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tenses

The document outlines various English tenses and their usage including the present simple, present continuous, present perfect, and present perfect continuous tenses. For each tense, it provides the rules, structure, examples of positive sentences, negative sentences, and interrogative sentences. It also gives additional examples and explanations of how to use each tense properly in the context of a sentence.

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 ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEARN AND TEACH
PART OF SPEECH NOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE VERB ADVERB PROPOSITION CONJECTION INTERJECTION UNIT 1
TENSES PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE FUTURE TENSE UNIT 2
PRESENT TENSE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE UNIT 3
PAST TENSE PAST INDIFINATE TENSE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE UNIT 4
FUTURE TENSE FUTURE INDIFINATE TENSE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE UNIT 5
PART OF SPEECH • NOUN A word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things (common noun), or to name a particular one of. • PRONOUN A word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse. UNIT 1
PART OF SPEECH • ADJECTIVE A word or phrase naming an attribute, added to or grammatically related to a noun to modify or describe it. • VERB A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence. UNIT 1
PART OF SPEECH • ADVERB A word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a phrase, expressing a relation of place, time. • PREPOSITION • A word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in... UNIT 1
PART OF SPEECH • CONJECTION  A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence. INTERJECTION  "Interjection" is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. UNIT 1
PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE • It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. It is used to express an action in present time which is usually done on a regular basis. For example a student says, “I go to school”. It is a daily activity of a student to go to school, so such actions are expressed by present simple tense. Another example is, “I work in a factory”. It tells about a usual action of a person that he works in a factory on regular basis. Rules. 1st form of verb or base verb is used as main verb in sentence.
PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE • Structure of sentence – • Rules • Subject + Main verb + Object • Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object  Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” then “s” or “es” is added to the first form of verb or base form in the sentence. Examples. I write a letter. He gets up early in the morning. Sun rises in east.
PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE • Negative Sentences • Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object • Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb • (or base form) + object • Examples. • I do not write a letter. • He does not get up early in the morning. • Sun does not rise in east.
PRESEN SIMPLETENSE • Note: In negative sentence auxiliary verb “do or does” along with “not” is used. If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun”, then “Does not” is used after subject in sentence. If subject is “I, we, they, you or plural” then “Do not” is used after subject in sentence. “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in negative sentence • Interrogative Sentence • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Object • Do/Does + Subject + 1st for of verb (or base verb) + Object
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE • Examples. • Do I write a letter? • Does he get up early in the morning? • Does sun rise in east? Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” the sentence is started with Auxiliary verb “Does”. If the subject in a sentence is “I, we, they, you or plural” the sentence is started with auxiliary verb “Do”. “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in Interrogative sentence
PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE • More Examples • Positive Sentences • I sing a song. • He drinks water • They read lessons • Birds chirp • John reaches home in time. • Water maintains its surface level.
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE • Negative Sentences • I do not sing a song • He does not drink water • They do not read lessons • Birds do not chirp • John does not reach home in time. • Water does not maintain its surface level.
PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE • Interrogative Sentences • Do I sing a song? • Does he drink water? • Do they read lessons? • Do birds chirp? • Does John reach home in time? • Does water maintain its surface level?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE • It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. For example, a person says, “I am writing a letter”. It means that he is in the process of writing a letter right now. Such actions which are happening at time of speaking are expressed by present continuous tense. Present Continuous tense is also called Present progressive tense. • Rules. Auxiliary verb “am or is or are” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Structure of sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object • Subject + am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object • If the subject is “I” then auxiliary verb “am” is used after subject in sentence. • If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “is” is used after subject in sentence.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE • If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “are” is used after subject in sentence. • The participle “ing” is added to the 1st form of verb i.e. going (go) writing (write) • Examples • I am playing cricket. • He is driving a car • They are reading their lessons.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Negative Sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object • Subject + am/is/are + not + (1st form of verb + ing) + object Rules for using auxiliary verbs (am or is or are) after subject in negative sentences are same as mentioned above. • Examples. • I am not playing cricket. • He is not driving a car • They are not reading their lessons.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Interrogative Sentences • Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object • Am/is/are + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object • Examples. • Am I playing cricket? • Is he driving a car? • Are they reading their lessons
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE • More Examples • Positive Sentences • I am listening to the news • You are washing your clothes • She is riding on horse • They are playing football. • It is raining
