Uploaded byjana861314
PPTX, PDF2,084 views

Orientation, design and principles of polyhouse

The document discusses the design, principles, and benefits of polyhouses, which are structures used for growing plants under controlled conditions, ensuring protection from harsh weather and pests while maximizing sunlight. It outlines various greenhouse types, their components, and the importance of covering materials, framing systems, and orientations for optimal growth conditions. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of protected cultivation, including higher yields, off-season production, and reduced pesticide use.

Embed presentation

Downloaded 22 times
ORIENTATION, PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURE FOR POLYHOUSE J A N A H A R S H I N I R
INTRODUCTION • A polyhouse is a specially constructed structure for growing plants under controlled conditions. • The most important function of the greenhouse structure and its covering is the protection of the crop against hostile weather conditions (low and high temperatures, snow, hail, rain and wind), diseases and pests. • It is important to develop greenhouses with a maximum intensity of natural light inside. • The structural parts that can cast shadows in the greenhouse should be minimized.
WHY WE GO FOR PROTECTED CULTIVATION? • Higher yield • Year round cultivation • Better quality • Off-season production • Assured production • Generate self employment for the educated rural youth in the farm sector • Least pesticide residues • Controlled pollination • Vagaries of weather • Easier plant protection • Weed free cultivation Need of Protected Cultivation
ORIENTATION OF POLYHOUSE • For maximum availability of Sunlight in greenhouse at latitudes less than 40⁰ in Northern hemisphere the ridge of the greenhouse has to be oriented in North South Direction. • This avoids falling of shades on adjacent greenhouses and moving of the gutter shade across the greenhouse. • However, the wind direction has also to be considered for proper ventilation. • The wind direction perpendicular to ventilator/ridge gives better uniformity of temperature in the greenhouse. • The wind parallel to the ventilators gives better stability to structure and safety of the glazing material. ORIENTATION • Single Span – Any direction •Multispan – North –South Direction Only
PRINCIPLES OF POLYHOUSE • Under protected structure major fraction of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by plants and earthern objects. These objects inturn emit long wave thermal radiations for which cladding material has low transparency. • Thus, long wave thermal radiations are trapped inside the structure, which raises the inside temperature.This is called GREENHOUSE EFFECT. • Owing to this rise in temperature inside the structure, growing off season crops in cold climate becomes possible. • During summer, temperature inside the structure is brought down by providing cooling device or appropriate ventilation.
DESIGN OF STRUCTURE The structure has to carry the following loads and is to be designed accordingly. a) Dead load: weight of all permanent construction, cladding, heating and cooling equipment, water pipes and all fixed service equipments to the frame. b) Live load: weights superimposed by use (include hanging baskets, shelves and persons working on roof). The greenhouse has to be designed for a maximum of 15 kg per square meter live load. Each member of roof should be capable of supporting 45 kg of concentrated load when applied at its centre. c) Wind load: The structure should be able to withstand winds of 110 kilometer per hour and at least 50 kg per square meter of wind pressure. d) Snow load: These are to be taken as per the average snowfall of the location The greenhouse should be able to take dead load plus live load or dead load plus wind load plus half the live load.
COMPONENTS OF POLYHOUSE Roof: transparent cover of a greenhouse. Gable: transparent wall of a green house. Cladding material: transparent material mounted on the walls and roof of a green house. Rigid cladding material: cladding material with such a degree of rigidity that any deformation of the structure may result in damage to it. Ex. Glass Flexible cladding material: cladding material with such a degree of flexibility that any deformation of the structure will not result in damage to it. Ex. Plastic film Gutter: collects and drains rain water and snow which is place at an elevated level between two spans. Column: vertical structure member carrying the green house structure Purlin: a member who connects cladding supporting bars to the columns Ridge: highest horizontal section in top of the roof Girder: horizontal structure member, connecting columns on gutter height Bracings: To support the structure against wind Arches: Member supporting covering materials Foundation pipe: Connection between the structure and ground
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYHOUSE
BASED ON SHAPE
LEAN-TO GREENHOUSE A lean-to greenhouse shares a wall with a building and relies on the building structure to provide some support for the greenhouse roof Advantages •Useful where space is limited • Least expensive, availability of water and electricity Disadvantages •Temperature control is difficult •Location of windows and doors on the supporting structure must be kept in mind
RIDGE-AND-FURROW GREENHOUSE • A ridge-and-furrow greenhouse is composed of a number of greenhouses connected along the length of the house. • The shared interior walls reduce energy costs and allow for large interior spaces. • Ridge-and-furrow greenhouses are best oriented north and south to reduce permanent shadows on the crops created by the gutters.
EVEN-SPAN GREENHOUSE • An even-span greenhouse is a single house that has a roof with an even pitch and an even width. • A common even-span greenhouse that uses arching pipes for the framework is called a hoop house. Advantages Provides more usable space and can be lengthened Can accommodate two to three benches for growing crops. Better shape for air circulation Disadvantages Most costly option
UNEVEN-SPAN GREENHOUSE • An uneven-span greenhouse has unequal pitches and widths. • Use of this style is limited to hillsides. • Modern greenhouses are built on level ground. Therefore, uneven-span greenhouses are rarely built
QUONSET GREENHOUSES Quonset greenhouses are also known as hoop houses or polyethylene tunnels, are constructed from pipe either PVC or metal, bent into hoops and draped with polyethylene films.
SAW-TOOTHED GREENHOUSE • In these structures, the roof consists of a series of vertical surfaces separated by a series of sloping surfaces, all of which are pitched at a same angle and facing in the same direction. • These are most efficient for ventilation. These are suitable for multi span structures
GOTHIC ARCH GREENHOUSE • This style features the walls that are bent over the frame to make a pointed roof.
GABLE GREENHOUSE • The most basic structure similar to the hut-like construction with glass or rigid transparent plastic panels as the covering material. • It has sloping, flat roofs connected to vertical sidewalls
