Routing protocol on wireless sensor network

Router protocol on wireless sensor network Yuping SUN 155169552@163.com SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LABORATORY Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University

Outline WSN Introduction The definition of WSN The nodes of WSN The difference between WSN and Ad hoc WSN Routing Protocol Conclusion Reference

The definition of WSN Definition[1]: consist of large amount of sensor nodes Multi-hop, self-organize wireless communication cooperative sensing, collection, process Send to observe. [1] 李建中 , 李金宝 , 石胜飞 . 传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展 . 软件学报 , 2003 (10) : 1717- 1725

The difference between WSN and Ad hoc (1/2)[1] The number of nodes Sensor nodes are densely deployed Sensor nodes are prone to failures The topology of a sensor network changes very frequently [1]Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam, and Erdal Cayirci Georgia Institute of Technology” A Survey on Sensor Networks” IEEE Communications Magazine • August 2002

The difference between WSN and Ad hoc (2/2)[1] WSN broadcast but ad hoc point-to point Sensor node are limited in power computation capacities and memory Sensor nodes may not have global identification

Routing protocol survey Traditional technique Flooding Gossiping Current routing technique Flat-routing Hierarchical-routing Location-based routing [1]Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam, and Erdal Cayirci Georgia Institute of Technology” A Survey on Sensor Networks” IEEE Communications Magazine • August 2002

Flooding(1/2) A classical mechanisms to relay data in sensor networks without the need for any routing algorithms and topology maintenance. drawbacks: Implosion Overlap Resource blindness

Gossiping A slightly enhanced version of flooding where the receiving node sends the packet to a randomly selected neighbor which picks another neighbor to forward the packet to and so on. Advantage: avoid the implosion Drawback: Transmission delay

Router protocol survey Traditional routing technique Flooding Gossiping Current routing technique[1] Flat-routing Hierarchical-routing Location-based routing [1]JAMAL N. AL-KARAKI, AHMED E. KAMAL,” ROUTING TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEY ”, IEEE Wireless Communications • December 2004

Flat-routing SPIN (Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation) DD (Directed diffusion) Rumor routing

SPIN(1/3)[1] A family of adaptive protocols called Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation assign a high-level name to completely describe their collected data (called meta-data) Use thee types of messages ADV (advertisement), REQ (request) and DATA [1]W. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H. Balakrishnan, “Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proc. 5 th ACM/IEEE Mobicom , Seattle, WA, Aug. 1999. pp. 174–85.

SPIN(3/3) Topological changes are localized provides more energy savings than flooding, and metadata negotiation almost halves the redundant data. Drawback: SPIN’s data advertisement mechanism cannot guarantee delivery of data.

DD(1/3)[1] Propagate interest Set up gradients Send data and path reinforcement [1]C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, “Directed Diffusion: a Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks,” Proc. ACM Mobi- Com 2000 , Boston, MA, 2000, pp.56–67.

DD(3/3) Directed diffusion differs from SPIN in two aspects. Query method Communication method directed diffusion may not be applied to applications (e.g., environmental monitoring) Matching data to queries might require some extra overhead

Rumor routing[1] A variation of directed diffusion Use an events table and a agent The number of events is small and the number of queries is large [1]D. Braginsky and D. Estrin, “Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks,” Proc. 1st Wksp. Sensor Networks and Apps. , Atlanta, GA, Oct. 2002.

Router protocol survey Traditional routing technique Flooding Gossiping Current routing technique Flat-routing Hierarchical-routing Location-based routing

Hierarchical-routing LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy ) PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) TEEN(APTEEN) (Threshold-Sensitive Energy Efficient Protocols)

LEACH(1/3)[1] LEACH is a cluster-based protocol Setup phase Steady state phase [1]. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” Proc. 33rd Hawaii Int’l. Conf. Sys. Sci. , Jan. 2000.

LEACH(3/3)[1] Drawbacks It is not applicable to networks deployed in large regions The idea of dynamic clustering brings extra overhead The protocol assumes that all nodes begin with the same amount of energy capacity in each election round, assuming that being a CH consumes approximately the same amount of energy fore ach node

Comparison between SPIN LEACH and directed diffusion[1] [1]W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” Proc. 33rd Hawaii Int’l. Conf. Sys. Sci. , Jan. 2000.

Hierarchical-routing LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) TEEN(APTEEN) (Threshold-Sensitive Energy Efficient Protocols)

PEGASIS(1/2)[1] An enhancement over the LEACH protocol is a near optimal chain-based protocol increase the lifetime of each node by using collaborative techniques. allow only local coordination between nodes and the bandwidth consumed in communication is reduced [1]S. Lindsey and C. Raghavendra, “PEGASIS: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems,” IEEE Aerospace Conf. Proc. , 2002, vol. 3, 9–16, pp. 1125–30.

