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Foreign relations of Sweden

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The foreign policy of Sweden was formerly based on the premise that national security is best served by staying free of alliances in peacetime in order to remain a neutral country in the event of war, with this policy lasting from 1814 in the context of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars until the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine. In 2002, Sweden revised its security doctrine. The security doctrine at that point still stated that "Sweden pursues a policy of non-participation in military alliances," but permitted cooperation in response to threats against peace and security. The government also seeks to maintain Sweden's high standard of living. These two objectives required heavy expenditures for social welfare, defence spending at rates considered low by Western European standards (around 1.2% of GNP prior to 2022),[1] and close attention to foreign trade opportunities and world economic cooperation. In 2024, Sweden formally became part of a military alliance for the first time since the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition by joining NATO.

Foreign policy

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The foreign policy of Sweden encompasses a range of themes over the centuries. Some of the main issues include:[2][3][4][5]

  • Sweden has historically pursued a policy of neutrality, aiming to avoid involvement in conflicts between major powers. This neutrality allowed Sweden to navigate the tumultuous European political landscape and maintain its sovereignty. It dropped the neutrality policy in 2022–2024 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and joined NATO on 7 March 2024.
  • Sweden has sought to maintain a balance of power in Northern Europe, acting as a counterweight to dominant regional powers. This approach aimed to prevent any single power from gaining excessive influence and threatening Swedish interests.
  • Sweden's historical dominance in the Baltic Sea region played a crucial role in shaping its diplomatic history. Through territorial expansion, Sweden established control over strategic territories, such as present-day Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and parts of Russia, impacting its relations with neighboring states.
  • During the 17th and 18th centuries, Sweden emerged as a major European power, participating in conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War and the Great Northern War. Its diplomatic efforts were often influenced by power struggles with other European great powers, such as Russia and Poland.
  • Sweden has actively engaged in peace mediation efforts, seeking to resolve conflicts and broker peace agreements. Notable examples include the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, and various mediation efforts during the 20th century.
  • Sweden has a longstanding tradition of promoting international cooperation, human rights, and humanitarian initiatives. It has been involved in the establishment of international organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, and has championed causes such as humanitarian aid and disarmament.
  • Sweden has pursued close ties and cooperation with its neighboring Nordic countries, particularly Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway. This commitment to Scandinavian unity has been reflected in diplomatic initiatives, trade agreements, and cultural exchanges.
  • Sweden's relationship with the European Union (EU) has been a significant theme in its recent diplomatic history. While Sweden joined the EU in 1995, it has maintained a somewhat reserved approach, often balancing its national interests with EU membership.
  • Sweden has been an advocate for global development and has provided substantial aid to developing countries. It has sought to address global inequalities and promote sustainable development through its aid programs, often challenging neocolonial practices.
  • In the 21st century, Sweden has gained attention for its feminist foreign policy approach, which aims to integrate gender equality into its diplomatic efforts. Sweden has been a leading advocate for women's rights globally, emphasizing the inclusion and empowerment of women in peacebuilding, conflict resolution, and development processes.

United Nations

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Main article: Sweden and the United Nations

Sweden has been a member of the United Nations since November 19, 1946, and participates actively in the activities of the organization, including as an elected member of the Security Council (1957–1958, 1975–1976, 1997–1998 and 2017–2018), providing Dag Hammarskjöld as the second elected Secretary-General of the UN, etc. The strong interest of the Swedish Government and people in international cooperation and peacemaking has been supplemented in the early 1980s by renewed attention to Nordic and European security questions.