GAMBREL GREENHOUSE • These structures are similar to gable but have high strength to withstand high windloads during storms . • This system is more suitable where wood or bamboo are to be used for greenhouse construction
BASED ON UTILITY • Classification can be made depending on the functions or utilities. • Of the different utilities, artificial cooling and heating are more expensive and elaborate. • Hence based on this, they are classified in to two types. 1. Greenhouses for active heating. 2. Greenhouses for active cooling.
GREENHOUSE FOR ACTIVE HEATING • During the night time, air temperature inside greenhouse decreases. • The requirements for heating greenhouse depend on the rate at which the heat is lost to the outside environment. • Various methods are adopted to reduce the heat losses, viz., using 1. Double layer polyethylene, 2. Thermopane glasses (two layers of factory sealed glass with dead air space) or 3. Heating systems, such as unit heaters, central heat, radiant heat and solar heating system
GREENHOUSE FOR ACTIVE COOLING • During summer season, it is desirable to reduce the temperatures of greenhouse than the ambient temperatures, for effective crop growth. • This type of greenhouse either consists of evaporative cooling pad with fan or fog cooling . • This greenhouse is designed in such a way that it permits a roof opening of 40%-100%
BASED ON CLADDING MATERIALS • Polythenes or other transparent material used for walls and roof of a greenhouse for protection as well as transparency, which simulates climatic conditions inside the greenhouse is called cladding material. • Covering materials have direct influence on the greenhouse effect inside the structure and they alter the air temperature inside the house. • The types of frames and method of fixing also varies with the covering material. • Based on the type of covering materials, the greenhouses are classified as: 1. Glass, 2. Plastic Film 3. Rigid Panel Greenhouses
The following factors are to be considered while selecting the greenhouse covering material • Light transmission • Weight • Resistant to impact and • Durability to outdoor weathering • Thermal stability over wide range of temperatures.
GLASS • A clean, transparent provides the maximum light transmittance to 90% . • It is brittle and breaks with minimum shock or vibrations resulting in high maintainance cost. • Glass as covering material has the advantage of greater interior light intensity. • These greenhouses have higher air infiltration rate which leads to lower interior humidity and better disease prevention. • Lean-to type, even span, ridge and furrow type of designs are used for construction of glass greenhouse
PLASTIC FILM  Flexible plastic films including polyethylene, polyester and polyvinyl chloride are used as covering material in this type of greenhouses.  Plastics as covering material for greenhouses have become popular, as they are cheap and the cost of heating is less when compared to glass greenhouses.  The main disadvantage with plastic films is its short life  For example, the best quality ultraviolet (UV) stabilized film can last for 4 years only.  Polycarbonate has a life span of 15-20 years. Polycarbonate is better than glass.  Quonset design as well as gutter-connected design is suitable for using this covering material
RIGID PANEL Poly vinyl chloride rigid panels, fibre glass reinforced plastic, acrylic and polycarbonate rigid panels are employed as the covering material. This material is more resistant to breakage and the light intensity is uniform throughout the greenhouse when compared to glass or plastic. High grade panels have long life even up to 20 years. The main disadvantage is that these panels tend to collect dust as well as to harbor algae, which results in darkening of the panels and subsequent reduction in the light transmission
Covering material Life span Glass and acrylic sheet 20 years Polycarbonate and fiberglass- reinforced polyester sheet 5-12 years Polyethylene 2-6 months Polyethylene stabilized for UV rays 2-3 year
MATERIALS USED FOR FRAME The greenhouse frame can be constructed from different types of material. The most common material for greenhouse frameworks are Bamboo, wood, mild steel pipes, galvanized pipe and aluminium. Bamboo and wooden frames • It is constructed for low cost polyhouse which is easy and affordable for the resource of farmers • Pine woods or timbers are used • But it has less life (3-5 years) • It has to be re-build or carry out major repair (changing rotten components) along with change in polythene sheets. Permanent type of frame • It is constructed using metallic material such as GI pipes which are stronger as well as corrosion resistant and has life more than 25 years. • It remains protected against any damage by external forces like wind or snow.
Aluminium / steel combination frames • In northern latitudes it is important that the framework be strong enough to withstand heavy snow loads. Aluminum and aluminum/steel-combination frameworks are popular because they are long lasting and considered low maintenance. However, they are more expensive than other frameworks, such as wood, galvanized steel, and angle iron.
Wooden framed structure Pipe framed structure Truss framed structure
LOW COST POLYHOUSE • It is fabricated mainly using local and low-cost available material like wooden logs or bamboos. The protection of wooden structures from insects and termites is a major challenge. • These structures are small in size and have a short life- span. Since the height of the structure is lesser as compared to those with steel frames, maintaining proper temperatures in summer becomes difficult. • Therefore, they are recommended mostly in cold climatic zones and low wind speed regions. The approximate cost of establishing such greenhouse units ranges between Rs. 450–620 per sq m. BASED ON COST
MEDIUM COST POLYHOUSE • It is generally fabricated using galvanised iron (GI) square or rectangular or round pipes or lipped channel or their combinations. • The whole structure is firmly fixed in the ground to withstand high speed wind up to 140 km/hr. Such greenhouses are suitable for dry and composite climatic zones. • The normal height of these structures ranges between 6.5–7 m and these are mostly naturally ventilated. The climate inside the structure is regulated by opening and closing of side curtains (which are rolled above permanently fixed insect-proof net on windows). • Thus, air circulation can be regulated. Humidity is maintained through operation of foggers/ misters. Light intensity can be controlled with the use of internal collapsible shading nets. • The approximate cost of establishing such naturally ventilated polyhouse unit ranges between Rs. 900–1000 per sq m depending upon the size of the structure