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative Sentence • I am not listening to the news. • You are not washing your clothes. • She is not riding on a horse. • They are not playing football. • It is not raining. • Interrogative Sentences • Am I listening to the news? • Are you washing your clothes? • Is she riding on a horse? • Are they playing football? • Is it raining?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE • It is used to expressed an action which happened or completed in past but usually the action which happened or completed at a short time before now (near past) not a very long time before now. Specific time such as two years ago, last week or that day is usually not used in the sentences of in this tense. It means that this tense expresses the action whose time when it happened, is not exactly specified but it sounds to refer to some action that happened or completed in near past. • Rules: Auxiliary verb “has or have” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE • Structure of Sentence • Positive Sentence • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + Subject • Subject + has/have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject • If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “has” is used after subject in sentence. • If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “have” is used after subject in sentence.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE • Examples • I have eaten meal • She has learnt a lesson • Negative Sentence • Subject + Auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + Subject • Subject + has/have + NOT + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject • Rules for using auxiliary verb “has or have” in negative sentence are same as mentioned above.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE • Examples • I have not eaten meal. • She has not learnt a lesson. Interrogative Sentences • Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb (past participle) + Subject • Has/have + Subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “has”. If subject is “You, They or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “have”.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE • Examples • Have I eaten meal? • Has she learnt a lesson? More Examples. Positive Sentences • They have gone to school. • They have bought a new car. • I have started a job • It has rained. • The guests have arrived • John has left for home. • You have told a lie.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE • Negative Sentences • They have not gone to school. • They have not bought a new car. • I have not started a job • It has not rained. • The guests have not arrived. • John has not left for home. • You have not told a lie.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE • Negative Sentences • Have they gone to school? • Have they bought a new car? • Have I started a job? • Has it rained? • Have the guests arrived? • Has John left for home? • Have you told a lie?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and is continued until now. There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours etc” from which the action has been started. A sense of time reference is found in these sentences which gives an idea that action has been continued from some time in past till now. Such time reference or sense of time reference is the identity of Present perfect continuous tense because it tells that action has started from a particular time in past. For example, “He has been reading in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he has started his education in this school in 2005 and he is studying in this school till now.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference then it is not Present perfect continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it started in past and it seems just an ongoing action at present time which resembles “present Continuous tense. So the reference of time differentiates between Present perfect continuous tense and Present continuous tense.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Rules: An auxiliary verb “has been or have been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence. Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not exactly known because we don’t know that about which three hours a day is told in sentence or about which 5 days in a month is told in sentence. While the 1995 is exactly known time. •
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Structure of sentence. • Positive Sentence. • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + has been/have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference • If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “has been” is used after subject in sentence. • If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “have been” is used after subject in sentence.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Examples. • He has been watering the plants for two hours. • I have been studying since 3 O’clock Negative Sentence. • Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + has not been/have not been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • To make negative sentence, the word “not” is written between the auxiliary verbs, so it becomes like “has not been or have not been”. The rule for using auxiliary verb “has been or have been” in negative sentences is as same as mentioned above. • Examples. • He has not been watering the plants for two hours. • I have not been studying since 3 O’clock. •
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Interrogative Sentence. • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference • Has/have + Subject + been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “has” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after subject • If subject is “You, They or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “have” and “been” is used after subject
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Examples. • Has he been watering the plants for two hours? • Have I been studying since 3 O’clock? • More examples. • Positive sentences • It has been raining for three days. • I have been living in America since 2003. • He has been playing cricket for two hours. • They have been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She has been working in this office since 2007.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative sentences • It has not been raining for three days. • I have not been living in America since 2003. • He has not been playing cricket for two hours. • They have not been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She has not been working in this office since 2007.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Positive sentences • Has it been raining for three days? • Have I been living in America since 2003? • Has he been playing cricket for two hours. • Have they been watching television since 6 O’clock? • Has she been working in this office since 2007?
• It is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little time ago. For example, a person says, “I watched a movie”, it means the speaker of this sentence watched a movie a little time ago or little time ago in the same day. PAST SIMPLE TENSE
PAST SIMPLE TENSE • Rules:2nd form of verb (past simple) is used as main verb in the positive sentences and base form is used in negative and interrogative sentences. • Structure of sentences • Positive Sentence • Subject + main verb (past simple) + object • Subject + 2nd form of verb (past simple) + object • Examples • I killed a snake • He ate a mango.