PEGASIS(2/2) Drawbacks: assumes that each sensor node is able to communicate with the BS directly assumes that all sensor nodes have the same level of energy and are likely to die at the same time the single leader can become a bottleneck. excessive data delay

Comparison between PEGASIS and SPIN PEGASIS saving energy in several stages In the local gathering , the distance that node transmit The amount of data for CH head to receive Only one node transmits to BS

Hierarchical-routing LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) TEEN (Threshold-Sensitive Energy Efficient Protocols)

TEEN[1] TEEN’S CH sensor sends its members a hard threshold and a soft threshold. TEEN’S suitability for time-critical sensing applications TEEN is also quite efficient in terms of energy consumption and response time TEEN also allows the user to control the energy consumption and accuracy to suit the application. [1]A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agarwal, “TEEN: a Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks,” 1st Int’l. Wksp. on Parallel and Distrib. Comp. Issues in WirelessNetworks and Mobile Comp. , April 2001.

Comparison of between TEEN and LEACH average energy dissipation(100nodes and 100*100units)

Hierarchical vs. flat topologies routing.[1] [1]JAMAL N. AL-KARAKI, AHMED E. KAMAL,” ROUTING TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEY ”, IEEE Wireless Communications • December 2004

Location-based routing GEAR ( Geographic and Energy Aware Routing ) GEM

GEAR(1/3)[1] The key idea is to restrict the number of interests in directed diffusion by only considering a certain region rather than sending the interests to the whole network. keeps an estimated cost and a learning cost [1]Y. Yu, D. Estrin, and R. Govindan, “Geographical and Energy-Aware Routing:A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” UCLA Comp. Sci. Dept. tech. rep., UCLA-CSD TR-010023, May 2001.

Comparison between GPSR and GEAR GPSR ： designed for general mobile ad hoc networks Two parameter Uniform Traffic Non-uniform Traffic For uneven traffic distribution, GEAR delivers 70–80 percent more packets than GPSR. For uniform traffic pairs GEAR delivers 25–35 percent more packets than GPSR.

GEM(1/2) Three type of storage data Local storage External storage Data-centric storage Setup phase Set up a tree Feedback the number of tree Assign the virtual degree

GEM(2/2) The main application of relative steady topology sensor network

Conclusion based on the network structure divide three categories: flat, hierarchical, and location-based routing protocols. The advantages and disadvantages of each routing technique In general hierarchical routing are outperform than flat routing

reference I. Akyildiz et al. , “A Survey on Sensor Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. , vol. 40, no. 8, Aug. 2002, pp. 102–14. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan,“Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” Proc. 33rd Hawaii Int’l. Conf. Sys. Sci. , Jan. 2000. F. Ye et al. , “A Two-Tier Data Dissemination Model for Large-Scale Wireless S. Hedetniemi and A. Liestman, “A Survey of Gossiping and broadcasting in Communication Networks,” IEEE Network , vol. 18, no. 4, 1988, pp. 319–49.

reference C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, “Directed Diffusion: a Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks,” Proc. ACM Mobi- Com 2000 , Boston, MA, 2000, pp. 56–67. D. Braginsky and D. Estrin, “Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks,” Proc. 1st Wksp. Sensor Networks and Apps. , Atlanta, GA, Oct. 2002. C. Schurgers and M.B. Srivastava, “Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks,” MILCOM Proc. Commun. for Network-Centric Ops.: Creating the Info. Force , McLean, VA, 2001. M. Chu, H. Haussecker, and F. Zhao, “Scalable Information Driven Sensor Querying and Routing for Ad Hoc Heterogeneous Sensor Networks,” Int’l. J. High Perf. Comp. Apps. , vol. 16, no. 3, Aug. 2002.

reference Q. Li, J. Aslam and D. Rus, “Hierarchical Power-Aware Routing in Sensor Networks,” Proc. DIMACS Wksp. Pervasive Net. , May, 2001. Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, “Geographyinformed Energy Conservation for Ad-hoc Routing,” Proc. 7th Annual ACM/IEEE Int’l. Conf. Mobile Comp. and Net. , 2001, pp. 70–84. S. Lindsey and C. Raghavendra, “PEGASIS: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems,” IEEE Aerospace Conf. Proc. , 2002, vol. 3, 9–16, pp. 1125–30. A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agarwal, “TEEN: a Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks,” 1st Int’l. Wksp. on Parallel and Distrib. Comp. Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Comp. , April 2001.

Routing protocol on wireless sensor network

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