Sweden decided not to sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[6]

European Union

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  EU members in 1995
  Sweden, Austria and Finland

After the then Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson had submitted Sweden's application in July 1991 the negotiations began in February 1993. Finally, on January 1, 1995, Sweden became a member of the European Union. While some argued that it went against Sweden's historic policy of neutrality, where Sweden had not joined during the Cold War because it was seen as incompatible with neutrality, others viewed the move as a natural extension of the economic cooperation that had been going on since 1972 with the EU.[citation needed] Sweden addressed this controversy by reserving the right not to participate in any future EU defence alliance. In membership negotiations in 1993–1994, Sweden also had reserved the right to make the final decision on whether to join the third stage of the EMU "in light of continued developments." In a nationwide referendum in November 1994, 52.3 percent of participants voted in favour of EU membership. Voter turnout was high, 83.3 percent of the eligible voters voted. The main Swedish concerns included winning popular support for EU cooperation, EU enlargement, and strengthening the EU in areas such as economic growth, job promotion, and environmental issues.

In polls taken a few years after the referendum, many Swedes indicated that they were unhappy with Sweden's membership in the EU. However, after Sweden successfully hosted its first presidency of the EU in the first half of 2001, most Swedes today have a more positive attitude towards the EU. The government, with the support of the Center Party, decided in spring 1997 to remain outside of the EMU, at least until 2002. A referendum was held on September 14, 2003. The results were 55.9% for no, 42.0% yes and 2.1% giving no answer ("blank vote").

Nordic Council

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Swedish foreign policy has been the result of a wide consensus. Sweden cooperates closely with its Nordic neighbors, formally in economic and social matters through the Nordic Council of Ministers and informally in political matters through direct consultation.

Nonalignment

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Main articles: Sweden–NATO relations and Swedish neutrality
Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven with Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, February 11, 2017

Swedish neutrality and nonalignment policy in peacetime may partly explain how the country could stay out of wars since 1814. Swedish governments have not defined nonalignment as precluding outspoken positions in international affairs. Government leaders have favored national liberation movements that enjoy broad support among developing world countries, with notable attention to Africa. During the Cold War, Sweden was suspicious of the superpowers, which it saw as making decisions affecting small countries without always consulting those countries. With the end of the Cold War, that suspicion has lessened somewhat, although Sweden still chooses to remain nonaligned. Sweden has devoted particular attention to issues of disarmament, arms control, and nuclear nonproliferation and has contributed importantly to UN and other international peacekeeping efforts, including the NATO-led peacekeeping forces in the Balkans. It sat as an observer in the Western European Union from 1995 to 2011, but it is not an active member of NATO's Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

Sweden's engagement with NATO was especially strengthened during the term of Anders Fogh Rasmussen.[7]

Sweden's nonalignment policy has led it to serve as the protecting power for a number of nations who don't have formal diplomatic relations with each other for various reasons. It currently represents the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations in North Korea for consular matters. On several occasions when the United Kingdom broke off relations with Iran (including the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the Salman Rushdie affair, and the 2011 storming of the British embassy in Tehran), Sweden served as the protecting power for the UK.

In May 2022, Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance. The public opinion in the Nordic region had changed in favour of joining NATO since Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24 of the same year.[8]

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in March 2022 that her government would have to respond if Sweden became a NATO member.[9] However, in June 2022 President Vladimir Putin contradicted the statement, claiming that Sweden and Finland can "join whatever they want" on the condition that there will be no NATO military deployment in either country.[10]

Military

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Sweden has employed its military on numerous occasions since the end of the Cold War, from Bosnia and Congo to Afghanistan and Libya. According to one study, "this military activism is driven both by the Swedish internationalist tradition of "doing good" in the world, but also for instrumental purposes. These include a desire for political influence in international institutions, an interest in collective milieu shaping, and a concern to improve the interoperability and effectiveness of the Swedish military."[11]

Participation in international organizations

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Multilateral

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Organization Formal relations began Notes
 European Union See 1995 enlargement of the European Union

Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995.

 NATO See Sweden–NATO relations

Sweden joined NATO as a full member on 7 March 2024.

