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The Verbal Systems of Aramaic
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Author:
In
The Verbal Systems of Aramaic, Bruweleit analyses the Aramaic verbal systems from Old Aramaic to the modern dialects. He examines whether the verb forms are to be analysed as aspectual, temporal or modal and decides whether the verbal systems are to be regarded as aspect-, tense- or mood-prominent. On a diachronic level, the study investigates which conclusions the verbal systems allow regarding the classification and history of Aramaic.
The work offers a hypothesis that explains the intricate use of the participle in Biblical Aramaic and shows that the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects can be traced back to a common proto-dialect that split into at least four branches from which in turn the modern NENA dialects emerged.
The work offers a hypothesis that explains the intricate use of the participle in Biblical Aramaic and shows that the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects can be traced back to a common proto-dialect that split into at least four branches from which in turn the modern NENA dialects emerged.
Stefan Bruweleit, PhD, is a linguist with a research focus on Aramaic and Arabic. His publications include a monograph on the Arabic dialect of Beirut (
Aspect, Tense and Action in the Arabic Dialect of Beirut, Brill, 2015).
List of Figures and Tables
Abbreviations and Symbols
Introductory Remarks
1 Methodological Principles
1 Introductory Remarks
2 Aspect
3 Tense
4 Modality
5 Action
6 The Categorial Interplay
7 Methodology
2 Brief Outline of the Classification and History of Aramaic
3 Old Aramaic
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular and Habitual)
3 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
4 Simultaneity with the Speech Time
5 Posteriority to the Speech Time
6 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
7 Non-indicative Clauses
8 Conditional Clauses
9 Summary
10 Analysis
4 Imperial Aramaic
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultanity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Simultaneity with the Speech Time
7 Posteriority to the Speech Time
8 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
9 Non-indicative Clauses
10 Conditional Clauses
11 Verbs of Perception
12 Summary
13 Analysis
5 Biblical Aramaic
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time
8 Posteriority to the Speech Time
9 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
10 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
11 Non-indicative Clauses
12 Conditional Clauses
13 Verbs of Perception
14 qāṭil and yiqṭul
15 Summary
16 Analysis
6 Hasmonean
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Simultaneity with the Speech Time
7 Posteriority to the Speech Time
8 Non-indicative Clauses
9 Conditional Clauses
10 Verbs of Perception
11 Summary
12 Analysis
7 Targum to the Pentateuch (Genizah)
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Posteriority to the Speech Time
10 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
11 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
8 Christian Palestinian Aramaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
13 Non-indicative Clauses
14 Conditional Clauses
15 Verbs of Perception
16 Summary
17 Analysis
9 The Babylonian Talmud
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
10 Classical Mandaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to and Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
11 Syriac
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
13 Non-indicative Clauses
14 Conditional Clauses
15 Verbs of Perception
16 Summary
17 Analysis
12 Classical Aramaic: Summary and Analysis
1 The Verb Forms
2 The Verbal Systems
13.1 Early Jewish Neo-Aramaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Posteriority to the Speech Time
10 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
11 Non-indicative Clauses
12 Conditional Clauses
13 Verbs of Perception
14 Summary
15 Analysis
13.2 Early Christian Neo-Aramaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular and Habitual)
8 Posteriority to the Speech Time
9 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
10 Non-indicative Clauses
11 Conditional Clauses
12 Verbs of Perception
13 Summary
14 Analysis
14 Western Neo-Aramaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Posteriority to the Speech Time
10 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
11 Non-indicative Clauses
12 Conditional Clauses
13 Verbs of Perception
14 Summary
15 Analysis
15 Modern Mandaic (Khorramshahr)
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
8 Posteriority to the Speech Time
9 Non-indicative Clauses
10 Conditional Clauses
11 Summary
12 Analysis
16 Ṭuroyo
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to the a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
17 Hertevin
0 Text Corpus
1 Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Posteriority to the Speech Time
10 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
18 J. Arbel
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