HIGH COST POLYHOUSE • For the production of sensitive, off-season, exotic or quality crops, sometimes medium-cost greenhouses cannot deliver the requisite quality. Therefore, high- cost greenhouse structures, which can precisely regulate climatic and nutritional needs of the plants, are required. • The greenhouse climate parameters are regulated through passive cooling by operating fan and pad systems and sensor-based controlled systems. • The approximate cost of establishing such greenhouse units ranges between Rs.1500– 2500 per sq m depending upon the size of the structure
Satish kumar, alok kumar, sardar sunil singh, rajkishore prasad and RB verma. Effect of plastic low tunnel on flowering and fruiting behaviour during off season of summer squash. J pharmacogn phytochem 2018;7(4S):72-75. MATERIALS AND METHODS • The field experiment was conducted in winter season during 2009-10 & 2010-11 at vegetable research farm of the Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar. • The experiment was conducted in randomized block design in three replications with seven treatments. The treatments comprised the seven dates of sowings i.e., 30th November under open field, 15th December under open field, 30th December under tunnel, 15th January under tunnel, 30th January under tunnel, 15th February under open field and 28th February under open field. • Summer Squash – Australian Green • For making plastic low tunnel, 60 cm width, 50 cm high and 50 micron transparent plastic were used, immature bamboo stick were pegged on the both sides of water channel. The tunnels were made in north-south direction and vents were made in tunnel on east side. • Plastic of the tunnel was removed from the bed in the 2nd week of February in each year. • The data were recorded on vine length (cm), primary branches, first female flower appearance, first picking, fruit length (cm), fruit girth (cm) and fruits per plant. • Seedlings were raised by sowing seeds in plastic protrays which were filled with growing media prepared by mixing coco peat: vermiculite: perlite in the ratio of 3:1:1 (V/V). Seedlings were ready in about 20-25days. • Vine length was measured from the base of each plant to the growing point of a main vine.Primary branches per plant are the total number of fruiting branches emerging from the main stem was counted at the time of last picking. The fruits selected for recording fruit length were used for measuring fruit diameter in centimetres at middle periphery of fruits with
TABLES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – Flower Attributing Parameters •Days taken to first female flower appearance and first harvest were significantly influenced by the sowing date and growing conditions. •Minimum number of days taken to first female flower and first harvest was observed when the sowing was done on 30th December under low tunnel (T3) over other date of sowing under low tunnel. •Early flowering force to early fruiting. •Data related to first flowering and first harvest of fruits was due to air temperature inside the tunnels was always recorded higher as compared to outside. •The maximum temperature different of about 10 oC between inside and outside. •The favourable effect of low tunnel on flowering and harvesting might be due to the conducive microclimate condition through which crop had reached to early flowering and fruiting by increasing the temperature at that time. • Ogden and van Iersel (2009)have also indicated that low tunnels modify climatic conditions, promoting earlier flowering and fruit ripening as well as fruit precocity production. •Obshato and Shabalina (1984) opined that the time of fruiting was related to early temperature condition which favour to low tunnel structure. • In similar study conducted by Ibarra et al. 2001 observed that muskmelon crop grown under plastic cover flowered 24 days earlier than uncovered plants.
• Maximum fruit length, fruit girth, fruit weight, yield per plant, fruit per plant and yield per hectare were found when the sowing was done on 30th December under low tunnel (T3) over other date of sowing under low tunnel. • It might be due to better growth and development of all yield contributing parameters under low tunnel which increases the net photosynthesis and production of more assimilates available for individual to grow. • Singh and Kumar (2009) found that out of the five varieties of summer squash evaluated for their off season cultivation under plastic low tunnel during winter period, variety Australian Green took minimum days (58) to fist harvest after transplanting along with maximum fruit yield per plastic (5.90kg/plant) and highest total fruit yield (696.0q/ha),Similar results were also given by Singh el al (1989) . • Vegetative growth was greatest in plants in the tunnel where the the thermal condition were best early and total marketable yield were highest under the poly tunnel (Siwek and Capecka1999). • It is important to note that no significant differences were observed in fruit weight in both condition i.e., grown in tunnels and in open field. • Net income and cost benefit ratio was maximum when sowing the crop on 30th December under tunnel. This might be due to high market value in off-season RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – Fruit Attributing Parameters
• An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different planting time, viz. 15 August, 1 September and 15 September and NPK fertilizer doses, viz. @15:7:16, 20:12:21, 25:17:26 and 30:22:31 kg/ 1000 sq m on bitter gourd (var.Pusa Rasdar) with the help of hand cum honey bees pollination under protected condition. • The results revealed that the yield attributing traits and fruit nutrients accumulation were significantly influenced by different planting time and level of NPK nutrients. • Among dates of planting, 15 August exhibited significant higher values for number of fruits/plant (8.57), fruit diameter (5.96 cm), fruit weight (210.60 g), yield/plant (1.81kg), yield/1000 sqm (72.55 q), accumulation of nitrogen (155.09 mg/100 g), phosphorus (36.58 mg/100 g), potassium (329.17 mg/100 g) , besides accumulation of calcium (14.92 mg/100 g), iron (0.26 mg/100 g) and zinc (0.58 mg/100 g) were found more by content but showing no significant difference statistically in fruits over different planting times. • On other hand by the higher dose of NPK @30:22:31 kg/1000 sq m results were found statistically significantly higher values for fruit weight (224.05 g), yield/plant (1.88kg), yield/1000 sq m (75.34 q), nitrogen (231.14 mg/100 g), phosphorus (39.33 mg/100 g), potassium (343.56 mg/100 g), calcium (19.33 mg/100 g), iron (0.31 mg/100 g), but zinc (0.59 mg/100 g) content was found more but sown statistically non significant deference as compared to lower dose of fertilizers. Among the interactions, 15 August planting with NPK dose @ 30:22:31 kg/1000 sq m resulted in significant effects on better yield and its attributes. • However, accumulation of nutrients, viz. N, P, K, Ca, Fe and Zn, though recorded higher in this variety of bitter gourd but statistically showed a non-significant difference. • The result indicated that the crop sown on 15 August with higher dose of NPK (30:22:31 kg/1000 sq m) deserves being the most promising treatment for bitter gourd cultivation under polyhouse cum protected condition.
THANK YOU