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Sweden maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Denmark 6 June 1523[12]
2  France October 1541[13]
3  Spain 29 June 1578[14]
4  Netherlands 5 April 1614[15][16]
5  Portugal 10 June 1641[17]
6  United Kingdom 23 December 1653[18][failed verification]
7  Russia 15 March 1722[19]
8  United States 29 April 1818[20]
9  Brazil 5 January 1826[21]
10  Greece 5 February 1833[22]
11  Belgium 23 February 1837[23]
12  Venezuela 5 September 1839[24]
13  Argentina 3 January 1846[25]
14  Italy 23 December 1859[26]
15  Japan 11 January 1868[27]
16  Thailand 18 May 1868[28]
17  Colombia 11 December 1874[29]
18  El Salvador 1 October 1876[30]
19  Mexico 29 July 1885[31]
20  Chile 14 June 1895[32]
21  Iran 5 September 1897[33]
22  Cuba 30 September 1902[34]
23  Norway 18 November 1905[35]
24  Uruguay 6 August 1906[36]
25  Bulgaria 6 July 1914[37]
26   Switzerland 3 September 1915[38]
27  Romania 18 March 1916[39]
28  Serbia 1 November 1917[40]
29  Finland 10 January 1918[41]
30  Poland 2 August 1919[42]
31  Austria 10 January 1920[43]
32  Hungary 12 November 1920[44]
33  Czech Republic 18 November 1920[45]
34  Egypt 25 November 1922[46]
35  Luxembourg 25 January 1923[47]
36  Paraguay 24 February 1923[48]
37  Turkey 1 August 1925[49]
38  Guatemala 9 December 1930[50]
39  Peru 1 January 1931[51]
40  Ecuador 21 September 1931[52]
41  Bolivia 2 February 1932[53][54]
42  Iraq 18 May 1934[55]
43  South Africa 30 November 1934[56][57]
44  Honduras 10 January 1936[58]
45  Nicaragua 10 January 1936[58]
46  Panama 3 July 1937[59]
47  Costa Rica 26 November 1937[60]
48  Iceland 27 July 1940[61]
49  Afghanistan 22 November 1940[62]
50  Haiti 31 March 1941[63]
51  Dominican Republic 16 July 1942[64]
52  Canada 2 July 1943[65]
53  Ethiopia 27 December 1945[66]
54  Lebanon 7 February 1946[67]
55  Ireland 18 July 1946[68]
56  Philippines 17 January 1947[69]
57  Syria 24 June 1947[70]
58  Australia 24 September 1947[71]
59  India 22 June 1948[72]
60  Pakistan 25 October 1949[73]
61  Sri Lanka 18 November 1949[74]
62  New Zealand 1949[75]
63  China 9 May 1950[76][77]
64  Israel 4 November 1950[78]
65  Indonesia 23 November 1950[79]
66  Germany 4 April 1951[80]
67  Myanmar 22 February 1956[81]
68  Saudi Arabia 28 June 1957[82]
69  Sudan 27 October 1957[83]
70  Jordan 14 December 1957[84]
71  Liberia 6 June 1958[85]
72  Malaysia 6 June 1958[86]
73  Morocco 23 July 1958[87]
74  Tunisia 14 October 1958[88]
75  South Korea 11 March 1959[89]
76    Nepal 10 June 1960[90]
77  Somalia 13 July 1960[91]
78  Libya 25 August 1960[92]
79  Cyprus 12 December 1960[93]
80  Cambodia 21 January 1961[94]
81  Senegal 8 May 1961[95]
82  Madagascar 17 August 1961[96]
83  Nigeria 3 October 1961[97]
84  Benin 21 November 1961[98]
85  Sierra Leone 13 December 1961[99]
86  Ghana 27 April 1962[100]
87  Republic of the Congo 27 September 1962[101]
88  Democratic Republic of the Congo October 1962[102]
89  Guinea 26 November 1962[95]
90  Algeria 20 April 1963[103]
91  Ivory Coast 5 June 1963[104]
92  Kenya January 1964[105]
93  Uganda 9 April 1964[106]
94  Tanzania 29 May 1964[107]
95  Mongolia 30 June 1964[108]
96  Laos 10 October 1964[109]
97  Zambia 27 November 1964[110]
98  Kuwait 22 December 1964[111]
99  Burkina Faso 1964[112]
