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programming for problem solving unit-1 aippt
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- 2. Introduction to ComputerSystems Variables and Arithmetic Expressions Symbolic Constants and Scope Operators in C Type Conversions Table of Contents Control Flow Statements 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06.
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- 4. Central Processing Unit(CPU), Memory (RAM), Storage (Hard drive, SSD), Input/Output devices (Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor). Hardware Components The CPU executes instructions provided by the software, using memory to store data and interacting with I/O devices. How Hardware and Software Interact Operating System (Windows, macOS, Linux), Applications (Word processors, Web browsers, Compilers). Software Components What is a Computer?
- 5. Bits and Bytes Computersuse binary (0s and 1s) to represent data. Binary Representation A byte consists of 8 bits and is a fundamental unit of data; Larger units: Kilobyte (KB), Megabyte (MB), Gigabyte (GB), Terabyte (TB). Bytes and Data Sizes
- 6. 01 Compilers translate high-levelcode into machine code; Interpreters execute high-level code line by line. Compilers and Interpreters 02 High-level languages (C, Java, Python) are easier for humans to read and write; Low- level languages (Assembly) are closer to machine code. High-Level vs. Low-Level Languages 03 C is a powerful, efficient, and versatile language widely used in system programming and embedded systems; Forms the basis for many other languages. Why C? Introduction to Programming Languages
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- 8. Declaring Variables Specify thedata type (e.g., int, float, char) and name of the variable; Example: `int age;` Definition of a Variable A variable is a named storage location in memory that can hold a value; Used to store data that can be modified during program execution. Initializing Variables Assign an initial value to a variable when it is declared; Example: `int age = 20;` What is a Variable?
- 9. Data Types andSizes Character Type `char` (typically 1 byte), used to store single characters; Example: `char grade = 'A';` Floating-Point Types `float` (typically 4 bytes), `double` (typically 8 bytes); Used to store decimal numbers. Integer Types `int` (typically 4 bytes), `short` (typically 2 bytes), `long` (typically 8 bytes); `unsigned int` for non- negative integers.
- 10. Arithmetic Operators Basic Operators Addition(+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (), Division (/), Modulus (%). 01 Operator Precedence Multiplication and division have higher precedence than addition and subtraction; Use parentheses to control the order of evaluation. 02 Examples of Arithmetic Expressions `int x = 10 + 5 2; // x = 20`; `float y = (10 + 5) / 2.0; // y = 7.5` 03
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- 12. What is aSymbolic Constant? Definition of a Symbolic Constant 01 A symbolic constant is a name given to a value that cannot be changed during program execution; Makes code more readable and maintainable. Using `#define` 02 The `#define` preprocessor directive is used to define symbolic constants; Example: `#define PI 3.14159` Using `const` Keyword 03 The `const` keyword can also be used to declare constants; Example: `const int MAX_VALUE = 100;`
- 13. Scope of Variables LocalVariables Declared inside a function and are only accessible within that function. Global Variables Declared outside any function and are accessible throughout the entire program; Use with caution, as they can make code harder to maintain. Block Scope Variables declared inside a block (e.g., inside an `if` statement or loop) are only accessible within that block.
- 14. Example: Calculating CircleArea Code Snippet #include <stdio.h> #define PI 3.14159 int main() { float radius = 5.0; float area = PI * radius * radius; printf("Area = %f n", area); return 0; }
- 15. Example: Calculating CircleArea Uses symbolic constant PI and local variable radius to calculate and print the area of a circle. Explanation
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- 17. Increment and DecrementOperators Examples Postfix and Prefix Operators `x++` (postfix): use the current value of x, then increment; `++x` (prefix): increment x, then use the new value.
- 18. Increment and DecrementOperators Examples int x = 5; printf("%dn", x++); // Output: 5, x becomes 6 printf("%dn", ++x); // Output: 7, x becomes 7
- 19. Bitwise Operators AND, OR,XOR, NOT `&` (AND), `|` (OR), `^` (XOR), `~` (NOT); Used for manipulating individual bits of an integer. Shift Operators `<<` (left shift), `>>` (right shift); Used for shifting bits to the left or right. Examples
- 20. Bitwise Operators Examples unsigned intx = 5; // 00000101 in binary unsigned int y = 3; // 00000011 in binary printf("%un", x & y); // Output: 1 (00000001) printf("%un", x << 1); // Output: 10 (00001010)
- 21. `=` assigns thevalue on the right to the variable on the left; Example: `int x = 10;` Simple Assignment 01 `+=`, `-=`, `=`, `/=`, `%=`; Example: `x += 5` is equivalent to `x = x + 5` Compound Assignment 02 Examples 03 Assignment Operators and Expressions
- 22. Assignment Operators andExpressions Examples int x = 10; x += 5; // x is now 15 x *= 2; // x is now 30
- 23. Conditional Expressions Ternary Operator `condition? expression1 : expression2`; If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated; otherwise, expression2 is evaluated. 01 Example 02
- 24. Conditional Expressions Example int age= 20; printf("%sn", (age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor"); // Output: Adult
- 25. Operator Precedence andOrder of Evaluation Precedence Table Operators are evaluated based on their precedence (e.g., multiplication before addition); Use parentheses to override precedence. Examples 01 02 03 Associativity If operators have the same precedence, associativity determines the order of evaluation (left-to-right or right-to-left).