19 C. Barwar
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
13 Non-indicative Clauses
14 Conditional Clauses
15 Verbs of Perception
16 Summary
17 Analysis
20 J. Sulemaniyya and Ḥalabǧa
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
21 Neo-Aramaic: Summary and Analysis
Abbreviations and Symbols
Introductory Remarks
Part 1: Methodological Principles and Brief Outline of the Classification and History of Aramaic
1 Methodological Principles
1 Introductory Remarks
2 Aspect
3 Tense
4 Modality
5 Action
6 The Categorial Interplay
7 Methodology
2 Brief Outline of the Classification and History of Aramaic
Part 2: Classical Aramaic
3 Old Aramaic
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular and Habitual)
3 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
4 Simultaneity with the Speech Time
5 Posteriority to the Speech Time
6 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
7 Non-indicative Clauses
8 Conditional Clauses
9 Summary
10 Analysis
4 Imperial Aramaic
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultanity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Simultaneity with the Speech Time
7 Posteriority to the Speech Time
8 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
9 Non-indicative Clauses
10 Conditional Clauses
11 Verbs of Perception
12 Summary
13 Analysis
5 Biblical Aramaic
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time
8 Posteriority to the Speech Time
9 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
10 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
11 Non-indicative Clauses
12 Conditional Clauses
13 Verbs of Perception
14 qāṭil and yiqṭul
15 Summary
16 Analysis
6 Hasmonean
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Simultaneity with the Speech Time
7 Posteriority to the Speech Time
8 Non-indicative Clauses
9 Conditional Clauses
10 Verbs of Perception
11 Summary
12 Analysis
7 Targum to the Pentateuch (Genizah)
0 The Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Posteriority to the Speech Time
10 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
11 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
8 Christian Palestinian Aramaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
13 Non-indicative Clauses
14 Conditional Clauses
15 Verbs of Perception
16 Summary
17 Analysis
9 The Babylonian Talmud
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
10 Classical Mandaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to and Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
11 Syriac
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
13 Non-indicative Clauses
14 Conditional Clauses
15 Verbs of Perception
16 Summary
17 Analysis
12 Classical Aramaic: Summary and Analysis
1 The Verb Forms
2 The Verbal Systems
Part 3: Neo-Aramaic
13.1 Early Jewish Neo-Aramaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Posteriority to the Speech Time
10 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
11 Non-indicative Clauses
12 Conditional Clauses
13 Verbs of Perception
14 Summary
15 Analysis
13.2 Early Christian Neo-Aramaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular and Habitual)
8 Posteriority to the Speech Time
9 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
10 Non-indicative Clauses
11 Conditional Clauses
12 Verbs of Perception
13 Summary
14 Analysis
14 Western Neo-Aramaic
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Posteriority to the Speech Time
10 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
11 Non-indicative Clauses
12 Conditional Clauses
13 Verbs of Perception
14 Summary
15 Analysis
15 Modern Mandaic (Khorramshahr)
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
8 Posteriority to the Speech Time
9 Non-indicative Clauses
10 Conditional Clauses
11 Summary
12 Analysis
16 Ṭuroyo
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to the a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
17 Hertevin
0 Text Corpus
1 Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Posteriority to the Speech Time
10 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
18 J. Arbel
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
19 C. Barwar
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Future
13 Non-indicative Clauses
14 Conditional Clauses
15 Verbs of Perception
16 Summary
17 Analysis
20 J. Sulemaniyya and Ḥalabǧa
0 Text Corpus
1 The Verb Forms
2 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Singular)
3 Anteriority to the Speech Time (Habitual)
4 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
5 Simultaneity with a Reference Point in the Past
6 Posteriority to a Reference Point in the Past
7 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Singular)
8 Simultaneity with the Speech Time (Habitual)
9 Extratemporalis
10 Posteriority to the Speech Time
11 Anteriority to a Reference Point in the Future
12 Non-indicative Clauses
13 Conditional Clauses
14 Verbs of Perception
15 Summary
16 Analysis
21 Neo-Aramaic: Summary and Analysis
The book is primarily of interest to (post-graduate) students in the field of Oriental Studies who are familiar with at least one Semitic language, preferably an Aramaic one.