More Related Content

PPTX
Master seminar Ppt
byHemant Kumar Gurjar
 
PPTX
Green house Introduction types
byEkalavya Organic Agriculture Polytechnic (Ekalavya Grameena Vikas Foundation)
 
PPTX
Green house technology
byRaghwendra Singh
 
PPTX
Greenhouse in india
byVipin Kumar
 
PPTX
Types greenhouse and its Components
byIRADA Foundation
 
PPTX
Protected Cultivation
bySubhradip Bhattacharjee
 
PPTX
Role of protected cultivation in fruit crops
byPraveen Mishra
 
PPT
Protected Structures.ppt
byMonishaSanthanakrish
 
Master seminar Ppt
byHemant Kumar Gurjar
 
Green house Introduction types
byEkalavya Organic Agriculture Polytechnic (Ekalavya Grameena Vikas Foundation)
 
Green house technology
byRaghwendra Singh
 
Greenhouse in india
byVipin Kumar
 
Types greenhouse and its Components
byIRADA Foundation
 
Protected Cultivation
bySubhradip Bhattacharjee
 
Role of protected cultivation in fruit crops
byPraveen Mishra
 
Protected Structures.ppt
byMonishaSanthanakrish
 

What's hot

PPTX
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in india
byRakesh Pattnaik
 
PPT
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BEETROOT
byPRAVINABARDE
 
PDF
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF GREENHOUSE
bypramodrai30
 
PPTX
Status of Protected Cultivation in India and Abroad
byParshant Bakshi
 
PPTX
Cladding material
bylokesh kumar
 
PPTX
Training and pruning in apple
byAndrew Myrthong
 
PPTX
production technology of onion
byAvisha Budhani
 
PPTX
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .
byArvind Yadav
 
PDF
Types of Green Houses
bypramodrai30
 
PPTX
Cultivation practices of Citrus
byRakesh Pattnaik
 
PPTX
Gladiolus
byUTPAL DAS
 
PDF
Carnation.pdf
byDr. M. Kumaresan - Hort.
 
PPTX
Asparagus .pptx
byVINAY KUMAR
 
PPTX
Agronomic practices in pigeonpea
byNaveen Jakhar
 
PPTX
Green house control
byEkalavya Organic Agriculture Polytechnic (Ekalavya Grameena Vikas Foundation)
 
PPTX
Cauliflower Seed Production Technology
byArunodaya Maji
 
PPTX
Aonla production technology
bySushma Bhat
 
PPTX
Chilli breeding
bymutturaj13
 
PPTX
Shadenet
byEkalavya Organic Agriculture Polytechnic (Ekalavya Grameena Vikas Foundation)
 
PPT
Canopy management in fruits
byParshant Bakshi
 
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in india
byRakesh Pattnaik
 
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BEETROOT
byPRAVINABARDE
 
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF GREENHOUSE
bypramodrai30
 
Status of Protected Cultivation in India and Abroad
byParshant Bakshi
 
Cladding material
bylokesh kumar
 
Training and pruning in apple
byAndrew Myrthong
 
production technology of onion
byAvisha Budhani
 
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .
byArvind Yadav
 
Types of Green Houses
bypramodrai30
 
Cultivation practices of Citrus
byRakesh Pattnaik
 
Gladiolus
byUTPAL DAS
 
Carnation.pdf
byDr. M. Kumaresan - Hort.
 
Asparagus .pptx
byVINAY KUMAR
 
Agronomic practices in pigeonpea
byNaveen Jakhar
 
Green house control
byEkalavya Organic Agriculture Polytechnic (Ekalavya Grameena Vikas Foundation)
 
Cauliflower Seed Production Technology
byArunodaya Maji
 
Aonla production technology
bySushma Bhat
 
Chilli breeding
bymutturaj13
 
Shadenet
byEkalavya Organic Agriculture Polytechnic (Ekalavya Grameena Vikas Foundation)
 
Canopy management in fruits
byParshant Bakshi
 

Similar to Orientation, design and principles of polyhouse

PPTX
GREENHOUSE
byAbhishek Jadhav
 
PPTX
Protected cultivation:Green house
byMaya Sharma
 
PPTX
Class 2 Types of green house
byPriyanka Priyadarshini
 
PPTX
Plant Propagation Structures
bylearnwithanandhi
 
PPTX
Types Of GH.pptx types of greenhouses in india
byNitya K
 
PPTX
protected cultivation of fruit
byNavsari Agricultural University
 
PDF
Green house components and types of green house
byAjay Singh Lodhi
 
PPTX
3. greenhouse types - II.pptx 6th sem portion
byAlipsaSamal
 
PPTX
Green house
byEkalavya Organic Agriculture Polytechnic (Ekalavya Grameena Vikas Foundation)
 
PPTX
Green house
bysukhdeep singh
 
PPT
Greenhouse structures
byJoyshankar Baidya
 
PDF
Various Components of Greenhouse / Poly house
byRahmatullah88
 
PPTX
PROTECTED CULTIVATION ASSIGNMENT 2..pptx
byRbDharani
 
PPTX
Elective - Horticulture (355).......pptx
bypranavchavanpranavch
 
PPTX
Greenhouse types & its components
byChinjuSijin
 
PPTX
Greenhouse and different type of structures, Design and development of low c...
by7300511143
 
PPTX
Types of Greenhouse
bysumankumar558
 
PDF
Materials for construction of green houses
byAjay Singh Lodhi
 
PDF
engg 321 topic 2 neeraj.pdf
byneerajpoonia8
 
PPTX
Protected Cultivation of Vegetable crops Present Status and Futures Prospects...
byHemant Kumar Gurjar
 
GREENHOUSE
byAbhishek Jadhav
 
Protected cultivation:Green house
byMaya Sharma
 
Class 2 Types of green house
byPriyanka Priyadarshini
 
Plant Propagation Structures
bylearnwithanandhi
 
Types Of GH.pptx types of greenhouses in india
byNitya K
 
protected cultivation of fruit
byNavsari Agricultural University
 
Green house components and types of green house
byAjay Singh Lodhi
 
3. greenhouse types - II.pptx 6th sem portion
byAlipsaSamal
 
Green house
byEkalavya Organic Agriculture Polytechnic (Ekalavya Grameena Vikas Foundation)
 
