Zeroes and roots

Roots & Zeros of Polynomials How the roots, solutions, zeros, x -intercepts and factors of a polynomial function are related. Created by:- NANDEESH LAXETTI AND VEDANT PARIKH

Polynomials A Polynomial Expression can be a monomial or a sum of monomials. The Polynomial Expressions that we are discussing today are in terms of one variable. In a Polynomial Equation , two polynomials are set equal to each other.

Factoring Polynomials Terms are Factors of a Polynomial if, when they are multiplied, they equal that polynomial: ( x - 3) and ( x + 5) are Factors of the polynomial

Since Factors are a Product... … and the only way a product can equal zero is if one or more of the factors are zero… … then the only way the polynomial can equal zero is if one or more of the factors are zero.

Solving a Polynomial Equation The only way that x 2 +2 x - 15 can = 0 is if x = -5 or x = 3 Rearrange the terms to have zero on one side: Factor: Set each factor equal to zero and solve:

Setting the Factors of a Polynomial Expression equal to zero gives the Solutions to the Equation when the polynomial expression equals zero. Another name for the Solutions of a Polynomial is the Roots of a Polynomial ! Solutions/Roots a Polynomial

Zeros of a Polynomial Function A Polynomial Function is usually written in function notation or in terms of x and y . The Zeros of a Polynomial Function are the solutions to the equation you get when you set the polynomial equal to zero.

Zeros of a Polynomial Function The Zeros of a Polynomial Function ARE the Solutions to the Polynomial Equation when the polynomial equals zero.

Graph of a Polynomial Function Here is the graph of our polynomial function: The Zeros of the Polynomial are the values of x when the polynomial equals zero. In other words, the Zeros are the x -values where y equals zero .

x -Intercepts of a Polynomial The points where y = 0 are called the x -intercepts of the graph. The x -intercepts for our graph are the points... and (-5, 0) (3, 0)

x -Intercepts of a Polynomial When the Factors of a Polynomial Expression are set equal to zero, we get the Solutions or Roots of the Polynomial Equation . The Solutions/Roots of the Polynomial Equation are the x -coordinates for the x-Intercepts of the Polynomial Graph !

Factors, Roots, Zeros For our Polynomial Function : The Factors are: ( x + 5) & ( x - 3) The Roots/Solutions are: x = -5 and 3 The Zeros are at: (-5, 0) and (3, 0)

Roots & Zeros of Polynomials II Finding the Roots/Zeros of Polynomials: The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, Descartes’ Rule of Signs, The Complex Conjugate Theorem Created by K. Chiodo, HCPS

Fundamental Thm. Of Algebra Every Polynomial Equation with a degree higher than zero has at least one root in the set of Complex Numbers . A Polynomial Equation of the form P(x) = 0 of degree ‘n’ with complex coefficients has exactly ‘n’ Roots in the set of Complex Numbers. COROLLARY :

Real/Imaginary Roots If a polynomial has ‘n’ complex roots will its graph have ‘n’ x-intercepts? In this example, the degree n = 3 , and if we factor the polynomial, the roots are x = -2, 0, 2. We can also see from the graph that there are 3 x -intercepts.

Real/Imaginary Roots Just because a polynomial has ‘n’ complex roots doesn’t mean that they are all Real! In this example, however, the degree is still n = 3 , but there is only one Real x -intercept or root at x = -1, the other 2 roots must have imaginary components.

Descartes’ Rule of Signs Arrange the terms of the polynomial P(x) in descending degree: The number of times the coefficients of the terms of P(x) change sign = the number of Positive Real Roots (or less by any even number) The number of times the coefficients of the terms of P(-x) change sign = the number of Negative Real Roots (or less by any even number) In the examples that follow, use Descartes’ Rule of Signs to predict the number of + and - Real Roots!

Find Roots/Zeros of a Polynomial We can find the Roots or Zeros of a polynomial by setting the polynomial equal to 0 and factoring. Some are easier to factor than others! The roots are: 0, -2, 2

Find Roots/Zeros of a Polynomial If we cannot factor the polynomial, but know one of the roots, we can divide that factor into the polynomial. The resulting polynomial has a lower degree and might be easier to factor or solve with the quadratic formula. We can solve the resulting polynomial to get the other 2 roots: (x - 5) is a factor

Complex Conjugates Theorem Roots/Zeros that are not Real are Complex with an Imaginary component. Complex roots with Imaginary components always exist in Conjugate Pairs . If a + bi ( b ≠ 0) is a zero of a polynomial function, then its Conjugate , a - bi, is also a zero of the function.

Find Roots/Zeros of a Polynomial If the known root is imaginary , we can use the Complex Conjugates Thm. Because of the Complex Conjugate Thm., we know that another root must be 4 + i . Can the third root also be imaginary? Consider… Descartes: # of Pos. Real Roots = 2 or 0 Descartes: # of Neg. Real Roots = 1 Ex: Find all the roots of If one root is 4 - i .

Example (con’t) If one root is 4 - i , then one factor is [x - ( 4 - i)], and Another root is 4 + i , & another factor is [x - ( 4 + i)]. Multiply these factors : Ex: Find all the roots of If one root is 4 - i .

Example (con’t) The third root is x = -3 Ex: Find all the roots of If one root is 4 - i . If the product of the two non-real factors is then the third factor (that gives us the neg. real root) is the quotient of P(x) divided by :

Finding Roots/Zeros of Polynomials We use the Fundamental Thm. Of Algebra, Descartes’ Rule of Signs and the Complex Conjugate Thm. to predict the nature of the roots of a polynomial. We use skills such as factoring, polynomial division and the quadratic formula to find the zeros/roots of polynomials. In future lessons you will learn other rules and theorems to predict the values of roots so you can solve higher degree polynomials!

Zeroes and roots

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Zeroes and roots