100  Rwanda 1964[113]
101  Mali 25 January 1965[114]
102  Niger 26 May 1965[115]
103  Gabon May 1965[116]
104  Cameroon 24 September 1965[117][118]
105  Burundi 7 December 1965[119]
106  Singapore 8 February 1966[120]
107  Malawi 31 March 1966[121]
108  Trinidad and Tobago July 1966[122]
109  Lesotho 29 May 1968[123]
110  Gambia 1968[124]
111  Vietnam 11 January 1969[125][126]
112  Albania 20 June 1969[127]
113  Malta June 1969[128]
114  Botswana 7 September 1969[129]
115  Equatorial Guinea 1969[130]
116  Yemen 29 September 1970[131][132]
117  Mauritania 14 December 1970[133]
118  Bangladesh 12 April 1972[134]
119  United Arab Emirates 1972[135]
120  Qatar 29 March 1973[136]
121  North Korea 7 April 1973[137]
122  Mauritius 20 December 1973[138]
123  Eswatini 1973[139]
124  Tonga 21 January 1974[140]
125  Jamaica 5 February 1974[141]
126  Bahrain 25 February 1974[142]
127  Oman 15 March 1974[143]
128  Grenada 15 February 1975[144]
129  Guinea-Bissau 14 March 1975[145]
130  Guyana 16 June 1975[146]
131  Mozambique 25 June 1975[147]
132  Barbados 19 March 1976[148]
133  Angola 1 September 1976[149]
134  Papua New Guinea 10 November 1976[150]
135  Cape Verde 4 December 1976[151]
136  Comoros 1977[152]
137  Samoa 1977[153]
138  São Tomé and Príncipe 1977[154]
139  Suriname 15 March 1978[155]
140  Togo 15 March 1978[156]
141  Bahamas 9 May 1978[157]
142  Maldives 21 August 1978[158]
143  Fiji 3 April 1979[159]
144  Seychelles 14 August 1979[160]
145  Solomon Islands 24 October 1979[161]
146  Djibouti 20 February 1980[162]
147  Zimbabwe 18 April 1980[163]
148  Vanuatu 27 September 1981[164]
149  Saint Lucia 1981[165]
150  Antigua and Barbuda 11 June 1982[166]
—  Holy See 2 August 1982[167]
151  Belize 17 November 1982[168]
152  Central African Republic 1983[169]
153  Dominica 3 May 1984[170]
154  Brunei 1984[171]
155  Bhutan 27 August 1985[172]
156  San Marino 13 December 1988[173]
157  Namibia 21 March 1990[174]
158  Estonia 28 August 1991[175]
159  Latvia 28 August 1991[176]
160  Lithuania 28 August 1991[177]
161  Liechtenstein 24 October 1991[178]
162  Ukraine 13 January 1992[179]
163  Belarus 14 January 1992[180]
164  Croatia 29 January 1992[181]
165  Slovenia 29 January 1992[182]
166  Marshall Islands 12 February 1992[183]
167  Kyrgyzstan 25 March 1992[184]
168  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2 April 1992[185]
169  Saint Kitts and Nevis 3 April 1992[186]
170  Kazakhstan 7 April 1992[187]
171  Uzbekistan 8 April 1992[188]
172  Turkmenistan 10 April 1992[189]
173  Azerbaijan 8 May 1992[190]
174  Moldova 12 June 1992[191]
175  Armenia 10 July 1992[192]
176  Federated States of Micronesia 26 August 1992[193]
177  Georgia 19 September 1992[194]
178  Tajikistan 9 December 1992[195]
179  Bosnia and Herzegovina 11 December 1992[196]
180  Slovakia 1 January 1993[197]
181  Eritrea 24 June 1993[198]
182  North Macedonia 20 December 1993[199]
183  Andorra 16 March 1995[200]
184  Chad 3 August 1995[201]
185  Palau 9 August 1995[202]
186  Timor-Leste 20 May 2002[203]
187  Montenegro 26 June 2006[204]
—  Kosovo 28 March 2008[205]
188  Monaco 30 January 2009[206]
189  South Sudan 9 July 2011[207]
190  Tuvalu 24 August 2012[208]
191  Kiribati 28 September 2012[209]
192  Nauru 28 September 2012[210]
—  State of Palestine 30 October 2014[211]