- 26. Operator Precedence andOrder of Evaluation Examples int x = 2 + 3 * 4; // x = 14 (multiplication first) int y = (2 + 3) * 4; // y = 20 (parentheses first)
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- 28. Implicit Type Conversion Automaticconversion of data types by the compiler; Usually done when performing operations between different data types. What is Implicit Type Conversion? Examples
- 29. Implicit Type Conversion Examples intx = 10; float y = x + 5.5; // x is implicitly converted to float printf("%fn", y); // Output: 15.500000
- 30. Implicit Type Conversion Lower-rankedtypes are promoted to higher-ranked types (e.g., `int` to `float`, `float` to `double`). Rules for Implicit Conversion
- 31. Explicit Type Conversion(Casting) What is Explicit Type Conversion? Manually converting a value from one type to another using the cast operator. Syntax `(type) expression`; Example: `(int) 3.14159` Examples
- 32. Explicit Type Conversion(Casting) Examples float x = 3.14159; int y = (int) x; // y = 3 (truncation) printf("%dn", y);
- 33. Data Type Sizes The`sizeof` operator returns the size (in bytes) of a data type or variable. `sizeof` Operator Examples
- 34. Data Type Sizes Examples #include<stdio.h> int main() { printf("Size of int: %lu bytesn", sizeof(int)); printf("Size of float: %lu bytes n", sizeof(float)); printf("Size of double: %lu bytes n", sizeof(double)); return 0; }
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- 36. `if` and `if-else`Statements Basic `if` Statement Executes a block of code if a condition is true; `if (condition) { / code / }` `if-else` Statement Executes one block of code if a condition is true and another block if it is false; `if (condition) { / code if true / } else { / code if false / }` Examples
- 37. `if` and `if-else`Statements Examples int age = 20; if (age >= 18) { printf("Adul tn"); } else { printf("Mino rn"); }
- 38. `else-if` Statements Chaining Multiple Conditions Allowsyou to test multiple conditions in sequence; `if (condition1) { / code / } else if (condition2) { / code / } else { / code / }` 01 Examples 02
- 39. `else-if` Statements Examples int score= 85; if (score >= 90) { printf("A n"); } else if (score >= 80) { printf("B n"); } else if (score >= 70) { printf("C n"); } else { printf("Fail n"); }
- 40. `switch` Statement Syntax Using `switch`for Multiple Cases Allows you to select one of several code blocks based on the value of an expression.
- 41. `switch` Statement Syntax switch (expression){ case value1: /* code */ break; case value2: /* code */ break; default: /* code */ }
- 42. `switch` Statement Examples int day= 3; switch (day) { case 1: printf("Monday n"); break; case 2: printf("Tuesday n"); break; case 3: printf("Wednesdayn"); break; default: printf("Other dayn"); }
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- 44. `while` Loop Executes ablock of code repeatedly as long as a condition is true; `while (condition) { / code / }` Basic `while` Loop Examples
- 45. `while` Loop Examples int i= 0; while (i < 5) { printf("%d n", i); i++; }
- 46. `for` Loop Provides amore structured way to write loops with initialization, condition, and increment/decrement in one line; `for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) { / code / }` Basic `for` Loop Examples
- 47. `for` Loop Examples for (inti = 0; i < 5; i++) { printf("%d n", i); }
- 48. Similar to `while`loop, but the code block is executed at least once because the condition is checked at the end; `do { / code / } while (condition);` Basic `do-while` Loop Examples `do-while` Loop
- 49. `do-while` Loop Examples int i= 0; do { printf("%d n", i); i++; } while (i < 5);
- 50. `break` Statement Terminates theloop or `switch` statement immediately. `continue` Statement Skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the next iteration. `goto` Statement Transfers control to a labeled statement; Use with caution. Examples `break`, `continue`, and `goto`
- 51. `break`, `continue`, and`goto` Examples for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i == 5) break; // Exit loop if (i % 2 == 0) continue; // Skip even numbers printf("%dn", i); }
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- 53. Importance of CProgramming Highlight the significance of C in various fields. Recap Briefly review the main topics covered (variables, operators, control flow, loops). Summary of Key Concepts
- 54. Next Steps Recommend books,online courses, and websites for further study. Further Learning Resources Encourage students to practice coding to reinforce their understanding. Practice Exercises
- 55. Q & A Addressquestions and clarify any doubts about the topics covered. Open the floor to Questions
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