Green house
bysukhdeep singh
 
Greenhouse structures
byJoyshankar Baidya
 
Various Components of Greenhouse / Poly house
byRahmatullah88
 
PROTECTED CULTIVATION ASSIGNMENT 2..pptx
byRbDharani
 
Elective - Horticulture (355).......pptx
bypranavchavanpranavch
 
Greenhouse types & its components
byChinjuSijin
 
Greenhouse and different type of structures, Design and development of low c...
by7300511143
 
Types of Greenhouse
bysumankumar558
 
Materials for construction of green houses
byAjay Singh Lodhi
 
engg 321 topic 2 neeraj.pdf
byneerajpoonia8
 
Protected Cultivation of Vegetable crops Present Status and Futures Prospects...
byHemant Kumar Gurjar
 

More from jana861314

PPTX
Cacti and Succulents in Landscaping.pptx
byjana861314
 
PPTX
Major diseases of Spices and their Management.pptx
byjana861314
 
PPTX
Traditional Agroforestry System in India- Shifting Cultivation, Taungya, Home...
byjana861314
 
PPTX
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005.pptx
byjana861314
 
PPTX
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptx
byjana861314
 
PPTX
Role of Gibberellins, mode of action and external applications.pptx
byjana861314
 
PPTX
Production technology of Brinjal -Solanum melongena
byjana861314
 
PPTX
Speed Breeding in Vegetable Crops- innovative approach for present era of cro...
byjana861314
 
Cacti and Succulents in Landscaping.pptx
byjana861314
 
Major diseases of Spices and their Management.pptx
byjana861314
 
Traditional Agroforestry System in India- Shifting Cultivation, Taungya, Home...
byjana861314
 
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005.pptx
byjana861314
 
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptx
byjana861314
 
Role of Gibberellins, mode of action and external applications.pptx
byjana861314
 
Production technology of Brinjal -Solanum melongena
byjana861314
 
Speed Breeding in Vegetable Crops- innovative approach for present era of cro...
byjana861314
 

Recently uploaded

PPTX
Lec 2 (Cell Structure and Function).pptx
byibrahimalbayti96
 
PPTX
Lac Insect complete _20251002_220741_0000.pptx
byfthmfidha15
 
PDF
Class 6 Chapter 7 Temperature and its Measurement.pdf
byarushirana2412
 
PDF
Chapter 4 Retrosynthesis_ GUIDELINES.pdf
byjennyzamora1200
 
PPTX
20_01_2023_labmeetin presentation of light signaling
byristvdw
 
PDF
Unit-1 Parsitology, Introduction to Parasitology..pdf
bydemekedaka
 
PPTX
Metasurfaces.The types of surfaces for effective attraction
byssuser392404
 
PPTX
VOLCANOES VOLCANOES VOLCANOES VOLCANOESs
byfritzjustinparedes07
 
PDF
DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms | Presentation by Sameer Khan
bySAMEERKHANundefined
 
PDF
Neuroscience 6th Edition PDF Textbook by Dale Purves
byhifateb609
 
PPTX
Planning-Laboratory-Work-Precision-in-Practice.pptx
bycvamaya9
 
PPSX
presentation-modified- final - mode.ppsx
byAhmadEweas
 
PDF
Respiratoryyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
byg5pfknkb64
 
PPTX
_VEDA ACADEMY CLASS VIII ICSE- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 4- Atoms and Molecules.pptx
bynextgenhealthtech202
 
PPTX
HOW_TO_GET_OVER_Anger everything about anger biological view
bytobemjma
 
PDF
Periodic Table ( आवर्त सारणी ) Chemistry Notes PDF @irfanullah_mehar @world_o...
byWorld of Wisdom
 
PPTX
Wuchereria Bancrofti Morphology , Pathogenesis , Lab diagnosis , Treatment & ...
byRemya M S
 
PPTX
Different metamorphic textures & identification under microscope Metamorphic ...
byfimeem49
 
PPTX
Sustainable Landscaping with Native Ornamental Plants.pptx
bylalaghasahak4149
 
PPTX
Synthesis of Titanium complexes and characterisation.pdf
bygoykar167
 
Lec 2 (Cell Structure and Function).pptx
byibrahimalbayti96
 
Lac Insect complete _20251002_220741_0000.pptx
byfthmfidha15
 
Class 6 Chapter 7 Temperature and its Measurement.pdf
byarushirana2412
 
Chapter 4 Retrosynthesis_ GUIDELINES.pdf
byjennyzamora1200
 
20_01_2023_labmeetin presentation of light signaling
byristvdw
 
Unit-1 Parsitology, Introduction to Parasitology..pdf
bydemekedaka
 
Metasurfaces.The types of surfaces for effective attraction
byssuser392404
 
VOLCANOES VOLCANOES VOLCANOES VOLCANOESs
byfritzjustinparedes07
 
DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms | Presentation by Sameer Khan
bySAMEERKHANundefined
 
Neuroscience 6th Edition PDF Textbook by Dale Purves
byhifateb609
 
Planning-Laboratory-Work-Precision-in-Practice.pptx
bycvamaya9
 
presentation-modified- final - mode.ppsx
byAhmadEweas
 
Respiratoryyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
byg5pfknkb64
 
_VEDA ACADEMY CLASS VIII ICSE- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 4- Atoms and Molecules.pptx
bynextgenhealthtech202
 
HOW_TO_GET_OVER_Anger everything about anger biological view
bytobemjma
 
Periodic Table ( आवर्त सारणी ) Chemistry Notes PDF @irfanullah_mehar @world_o...
byWorld of Wisdom
 
Wuchereria Bancrofti Morphology , Pathogenesis , Lab diagnosis , Treatment & ...
byRemya M S
 
Different metamorphic textures & identification under microscope Metamorphic ...
byfimeem49
 
