertaking the treatment for SPOV.

Five female participants underwent the B4DT adapted to SPOV. The Specific Phobia of Vomiting Scale (SPOVI) and Emetophobia Questionnaire (EmetQ-13) were administered pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Participants were also shown a 27-minute video portraying vomit-related stimuli of increasing intensity at pre- and post-treatment. The time participants managed to watch the video and their subjective anxiety and nausea were assessed at regular intervals. Reliable and clinically significant change were calculated on SPOVI post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up.

Four of the participants achieved clinically significant change and the fifth reliable improvement, and these results were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The participants watched the vomit-related stimuli video for an average of 10 minutes pre-treatment whereas all completed it post-treatment, experiencing considerably less anxiety. These results were maintained at 6-month follow-up.

The B4DT may be a robust and time-effective treatment format for SPOV with low attrition rates, but further research is needed to verify this.