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Lesson-1-C-Overview-and-Flowchart.pdffff
- 1. LESSON 1 P RO G R A M M I N G
- 2. C++ C++ is across-platform language that can be used to create high-performance applications. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C language. C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory. C++ is a general-purpose programming language that was developed as an enhancement of the C language to include object-oriented paradigm. It is an imperative and a compiled language.
- 3. OVERVIEW C++ is oneof the world's most popular programming languages. C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and embedded systems. C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs. C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple platforms. As C++ is close to C, C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C++ or vice versa.
- 4. ADVANTAGES Performance: It isa compiled language, which means that its code is compiled into machine-readable code, making it one of the fastest programming languages. Object-Oriented Programming: C++ supports object-oriented programming, which makes it easier to write and maintain large, complex applications. Standard Template Library (STL): The STL provides a wide range of algorithms and data structures for working with data, making it easier to write efficient and effective code.
- 5. ADVANTAGES Machine Independent: C++is not tied to any hardware or processor. If the compiler compiles the program in the system, it will be able to run no matter what the hardware is. Large Community: C++ has a large, active community of developers and users, providing a wealth of resources and support for learning and using the language.
- 6. DISADVANTAGES Steep Learning Curve:C++ can be challenging to learn, especially for beginners, due to its complexity and the number of concepts that need to be understood. Verbose Syntax: C++ has a verbose syntax, which can make code longer and more difficult to read and maintain. Error-Prone: C++ provides low-level access to system resources, which can lead to subtle errors that are difficult to detect and fix.
- 7. FLOWCHART Flowchart is agraphical representation of an algorithm. Programmers often use it as a program-planning tool to solve a problem. It makes use of symbols which are connected among them to indicate the flow of information and processing. The process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm is known as “flowcharting”.
- 8. RULES IN CREATINGA FLOWCHART: A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. It should follow some rules while creating a flowchart. Rule 1: Flowchart opening statement must be ‘start’ keyword. Rule 2: Flowchart ending statement must be ‘end’ keyword. Rule 3: All symbols in the flowchart must be connected with an arrow line. Rule 4: The decision symbol in the flowchart is associated with the arrow line.
- 9. Basic Symbols used inFlowchart Designs:
- 10. Basic Symbols usedin Flowchart Designs: TERMINAL Terminal: The oval symbol indicates Start, Stop and Halt in a program’s logic flow. The oval shape, also known as the terminal symbol, is as an elongated circle or an ellipse. A pause/halt is generally used in a program logic under some error conditions. Terminal is the first and last symbols in the flowchart.
- 11. Basic Symbols usedin Flowchart Designs: INPUT/OUTPUT Input/Output: A parallelogram denotes any function of input/output type. Program instructions that take input from input devices and display output on output devices are indicated with parallelogram in a flowchart. A parallelogram in flowchart represents both input and output processes within a system.This means it marks the point in a process where a user has to enter data into a system, such as an online shopper entering their name, address, and payment details, into the system.
- 12. Basic Symbols usedin Flowchart Designs: PROCESSING Processing: A rectangle is used to highlight each specific task or action within a process. Also known as the process symbol, the rectangle is fundamental to mapping out the sequence of actions or operations that take place from the start to the end of a process. A rectangle represents arithmetic instructions. All arithmetic processes such as adding, subtracting, multiplication and division are indicated by action or process symbol.
- 13. Basic Symbols usedin Flowchart Designs: DECISION Decision: A diamond or a rhombus highlights a decision point in a flowchart and hence is also known as the decision symbol. Decision based operations such as yes/no question or true/false are indicated by diamond in flowchart.
- 14. Basic Symbols usedin Flowchart Designs: FLOW LINES Flow Lines: Flow lines indicate the exact sequence in which instructions are executed. Arrows represent the direction of flow of control and relationship among different symbols of flowchart. An arrow usually connects two rectangles, parallelograms or diamond symbols to highlight a sequence flow between the two. The sole purpose of arrows is to provide visual direction to your flowchart.
- 15. Basic Symbols usedin Flowchart Designs: CONNECTORS Connectors: Whenever flowchart becomes complex or it spreads over more than one page, it is useful to use connectors to avoid any confusions. It is represented by a circle. This shape connects two or more separate paths within a flowchart without the need for long, intersecting lines that can make the flowchart difficult to follow.
- 16. Example: The userwants to display “Hello World” TERMINAL FLOW LINE INPUT/OUTPUT FLOW LINE TERMINAL
- 17. Example: Add twonumbers entered by the user.
- 18. Example: Find thelargest among three different numbers entered by the user.
- 19. Example of aflowchart to display 1 to 10 numbers is as follows:
- 20.
- 21. ACTIVITY: Create aflowchart and write their respective algorithms. Draw a flowchart to log in to facebook account Print “Hello World” 15 times. Find the sum of 10 numbers. Add 30 and 50.