Sustainable Landscaping with Native Ornamental Plants.pptx
bylalaghasahak4149
 
Synthesis of Titanium complexes and characterisation.pdf
bygoykar167
 

Orientation, design and principles of polyhouse

  • 1.
  • 2.
    INTRODUCTION • A polyhouseis a specially constructed structure for growing plants under controlled conditions. • The most important function of the greenhouse structure and its covering is the protection of the crop against hostile weather conditions (low and high temperatures, snow, hail, rain and wind), diseases and pests. • It is important to develop greenhouses with a maximum intensity of natural light inside. • The structural parts that can cast shadows in the greenhouse should be minimized.
  • 3.
    WHY WE GOFOR PROTECTED CULTIVATION? • Higher yield • Year round cultivation • Better quality • Off-season production • Assured production • Generate self employment for the educated rural youth in the farm sector • Least pesticide residues • Controlled pollination • Vagaries of weather • Easier plant protection • Weed free cultivation Need of Protected Cultivation
  • 5.
    ORIENTATION OF POLYHOUSE •For maximum availability of Sunlight in greenhouse at latitudes less than 40⁰ in Northern hemisphere the ridge of the greenhouse has to be oriented in North South Direction. • This avoids falling of shades on adjacent greenhouses and moving of the gutter shade across the greenhouse. • However, the wind direction has also to be considered for proper ventilation. • The wind direction perpendicular to ventilator/ridge gives better uniformity of temperature in the greenhouse. • The wind parallel to the ventilators gives better stability to structure and safety of the glazing material. ORIENTATION • Single Span – Any direction •Multispan – North –South Direction Only
  • 6.
    PRINCIPLES OF POLYHOUSE •Under protected structure major fraction of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by plants and earthern objects. These objects inturn emit long wave thermal radiations for which cladding material has low transparency. • Thus, long wave thermal radiations are trapped inside the structure, which raises the inside temperature.This is called GREENHOUSE EFFECT. • Owing to this rise in temperature inside the structure, growing off season crops in cold climate becomes possible. • During summer, temperature inside the structure is brought down by providing cooling device or appropriate ventilation.
  • 7.
    DESIGN OF STRUCTURE Thestructure has to carry the following loads and is to be designed accordingly. a) Dead load: weight of all permanent construction, cladding, heating and cooling equipment, water pipes and all fixed service equipments to the frame. b) Live load: weights superimposed by use (include hanging baskets, shelves and persons working on roof). The greenhouse has to be designed for a maximum of 15 kg per square meter live load. Each member of roof should be capable of supporting 45 kg of concentrated load when applied at its centre. c) Wind load: The structure should be able to withstand winds of 110 kilometer per hour and at least 50 kg per square meter of wind pressure. d) Snow load: These are to be taken as per the average snowfall of the location The greenhouse should be able to take dead load plus live load or dead load plus wind load plus half the live load.
  • 8.
    COMPONENTS OF POLYHOUSE Roof:transparent cover of a greenhouse. Gable: transparent wall of a green house. Cladding material: transparent material mounted on the walls and roof of a green house. Rigid cladding material: cladding material with such a degree of rigidity that any deformation of the structure may result in damage to it. Ex. Glass Flexible cladding material: cladding material with such a degree of flexibility that any deformation of the structure will not result in damage to it. Ex. Plastic film Gutter: collects and drains rain water and snow which is place at an elevated level between two spans. Column: vertical structure member carrying the green house structure Purlin: a member who connects cladding supporting bars to the columns Ridge: highest horizontal section in top of the roof Girder: horizontal structure member, connecting columns on gutter height Bracings: To support the structure against wind Arches: Member supporting covering materials Foundation pipe: Connection between the structure and ground
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
    LEAN-TO GREENHOUSE A lean-togreenhouse shares a wall with a building and relies on the building structure to provide some support for the greenhouse roof Advantages •Useful where space is limited • Least expensive, availability of water and electricity Disadvantages •Temperature control is difficult •Location of windows and doors on the supporting structure must be kept in mind
  • 12.
    RIDGE-AND-FURROW GREENHOUSE • Aridge-and-furrow greenhouse is composed of a number of greenhouses connected along the length of the house. • The shared interior walls reduce energy costs and allow for large interior spaces. • Ridge-and-furrow greenhouses are best oriented north and south to reduce permanent shadows on the crops created by the gutters.
  • 13.
    EVEN-SPAN GREENHOUSE • Aneven-span greenhouse is a single house that has a roof with an even pitch and an even width. • A common even-span greenhouse that uses arching pipes for the framework is called a hoop house. Advantages Provides more usable space and can be lengthened Can accommodate two to three benches for growing crops. Better shape for air circulation Disadvantages Most costly option
  • 14.
    UNEVEN-SPAN GREENHOUSE • Anuneven-span greenhouse has unequal pitches and widths. • Use of this style is limited to hillsides. • Modern greenhouses are built on level ground. Therefore, uneven-span greenhouses are rarely built
  • 15.
    QUONSET GREENHOUSES Quonset greenhousesare also known as hoop houses or polyethylene tunnels, are constructed from pipe either PVC or metal, bent into hoops and draped with polyethylene films.
  • 16.
    SAW-TOOTHED GREENHOUSE • Inthese structures, the roof consists of a series of vertical surfaces separated by a series of sloping surfaces, all of which are pitched at a same angle and facing in the same direction. • These are most efficient for ventilation. These are suitable for multi span structures
  • 17.
    GOTHIC ARCH GREENHOUSE •This style features the walls that are bent over the frame to make a pointed roof.
  • 18.
    GABLE GREENHOUSE • Themost basic structure similar to the hut-like construction with glass or rigid transparent plastic panels as the covering material. • It has sloping, flat roofs connected to vertical sidewalls
  • 19.
    GAMBREL GREENHOUSE • Thesestructures are similar to gable but have high strength to withstand high windloads during storms . • This system is more suitable where wood or bamboo are to be used for greenhouse construction
  • 20.
    BASED ON UTILITY •Classification can be made depending on the functions or utilities. • Of the different utilities, artificial cooling and heating are more expensive and elaborate. • Hence based on this, they are classified in to two types. 1. Greenhouses for active heating. 2. Greenhouses for active cooling.
  • 21.
    GREENHOUSE FOR ACTIVEHEATING • During the night time, air temperature inside greenhouse decreases. • The requirements for heating greenhouse depend on the rate at which the heat is lost to the outside environment. • Various methods are adopted to reduce the heat losses, viz., using 1. Double layer polyethylene, 2. Thermopane glasses (two layers of factory sealed glass with dead air space) or 3. Heating systems, such as unit heaters, central heat, radiant heat and solar heating system
  • 22.
    GREENHOUSE FOR ACTIVECOOLING • During summer season, it is desirable to reduce the temperatures of greenhouse than the ambient temperatures, for effective crop growth. • This type of greenhouse either consists of evaporative cooling pad with fan or fog cooling . • This greenhouse is designed in such a way that it permits a roof opening of 40%-100%
  • 23.
    BASED ON CLADDINGMATERIALS • Polythenes or other transparent material used for walls and roof of a greenhouse for protection as well as transparency, which simulates climatic conditions inside the greenhouse is called cladding material. • Covering materials have direct influence on the greenhouse effect inside the structure and they alter the air temperature inside the house. • The types of frames and method of fixing also varies with the covering material. • Based on the type of covering materials, the greenhouses are classified as: 1. Glass, 2. Plastic Film 3. Rigid Panel Greenhouses
  • 24.
    The following factorsare to be considered while selecting the greenhouse covering material • Light transmission • Weight • Resistant to impact and • Durability to outdoor weathering • Thermal stability over wide range of temperatures.
  • 25.
    GLASS • A clean,transparent provides the maximum light transmittance to 90% . • It is brittle and breaks with minimum shock or vibrations resulting in high maintainance cost. • Glass as covering material has the advantage of greater interior light intensity. • These greenhouses have higher air infiltration rate which leads to lower interior humidity and better disease prevention. • Lean-to type, even span, ridge and furrow type of designs are used for construction of glass greenhouse
  • 26.
    PLASTIC FILM  Flexibleplastic films including polyethylene, polyester and polyvinyl chloride are used as covering material in this type of greenhouses.  Plastics as covering material for greenhouses have become popular, as they are cheap and the cost of heating is less when compared to glass greenhouses.  The main disadvantage with plastic films is its short life  For example, the best quality ultraviolet (UV) stabilized film can last for 4 years only.  Polycarbonate has a life span of 15-20 years. Polycarbonate is better than glass.  Quonset design as well as gutter-connected design is suitable for using this covering material
  • 27.
    RIGID PANEL Poly vinylchloride rigid panels, fibre glass reinforced plastic, acrylic and polycarbonate rigid panels are employed as the covering material. This material is more resistant to breakage and the light intensity is uniform throughout the greenhouse when compared to glass or plastic. High grade panels have long life even up to 20 years. The main disadvantage is that these panels tend to collect dust as well as to harbor algae, which results in darkening of the panels and subsequent reduction in the light transmission
  • 29.
    Covering material Lifespan Glass and acrylic sheet 20 years Polycarbonate and fiberglass- reinforced polyester sheet 5-12 years Polyethylene 2-6 months Polyethylene stabilized for UV rays 2-3 year
  • 30.
    MATERIALS USED FORFRAME The greenhouse frame can be constructed from different types of material. The most common material for greenhouse frameworks are Bamboo, wood, mild steel pipes, galvanized pipe and aluminium. Bamboo and wooden frames • It is constructed for low cost polyhouse which is easy and affordable for the resource of farmers • Pine woods or timbers are used • But it has less life (3-5 years) • It has to be re-build or carry out major repair (changing rotten components) along with change in polythene sheets. Permanent type of frame • It is constructed using metallic material such as GI pipes which are stronger as well as corrosion resistant and has life more than 25 years. • It remains protected against any damage by external forces like wind or snow.
  • 31.
    Aluminium / steelcombination frames • In northern latitudes it is important that the framework be strong enough to withstand heavy snow loads. Aluminum and aluminum/steel-combination frameworks are popular because they are long lasting and considered low maintenance. However, they are more expensive than other frameworks, such as wood, galvanized steel, and angle iron.
  • 32.
    Wooden framed structurePipe framed structure Truss framed structure
  • 33.
    LOW COST POLYHOUSE •It is fabricated mainly using local and low-cost available material like wooden logs or bamboos. The protection of wooden structures from insects and termites is a major challenge. • These structures are small in size and have a short life- span. Since the height of the structure is lesser as compared to those with steel frames, maintaining proper temperatures in summer becomes difficult. • Therefore, they are recommended mostly in cold climatic zones and low wind speed regions. The approximate cost of establishing such greenhouse units ranges between Rs. 450–620 per sq m. BASED ON COST
  • 34.
    MEDIUM COST POLYHOUSE •It is generally fabricated using galvanised iron (GI) square or rectangular or round pipes or lipped channel or their combinations. • The whole structure is firmly fixed in the ground to withstand high speed wind up to 140 km/hr. Such greenhouses are suitable for dry and composite climatic zones. • The normal height of these structures ranges between 6.5–7 m and these are mostly naturally ventilated. The climate inside the structure is regulated by opening and closing of side curtains (which are rolled above permanently fixed insect-proof net on windows). • Thus, air circulation can be regulated. Humidity is maintained through operation of foggers/ misters. Light intensity can be controlled with the use of internal collapsible shading nets. • The approximate cost of establishing such naturally ventilated polyhouse unit ranges between Rs. 900–1000 per sq m depending upon the size of the structure
  • 35.
    HIGH COST POLYHOUSE •For the production of sensitive, off-season, exotic or quality crops, sometimes medium-cost greenhouses cannot deliver the requisite quality. Therefore, high- cost greenhouse structures, which can precisely regulate climatic and nutritional needs of the plants, are required. • The greenhouse climate parameters are regulated through passive cooling by operating fan and pad systems and sensor-based controlled systems. • The approximate cost of establishing such greenhouse units ranges between Rs.1500– 2500 per sq m depending upon the size of the structure
