Principle of architecture

PRINCIPLE OF
ARCHITECTURE
Compiled by : FD Architects Forum
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Proportion & Scale

MATERIAL PROPORTION

The Golden Ratio
Two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ratio of the sum of the
quantities to the larger quantity is equal to the ratio of the larger quantity to
the smaller one.

THE GOLDEN RATIO
Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens.
This ancient temple fits almost precisely into a golden rectangle.

The Golden Spiral
Assume that rectangle ABCD is a Golden Rectangle.
Hence, AD/AB =AE/ED.
But, FE = AE,
FE/ED= Phi.
Hence, rectangle FCDE is a Golden Rectangle.
We have two similar rectangles and so since
Phi = AD/EF then BD/CE = Phi.

The Golden Ratio In Human Body
The first example of the
golden ratio in the average
human body is that when the
distance between the navel
and the foot is taken as 1
unit, the height of a human
being is equivalent to 1.618.
Some other golden proportions in the average human body are:
The distance between the finger tip and the elbow / distance between the wrist
and the elbow,
The distance between the shoulder line and the top of the head / head length,
The distance between the navel and the top of the head / the distance between
the shoulder line and the top of the head,
The distance between the navel and knee / distance between the knee and the
end of the foot.

Principle Of Architecture
Axis
Symmetry
A Line established by two point in space
about which form and spaces can be
arranged in symmetrical and balanced
manner
The balanced distribution and
arrangement of equivalent forms and
spaces on opposite sides of dividing
plane or about a center axis
Hierarchy
The articulation of importance and
significance of form or space by its
size shape and placement relative to
other forms and spaces of organization

PRINCIPLE OF ARCHITECTURE
Rhythm
Unifying movement characterized by patterned
repetition or alteration of formal elements or
motifs in same or modified forms
Datum
A line plane or volume that , by its continuity
and regularity , serves together , measure and
organize a pattern of form and spaces.
Transformation
The principle that an architectural concept or
organization can be retained, strengthened
and built upon through a series of discrete
manipulation and transformations.

AXIS
INDUCE MOVMENT
The axis is a linear condition , it has qualities
of length and direction and induce movement
and views along its path
Termination At Both Ends
Renforced By Defining Edges
Established By Symmertical
Arrangement

AXIS
Darwin D. Martin House & Estate : buffalo New York , 1904.
Frank Lloyd Wright

AXIS
DARWIN D. MARTIN HOUSE & ESTATE : buffalo New York ,
1904. Frank Lloyd Wright

AXIS
Villa Madama , Rome 1517 ,
Raphael Sanzio.

AXIS
Northen Palace at masada , israel c.30-20B.C.

Symmetry
Types of symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry
Balanced arrangement
of equivalent elements
about a common axis
Equivalent elements balanced
about Two or more axes that
intersect at center point

Unity Church : oak park Illinois, 1906. Frank Lloyd Wright
SYMMETRY

Great Stupa at Sanchi , india
c.100B.C.
SYMMETRY

Baths ( thermae) of Caracalla ,
Rome 211-17 AD
SYMMETRY

Palace of Diocletain , Spalato
,Yugoslavia, c. A.D. 300
SYMMETRY

HIERARCHY
Hierarchy Achieved by
By SIZE
BY SHAPE
Dominate architectural composition
by being significantly different in size
Can be made visually dominate by clearly
differentiating their shape from other
By PLACEMENT
Strategically placed to call attention to
themselves as being the important
elements in composition .

Villa Trissino in Meledo : Andrea Palladio
HIERARCHY

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
BUILDING , Capitol complex,
Chandigarh , India 1956, Le
Corbusier
HIERARCHY

DUBAR SQUARE, Patan , Nepal , Renovated 17th
century
DATUM

DATUM
Piazza san marco venice , italy,

DATUM
Marin County Civic Center , San Rafael , California 1957 , Frank Lloyd Wright

DATUM
Salvation Army Hostel , Paris ,
1928-33 Le corbusier

R.H.Y.T.H.M.
Rhythm refers to any movement by a patterned recurrence of elements or motifs
at regular or irregular intervals . The movement may be of our eyes as we follow
recurring elements in a composition.

REPETITION
We tend to group elements in random composition
according to :
Their closeness or proximity to one another
The visual characteristics they share in common

REPETITION
Unite’d’ habitation , Marseilles 1946-52, Le corbusier

REPETITION
Jama Masjid , Gulbarga , India 1367

REPETITION
Katsura imperial Villa , Kyoto , Japan , 17th
century

RHYTHM

RHYTHM
Pueblo Bonito , Chaco
canyon USA 10th
-13th
Centuries

RHYTHM
Victorian Facades , San Francisco street
Multiple Rhythm can be laid over one another in the façade of building

RHYTHM
Studies of internal Façade of a Basilica by Francesco Borromini

RHYTHM
Church at Vuoksenniska , Finland ,
1956 , Alvar Aalto

RHYTHM
Culture Center , Wolfsburg Germany , 1948 -62 , Alvar Aalto

Library of mount angel, Oregon 1965-70
TRANSFORMATION
Library , Seinajoki , Finland 1963-65
Library , Rovaniemi, Finland 1963-68
Scheme for 3 library By Alvar Aalto

TRANSFORMATION
Cruciform Plan organization
by FL Wright

Free Plan Organization ,
The-Ramp-in-a-Square ,
By Le Corbusier
TRANSFORMATION

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Principle of architecture

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Principle of architecture