Africa

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Region Formal relations began Notes
 Egypt 25 November 1922 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1922 when Harald Bildt took up the post of first Swedish Minister to Egypt.[46]
  • Egypt has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Cairo.
 Mozambique 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975.[147]
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Maputo.
 Nigeria 3 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1961.[97]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Abuja.
 South Africa See South Africa-Sweden relations
 Sudan 27 October 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1957 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Sudan (Resident in Addis Ababa) Dr. Bjorn Axel Eyvind Bratt.[83]
  • Sudan has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Khartoum.
 Tanzania 29 May 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 1964 when Otto Gustaf Rathsman presented his credentials as Sweden's Ambassador to the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar to President Nyerere.[107]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Stockholm.
 Tunisia See Sweden–Tunisia relations
  • Sweden has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Stockholm.
 Zimbabwe 30 April 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1980 when first Ambassador of Mozambique to Zimbabwe presented his credentials.[212]

Americas

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Region Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina See Argentina–Sweden relations
 Belize 17 November 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1982.[213]
  • Belize has an honorary consulate in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala City and maintains an honorary consulate in Belmopan.
 Bolivia 2 February 1932 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1932.[53][54]
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in La Paz.
 Brazil See Brazil–Sweden relations
  • Brazil has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada See Canada–Sweden relations
See also: Swedish Canadian

Relations with Canada are close, positive and constructive. Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights.[214] In addition, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.[215]

 Chile 1827 See Chile–Sweden relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Stockholm and a consulate in Gothenburg.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Santiago.
 Colombia 11 December 1874
  • Colombia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Sweden is the 6th largest trade partner of Colombia in the European Union.
 Guyana 16 June 1975

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1975.[216]

  • Guyana has an honorary consulate in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an ambassador accredited to Guyana based in Stockholm.
 Mexico 1850[217] See Mexico–Sweden relations.
 Peru 11 February 1938 See Peru–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1938.[218]

  • Peru has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[219]
 United States 29 April 1818 See Sweden–United States relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1818.[220]

See also: Swedish American

Sweden and the United States have had strong ties since the 18th century.

Asia

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Country Formal relations began Notes
 Armenia 10 July 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1992.[221]
 Azerbaijan 8 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1992.[224]
  • The embassy of Sweden in Baku opened in 2014.
  • Azerbaijani opened an embassy in Stockholm.[citation needed]
  • Currently, approximately 10 thousand Azerbaijanis live in Sweden, and in addition about 30 thousand Azerbaijanis from Iran.[225]
  • In 2006, a diaspora organization called «Odlar yurdu» was established in Sweden.[225]
  • In 2010, the Congress of Swedish Azerbaijanis was established.[226]
 China See China–Sweden relations.
  • China has an embassy in Stockholm and a consulate-general in Gothenburg.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong and Shanghai.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Sweden, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.[227][228]

 Georgia 19 September 1992 See Georgia–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1992.[229]

 India See India–Sweden relations.
 Indonesia See Indonesia–Sweden relations.
 Iran 5 September 1897 See Iran–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1897 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Persia to Sweden with residence in St. Peterbourg Mirza Reza Khan Ar Faed-Doouleh.[33]

 Iraq See Iraq–Sweden relations.

The Swedish Embassy in Iraq is permanently closed after attacks by protesters over Quran Burning on the Swedish Embassy in Baghdad. Iraq severed ties with Sweden since July 2023, after Swedish authorities allowed a man to burn the Iraqi flag and the Quran in front of the Iraqi Embassy, Stockholm.[230][231][232]

 Israel See Israel–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949. Israel has an embassy in Stockholm.[233] Sweden has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[234]

 Japan 1868 See Japan–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1868 by signing the Swedish-Japanese Treaty in 1868.[235]

 Kazakhstan 7 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1992.[187]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Astana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Stockholm.
 Kuwait 22 December 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1964 when Sweden opened its embassy in Kuwait.[111]
 Malaysia See Malaysia–Sweden relations.