  • 36.
    Satish kumar, alokkumar, sardar sunil singh, rajkishore prasad and RB verma. Effect of plastic low tunnel on flowering and fruiting behaviour during off season of summer squash. J pharmacogn phytochem 2018;7(4S):72-75. MATERIALS AND METHODS • The field experiment was conducted in winter season during 2009-10 & 2010-11 at vegetable research farm of the Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar. • The experiment was conducted in randomized block design in three replications with seven treatments. The treatments comprised the seven dates of sowings i.e., 30th November under open field, 15th December under open field, 30th December under tunnel, 15th January under tunnel, 30th January under tunnel, 15th February under open field and 28th February under open field. • Summer Squash – Australian Green • For making plastic low tunnel, 60 cm width, 50 cm high and 50 micron transparent plastic were used, immature bamboo stick were pegged on the both sides of water channel. The tunnels were made in north-south direction and vents were made in tunnel on east side. • Plastic of the tunnel was removed from the bed in the 2nd week of February in each year. • The data were recorded on vine length (cm), primary branches, first female flower appearance, first picking, fruit length (cm), fruit girth (cm) and fruits per plant. • Seedlings were raised by sowing seeds in plastic protrays which were filled with growing media prepared by mixing coco peat: vermiculite: perlite in the ratio of 3:1:1 (V/V). Seedlings were ready in about 20-25days. • Vine length was measured from the base of each plant to the growing point of a main vine.Primary branches per plant are the total number of fruiting branches emerging from the main stem was counted at the time of last picking. The fruits selected for recording fruit length were used for measuring fruit diameter in centimetres at middle periphery of fruits with
  • 37.
  • 38.
    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION– Flower Attributing Parameters •Days taken to first female flower appearance and first harvest were significantly influenced by the sowing date and growing conditions. •Minimum number of days taken to first female flower and first harvest was observed when the sowing was done on 30th December under low tunnel (T3) over other date of sowing under low tunnel. •Early flowering force to early fruiting. •Data related to first flowering and first harvest of fruits was due to air temperature inside the tunnels was always recorded higher as compared to outside. •The maximum temperature different of about 10 oC between inside and outside. •The favourable effect of low tunnel on flowering and harvesting might be due to the conducive microclimate condition through which crop had reached to early flowering and fruiting by increasing the temperature at that time. • Ogden and van Iersel (2009)have also indicated that low tunnels modify climatic conditions, promoting earlier flowering and fruit ripening as well as fruit precocity production. •Obshato and Shabalina (1984) opined that the time of fruiting was related to early temperature condition which favour to low tunnel structure. • In similar study conducted by Ibarra et al. 2001 observed that muskmelon crop grown under plastic cover flowered 24 days earlier than uncovered plants.
  • 39.
    • Maximum fruitlength, fruit girth, fruit weight, yield per plant, fruit per plant and yield per hectare were found when the sowing was done on 30th December under low tunnel (T3) over other date of sowing under low tunnel. • It might be due to better growth and development of all yield contributing parameters under low tunnel which increases the net photosynthesis and production of more assimilates available for individual to grow. • Singh and Kumar (2009) found that out of the five varieties of summer squash evaluated for their off season cultivation under plastic low tunnel during winter period, variety Australian Green took minimum days (58) to fist harvest after transplanting along with maximum fruit yield per plastic (5.90kg/plant) and highest total fruit yield (696.0q/ha),Similar results were also given by Singh el al (1989) . • Vegetative growth was greatest in plants in the tunnel where the the thermal condition were best early and total marketable yield were highest under the poly tunnel (Siwek and Capecka1999). • It is important to note that no significant differences were observed in fruit weight in both condition i.e., grown in tunnels and in open field. • Net income and cost benefit ratio was maximum when sowing the crop on 30th December under tunnel. This might be due to high market value in off-season RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – Fruit Attributing Parameters
  • 40.
    • An experimentwas conducted to assess the effect of different planting time, viz. 15 August, 1 September and 15 September and NPK fertilizer doses, viz. @15:7:16, 20:12:21, 25:17:26 and 30:22:31 kg/ 1000 sq m on bitter gourd (var.Pusa Rasdar) with the help of hand cum honey bees pollination under protected condition. • The results revealed that the yield attributing traits and fruit nutrients accumulation were significantly influenced by different planting time and level of NPK nutrients. • Among dates of planting, 15 August exhibited significant higher values for number of fruits/plant (8.57), fruit diameter (5.96 cm), fruit weight (210.60 g), yield/plant (1.81kg), yield/1000 sqm (72.55 q), accumulation of nitrogen (155.09 mg/100 g), phosphorus (36.58 mg/100 g), potassium (329.17 mg/100 g) , besides accumulation of calcium (14.92 mg/100 g), iron (0.26 mg/100 g) and zinc (0.58 mg/100 g) were found more by content but showing no significant difference statistically in fruits over different planting times. • On other hand by the higher dose of NPK @30:22:31 kg/1000 sq m results were found statistically significantly higher values for fruit weight (224.05 g), yield/plant (1.88kg), yield/1000 sq m (75.34 q), nitrogen (231.14 mg/100 g), phosphorus (39.33 mg/100 g), potassium (343.56 mg/100 g), calcium (19.33 mg/100 g), iron (0.31 mg/100 g), but zinc (0.59 mg/100 g) content was found more but sown statistically non significant deference as compared to lower dose of fertilizers. Among the interactions, 15 August planting with NPK dose @ 30:22:31 kg/1000 sq m resulted in significant effects on better yield and its attributes. • However, accumulation of nutrients, viz. N, P, K, Ca, Fe and Zn, though recorded higher in this variety of bitter gourd but statistically showed a non-significant difference. • The result indicated that the crop sown on 15 August with higher dose of NPK (30:22:31 kg/1000 sq m) deserves being the most promising treatment for bitter gourd cultivation under polyhouse cum protected condition.
  • 42.