PAST SIMPLE TENSE • Negative sentences • Subject + (auxiliary verb + not) main verb (base form) + object • Subject + did not + 1st form of verb or base form + object In negative sentence “did not” is written and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb). Examples. • I did not kill a snake • He did not eat a mango
PAST SIMPLE TENSE • Interrogative sentences • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (base verb) + object • Did + subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + object • Interrogative sentence starts with “did” and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb). • Examples • Did I kill a snake? • Did he eat a mango
PAST SIMPLE TENSE • More Examples • Negative sentences • He gave me a gift • They went to cinema. • She wrote a letter to him. • I made a table. • You answered correctly. • Negative sentences • He did not give me a gift • They did not go to cinema. • She did not write a letter to him. • I did not make a table. • You did not answer correctly.
PAST SIMPLE TENSE • Interrogative sentences • Did he give me a gift? • Did they go to cinema? • Did she write a letter to him? • Did I make a table? • Did you answer correctly?
PAST SIMPLE TENSE • More Examples. • Positive Sentences • They have gone to school. • They have bought a new car. • I have started a job • It has rained. • The guests have arrived • John has left for home. • You have told a lie.
PAST SIMPLE TENSE • Negative Sentences • They have not gone to school. • They have not bought a new car. • I have not started a job • It has not rained. • The guests have not arrived. • John has not left for home. • You have not told a lie.
PAST SIMPLE TENSE • Negative Sentences • Have they gone to school? • Have they bought a new car? • Have I started a job? • Has it rained? • Have the guests arrived? • Has John left for home? • Have you told a lie?
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE • It is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action which occurred in past and completed at some point in past. It expresses an ongoing nature of an action in past. For example, “he was laughing.” This sentence shows ongoing action (laughing) of a person which occurred in past. Past continuous tense is also called past progressive. • Rules: Auxiliary verb “was or were” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Structure of sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + Main Verb (present participle) + object Subject + was/were + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then auxiliary verb “was” is used. If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then auxiliary verb “were” is used. Examples. She was crying yesterday. They were climbing on a hill.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative sentences • Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + Main verb (present participle) + object • • Subject + was/were + NOT + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object • Rules for using auxiliary verb after subject are same as mentioned above. • Examples. • She was not crying yesterday. • They were not climbing on a hill.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE • Interrogative sentences • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb (present participle) + object • Was/were + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object • The interrogative sentence starts with the auxiliary verb. If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “was”. If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “were”. • Examples. • Was she crying yesterday? • Were they climbing on a hill?
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE • More Examples • Positive sentences • They were laughing at the joker. • He was taking exam last month • You waiting for him yesterday • She was working in a factory. • It was raining yesterday.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative sentences • They were not laughing at the joker. • He was not taking exam last month • You were not waiting for him yesterday • She was not working in a factory. • It was not raining yesterday.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE • Interrogative sentences • Were they laughing at the joker? • Was he taking exam last month? • Were you waiting for him yesterday? • Was she working in a factory? • Was it raining yesterday?
PAST PERFECT TENSE • it is used to express an action which has occurred in past (usually, a long time ago) and action which has occurred in past before another action in past. For example, • I had lived in America. (The sense of time in this sentence refers to a completed action in past and especially a long time ago) • The students had gone before the teacher came. (The first part of sentence “The student has gone” is sentence of past perfect tense, it says about an action which occurred before another action in past which is “the teacher came”. The second part “the teacher came” is sentence of past simple tense. So such a sentence which express an action in past before another action in past comprises two parts where the first part of sentence is past perfect tense)
PAST PERFECT TENSE • Rules. Auxiliary verb “had” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is used as main verb in sentence • Structure of sentence. • Positive sentence • • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object • • Subject + had + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Examples. • He had taken the exam last year • A thief had stolen my watch.
PAST PERFECT TENSE • Negative sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + object • Subject + had + not + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • “Not” is written after auxiliary verb in negative sentence. • Examples. • He had not taken the exam last year • A thief had not stolen my watch.
PAST PERFECT TENSE • Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle) + object • Had + subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” • Examples. • Had he taken the exam last year • Had a thief stolen my watch?