Diplomatic relations were established in 1958.[86] Sweden has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Stockholm. As of 2009, 90 Swedish companies are present in Malaysia and about 450 Swedish citizens live in Malaysia.

 North Korea April 7, 1973[236] See North Korea–Sweden relations.
 Palestine October 30, 2014 See Palestine–Sweden relations.
 Saudi Arabia See Saudi Arabia–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1957.[237]

 South Korea 11 March 1959 See South Korea–Sweden relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Sweden began on March 11, 1959.[89]

 Syria 24 June 1947 See Sweden–Syria relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Syria with residence in Cairo, Widar Bagge.[70]

 Turkey See Sweden–Turkey relations.

Europe

[edit]
Region Formal relations began Notes
 Albania 20 June 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1969.[127]
 Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Vienna.
  • There are 7,000 Austrians living in Sweden.
  • There are 2,000 Swedes living in Austria.
  • Both countries became members of the European Union on 1 January 1995.
 Belarus 14 January 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 1992.[180]

There are 3,000 Belarusian living in Sweden and above 1,000 Swedes living in Belarus.

 Belgium 23 February 1837 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 1837 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Sweden baron T. Vander Straten Ponthoz.[23]

There is an ethnic group of Walloons living in Sweden making up the 8,000 Belgians living in Sweden and 5,000 Swedes living in Belgium.

  • Belgium has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an ambassador accredited to Belgium based in Stockholm.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 December 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1992.[240]
 Bulgaria July 6, 1914 There are approximately 3,000 Swedes living in Bulgaria and
 Croatia 29 January 1992 See Croatia–Sweden relations.
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992.[181]
  • Croatia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Croatia joined on 1 July 2013.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 Cyprus See Cyprus–Sweden relations.
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Cyprus joined on 1 May 2004.
 Czech Republic 1 January 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.[241]
 Denmark See Denmark–Sweden relations.

Today, both countries are separated by the Øresund, which links the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of the Council of Europe, and of the European Union. There are around 21,000 Swedes living in Denmark and there are around 42,000 Danes living in Sweden.

 Estonia 28 August 1991 See Estonia–Sweden relations.

Estonia was under Swedish rule between 1561 and 1721

Sweden recognized Estonia on 4 February 1921.[242]

Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Estonia on 28 August 1991.[175]

 Finland See Finland–Sweden relations.

Finnish–Swedish relations have a long history (Sweden and Finland were the same country for several hundred years), due to the close relationship between Finland and Sweden. Particularly in Finland, the issue emerges in frequent exposés of Finnish history, and in motives for governmental proposals and actions as reported in Finnish news broadcasts in English or other foreign languages. In Sweden, this relationship is a recurrent important theme of 20th-century history, although maybe by most Swedes considered to be an issue of purely historical relevance now that both countries have been members of the European Union since 1995.

  • Finland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Helsinki and a consulate-general in Mariehamn.
  • Both countries became members of the European Union on 1 January 1995.
  • Both countries applied for NATO membership on 18 May 2022. Finland became a member on 4 April 2023, while Sweden became a member on 7 March 2024.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 France See France–Sweden relations.
 Germany See Germany–Sweden relations.
 Greece 24 January 1833 See Greece–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1833 when Carl Peter von Heidenstam (until then Consul General) was appointed as Chargé d'Affaires of the Kingdom of Sweden and Norway in Greece.[22]

 Hungary See Hungary–Sweden relations.

Diplomacy relations between the two countries started on December 28, 1945.

  • Hungary has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Hungary joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 Iceland See Iceland–Sweden relations.
  • Iceland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Reykjavík.
  • Both countries are members of NATO.
 Ireland 18 July 1946 See Ireland–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1946.[68] Ireland has an embassy in Stockholm.

