Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Transfer of Genetic Information between the Hematopoietic System and the Brain in Response to Inflammation
Figure 5
Peripheral inflammation increases the number of recombined Purkinje neurons.
The number of recombined Purkinje neurons is low in healthy animals (A) but increases dramatically after peripheral inflammatory conditions (B). Inflammatory injuries were induced by subcutaneous injection of LLC2s or peritonitis. Animals were analyzed 12 d after injection when tumors were formed. Peritonitis was induced by a single i.p. injection of thioglycolate broth (1 ml in 3% PBS). Mice with peritonitis and ECL were analyzed 4 d after injection. (C) Filled bars represent results from Vav-iCre and empty bars from Tie2-Cre reporter mice. The p values were calculated by two-tailed t test for groups with unequal variance. (D and E) We did not observe any recombined Purkinje neurons that were binucleated in either transgenic mouse line after induction of an inflammation. (F and G) Microglia (white arrows) were always negative for the marker gene in healthy animals as well as after an inflammation. (H and I) Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER, top panel) decreases and the corresponding capacitance (Ccl, bottom panel) of the bEnd5 endothelial monolayers increases significantly 24 h and 48 h after addition of bone-marrow-derived EVs compared to conditioned medium supernatant after ultracentrifugation. Vertical line at 0 h indicates media exchange. Scale bar, 100 µm (A and B), 50 µm (D and F), 10 µm (E), and 5 µm (G).