Cun language
| Cun | |
|---|---|
| 仡隆语 Gelong | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | western Hainan |
Native speakers | (80,000 cited 1999)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cuq |
| Glottolog | cunn1236 |
| ELP | Nadouhua |
Cun (Chinese: 村语; meaning "village language/speech"), also known as Gelong (仡隆语 / 哥隆语) or Ngan-Fon, is a Kra–Dai language spoken on Hainan Island.[2] It is a part of the Hlai languages branch and has a lexical similarity with standard Hlai at 40%.[1] The language has approximately 80,000 speakers, 47,200 of which are monolingual. Cun is a tonal language with 10 tones, used depending on whether a syllable is checked or unchecked. The speakers of this language are classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Han; in Hainan, Nadou[3] and Lingao speakers are also classified as ethnic Han.[4]
The Cun are descended from Han Chinese migrants to Hainan Island who intermarried with the local Li people. As a result, Cun has more Chinese loanwords than other Hlai languages.[5]
Nearby, the Fuma (Chinese: 付马话, 府玛话, or 富马话) dialect, a variety of Chinese similar to Gan-Hakka that has been strongly influenced by Cun, is spoken in Fuma Village 付马村, Sigeng Town 四更镇, Dongfang City.[6] It had about 800 speakers in 1994.[7]
Phonology
[edit]The tables below show the vowel [8] and consonant [9] phonemes of Cun:
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɯ, u | |
| Mid | e | (ə) | o |
| Open | a | ɔ |
Diphthongs
[edit]Cun has many diphthongs. With [a]: [ia], [ua]. With [ə]: [uə], [iə]. With [i]: [ai], [aːi], [ɛi], [ei], [ɔi], [oi], [ui]. With [u]: [au], [aːu], [iau], [eu], [iu], [iːu], [ɔu], [ou], [əu].
Consonants
[edit]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Alv.-palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central | Lateral | ||||||
| Plosives | Voiceless | t | k | ʔ | |||
| Aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
| Glottalized | ʔb | ʔd | |||||
| Fricatives | Voiceless | f | ʃ | h | |||
| Voiced | v | ʒ | |||||
| Affricates | Voiceless | t͡ʃ | |||||
| Aspirated | t͡ʃʰ | ||||||
| Liquids | l | ||||||
| Nasals | Voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Labialized | ŋʷ | ||||||
| Semivowels | j | ||||||
Tones
[edit]Cun is a tonal language with ten tones. Five of the tones occur only in syllables ending with a consonant: t, k, or p[10].
| Tone | Pitch Value | Example[11] | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 35 | ʔeŋ55 | field |
| 2 | 44 | lai44 | ear |
| 3 | 42 | nam42 | water |
| 4 | 21 | ʔɔu21 | to scratch, to scrape |
| 5 | 13 | loŋ13 | path, road |
| 6 | 55 | kaːŋ55 | to speak |
| 7 | 33 | tʃhut33 | cloth |
| 8 | 42 | khat42 | dog |
| 9 | 21 | ʔɛp21 | frog |
| 10 | 13 | het13 | thorn |
References
[edit]- ^ a b Cun at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Ouyang, Jueya 欧阳觉亚 (1998). Cunyu yanjiu 村语研究. Shanghai: Shanghai Far East Publishing House 上海远东出版社.
- ^ Fu, Changzhong 符昌忠 (2020). Nadouyu yanjiu 那斗语研究. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社. OCLC 1294545717.
- ^ Liang, Min 梁敏 (1997). Língāo yǔ yánjiū 临高语研究 [A Study of Lingao] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai yuandong chubanshe 上海远东出版社.
- ^ Norquest, Peter K. 2015. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Languages of Asia, Volume 13. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30052-1
- ^ Wang, Xueyan 王雪燕. 2016. Hainan Fumahua diaocha baogao 海南付马话调查报告. Beijing: Capital Normal University, Literature Institute 首都师范大学文学院.
- ^ Fuma (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-02, retrieved 2012-10-16 – via asiaharvest.org
- ^ Ni 1990, p. 173.
- ^ Ni 1990, p. 172.
- ^ Ni 1990, p. 178.
- ^ From Ni 1990, pp. 174–178.