 Italy 23 December 1859 See Italy–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1859 when the first interim Chargé d'Affaires, Giov. Antonio Migliorati, was appointed.[26]

 Kosovo See Kosovo–Sweden relations.

Sweden recognized Kosovo on March 4, 2008.[243] Liaison Office of Sweden in Pristina, subordinated to the embassy in Skopje, North Macedonia.[244] On March 8, 2008, the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt became the first foreign minister to officially visit Kosovo since it declared its independence.[245] Sweden currently has 243 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO led Kosovo Force.[246]

  • Kosovo has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Pristina.
 Latvia 28 August 1991 See Latvia–Sweden relations.

Sweden recognized Latvia on 4 February 1921.[242]

Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Latvia on 28 August 1991.[176]

  • Latvia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Riga.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Latvia joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 Lithuania 28 August 1991 See Lithuania–Sweden relations.

Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Lithuania on 28 August 1991.[177]

  • Lithuania has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Vilnius.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Lithuania joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 Moldova 12 June 1992 See Moldova–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1992.[191]

Sweden is one of Moldova's top donors. From 1996, Sweden provided Moldova with technical assistance worth 30 million dollars, which significantly helped strengthen sectors such as: protection of human rights, democracy, good governance, public health, education, agriculture, energy, infrastructure, transport and the private sector. Much of the aid is delivered through the Swedish International Development Agency.[247][248] In 2007, the Swedish Government established the 2007–2010 strategy of cooperation with Moldova, which sees 11 million euros in financial assistance annually for three important sectors: good governance, strengthening of com petitiveness in the rural area and reduction of vulnerability in the energy sector.[247]

 The Netherlands See Netherlands–Sweden relations.
 Norway See Norway–Sweden relations.
  • Norway has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Both countries are members of NATO.
 Poland See Poland–Sweden relations.
  • Poland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Poland joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 Portugal See Portugal–Sweden relations.
 Romania 1 November 1916
  • Romania has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bucharest.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Romania joined on 1 January 2007.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
 Russia See Russia–Sweden relations.
 Serbia See Serbia–Sweden relations.
 Slovenia
  • Slovenia is accredited to Sweden from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Sweden is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Spain See Spain–Sweden relations.
  Switzerland
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Both countries are members of the Council of Europe.
 Ukraine 13 January 1992 See Sweden–Ukraine relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1992.[179]

A Ukrainian information bureau was opened 1916 in Stockholm by Volodymyr Stepankivskyi and M. Zaliznyak. In 1918 an official diplomatic mission from the Ukrainian People's Republic headed by K. Lossky was opened in Stockholm.[249] Diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Sweden were established on January 13, 1992.

 United Kingdom 23 December 1653 See Sweden–United Kingdom relations.

Sweden established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 23 December 1653.[18][failed verification]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, the Joint Expeditionary Force, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[252] a Mutual Defence Agreement,[253] and a Strategic Partnership.[254]

Oceania

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Australia See Australia–Sweden relations.
  • Australia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Canberra and eight honorary consulates: Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.
 Fiji 3 April 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1979.[255]
 New Zealand See New Zealand–Sweden relations.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

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  • Elgström, Ole, and Magnus Jerneck. "Activism and adaptation: Swedish security strategies, 1814–85." Diplomacy and Statecraft 8.3 (1997): 210–236.
  • Grimberg, Carl. A History of Sweden (1935) online free
  • Horn, David Bayne. Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century (1967) covers 1603–1702; pp 236–69.
  • Lindström, Peter, and Svante Norrhem. Flattering Alliances: Scandinavia, Diplomacy and the Austrian-French Balance of Power, 1648–1740 (Nordic Academic Press, 2013).
  • Makko, Aryo. Ambassadors of Realpolitik: Sweden, the CSCE and the Cold War (2016) excerpt
  • Nordstrom, Byron J. The History of Sweden (2002) excerpt and text search; also full text online free to borrow
  • Salmon, Patrick. Scandinavia and the great powers 1890–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
  • Sevin, Efe. Public diplomacy and the implementation of foreign policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey (Springer International Publishing, 2017).
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