PAST PERFECT TENSE • More Examples • Positive sentences • They had visited a doctor. • He had slept. • I had finished my work last year. • It had rained heavily last month. • The film had started before we reached cinem
PAST PERFECT TENSE • Negative sentences • They had not visited a doctor. • He had not slept. • I had not finished my work last year. • It had not rained heavily last month. • The film had not started before we reached cinema.
PAST PERFECT TENSE • Interrogative sentences • Had they visited a doctor? • Had he slept? • Had I finished my work last year? • Had it rained heavily last month? • Had the film started before we reached cinema.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • t is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and continued until sometime in past. (Remember, an ongoing action in past which continued till some time in past) There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours etc” from which the action had started. A sense of time reference is found in these sentences which shows that action had started in past and continued till some time in past. Such time reference or sense of reference is the identity of Present perfect continuous tense because it tells that action has started from a particular time in past or for some time period. For example, “He had been studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he had started his education in this school in 2005 and he studied in this school till sometime in past.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference, then it is not Past perfect continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it started in past or continued for some time period, so it seems just an ongoing action in past which resembles “past Continuous tense”. So the reference of time differentiates between Past perfect continuous tense and past continuous tense.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Rules: An auxiliary verb “had been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence. Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not exactly known because we don’t know that about which three hours a day is told in sentence or about which 5 days in a month is told in sentence. While the 1995 is exactly known time.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Structure of sentence. • Positive Sentence. • • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference • • Subject + had been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference • Examples. • I had been waiting for him for one hour. • She had been playing chess since 7 O’clock. •
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative Sentence. • Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + had not been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference • To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “had not been”. • Examples. • I had not been waiting for him for one hour. • She had not been playing chess since 7 O’clock.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Interrogative Sentence. • Auxiliary verb+ Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference • • Had + Subject + been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after subject in sentence. • Examples. • Had I been waiting for him for one hour? • Had she been playing chess 7 O’clock?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • More examples. • Positive sentences • I had been living in America since 2003. • He had been playing cricket for two hours. • They had been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She had been working in this office since 2007. • It had been raining for three days.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative sentences • I had not been living in America since 2003. • He had not been playing cricket for two hours. • They had not been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She had not been working in this office since 2007. • It had not been raining for three days
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Positive sentences • Had I been living in America since 2003? • Had he been playing cricket for two hours. • Had they been watching television since 6 O’clock? • Had she been working in this office since 2007? • Had it been raining for three days?
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE • It is used to express an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future. For example, “I will go to zoo tomorrow”, in this sentence the person intend for tomorrow’s visit to zoo. In short, these sentences express actions which will be done in future. • Rules. Auxiliary verb “will” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base form is used as main verb in sentence.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE • Structure of sentence • Positive sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object • Subject + will + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object • Examples. • I will buy a computer tomorrow. • They will come here.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE • Negative sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb+ not + main verb (present participle) + object • Subject + will +not + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object • • To make negative sentence “not” is written after auxiliary verb in sentence. • Examples. • I will not buy a computer tomorrow. • They will not come here. •
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE • Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (present participle) + object • • Will + subject + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” • Examples. • Will I buy a computer tomorrow? • Will they come here?
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE • More Examples • Positive sentences • He will start a business. • She will send me a letter. • I will give you a pen tomorrow • Students will take exams at the end of semester. • They will buy a new car. • The Pattern of exam will change next year.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE • Negative sentences • He will not start a business. • She will not send me a letter. • I will not give you a pen tomorrow • Students will not take exams at the end of semester. • They will not buy a new car. • The pattern of exam will not change next year.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE • interrogative sentences • Will he start a business? • Will she send me a letter? • Will I give you a pen tomorrow? • Will students take exams at the end of semester? • Will they buy a new car? • Will the Pattern of exam change next year?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE • It is used to express a continued or an ongoing action in future. For example, “I will be waiting for you tomorrow”, it conveys ongoing nature of an action (waiting) which will occur in future. Rules. Auxiliary verb “will be” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE • Structure of sentence • Positive sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object • Subject + will be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object • Examples. • I will be waiting for you. • You will be feeling well tomorrow.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative sentence • Subject + not between auxiliary verbs+ not + main verb (present participle) + object • Subject + will not be + 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object • To make negative sentence “not” is written between auxiliary verbs “will and be” in sentence. • