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![ Installation Fails
Server crashes
Service(s) not running
Read LOGS! /var/log/messages
Restart in single user mode [init S]
Check file system for errors
8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 22
Troubleshooting](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/linuxintro-03-150317202429-conversion-gate01/75/Linux-introduction-Class-03-22-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byAdrian Mikeliunas
Linux introduction Class 03
This document provides an overview of Linux GUI and command line tools. It discusses X Window System and display managers that control graphical login. It also describes desktop environments like KDE and GNOME that provide additional functionality to the GUI. The document outlines basic shell commands for listing files, accessing terminals, writing shell scripts, and getting command help. It concludes with a summary of topics including basic system administration tasks like installation, updates, user maintenance and troubleshooting.
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Linux introduction Class 03
- 1. ACE Course CT01558 LinuxIntroduction Linux GUI & Command Tools
- 2. X, DM,KDE and GNOME Other X Graphical User Interfaces Command Line Tools Shells, bash options, shell scripts Basic administration Linux#3 - Commands 2 Agenda 8/29/2013
- 3. X11, or“X Window System” is the a distributed client/server software as well as protocol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_server Display Manager Controls WHO logs into display If GUI crashes, it restarts itself again! In most distributions, you can’t login as root to DM Each GUI has its version: KDM, GDM, MDM, … 8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 3 X & Display Managers
- 4. Controls theplacement & appearance of application windows (frames, titles, icons) Metacity in GNOME KWin in KDE Xfwm in Xfce 8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 4 Window Managers
- 5. Provide additionalfunctionality to GUI with: Control panel cut & paste trash can file manager multimedia tools, music & wallpapers! notepad, calendar, calculator shared libraries for those programs 8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 5 Desktop Environments (DE)
- 6. Most PopularDesktop Environments are: KDE http://kde.org/ GNOME http://www.gnome.org/ Xfce http://xfce.org/ Much more exist! Common Desktop Environment (CDE) 8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 6 Linux Desktop Environments
- 7. 7 Basic Linux Usage Accessinga terminal in a GUI environment
- 8. Graphical interface Start GUI environment on top of BASH shell Or, switch to a graphical terminal e.g., GNOME Display Manager (gdm) Graphical Interface
- 9. Shells, Terminals, andthe Kernel From the local server, use key combinations to change to separate terminal Command-line terminal may be accessed from GUI environment Command line prompt: Root user: # Regular user: $
- 10. Commands: indicatename of program to execute Case sensitive Options: specific letters starting with “-” appearing after command name Alter way command works Arguments: specify a command’s specific working parameters Basic Shell Commands
- 11. ls command:List the files in a directory May pass an argument indicating the directory to be listed –F option: Argument to indicate file types –l option: Argument to list long file listings Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3ed 11 Listing Files
- 12. Basic Shell Commands(continued) Some common Linux commands
- 13. Shell Metacharacters Metacharacters:characters with a special meaning e.g., $ Refers to a variable Avoid use of metacharacters when typing commands unless using their special functionality Single quotation marks ‘ ’ protect metacharacters from being interpreted specially by the shell
- 14. A shellscript is a script written for the shell Operations: backups, file manipulation, program execution, and printing text A script needs to be “flagged” as an executable “x” with the chmod command If you are running a script from current directory it needs to be preceded by “./” Shell Scripts
- 15. Getting Command Help Manual (man) pages: most common form of documentation for Linux commands type “man” followed by command name contains different sections Searchable by keyword Info pages: set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentation type “info” followed by a command name
- 16. Start/Stop/Reboot Server Backup critical or User files Install NEW software or services Update EXISTING software Add/Remove users Troubleshoot 8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 16 Basic Administration
- 17. Linux#3 - Commands17 System Stop or Reboot To reboot: shutdown –r reboot init 6 To halt: shutdown –s halt init 0 You must be administrator! 8/29/2013
- 18. Adds functionality to yoursystem, example: install LibreOffice or MySQL From Command line mode: sudo apt-get mysql 8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 18 Install Software
- 19. Keeps your systemsafe and bug-free From Command line mode: sudo apt-get update 8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 19 Update Software
- 20. Linux#3 - Commands20 Monitoring & Process Control top – displays top processes uptime + ps = w ps ax – list of all running processes nice PID priority – changes priority level Default priority is 10, it can be changed from -20 (highest priority) to 19 (lowest) kill –signal PID killall process 8/29/2013
- 21. useradd <username> passwd <username> //changes password for a user userdel <username> 8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 21 User Maintenance
- 22. Installation Fails Server crashes Service(s) not running Read LOGS! /var/log/messages Restart in single user mode [init S] Check file system for errors 8/29/2013Linux#3 - Commands 22 Troubleshooting
- 23. KDE andGNOME Other X Graphical User Interfaces Command Line Tools Shells, bash options, shell scripts Basic administration Linux#3 - Commands 23 Summary 8/29/2013
- 24.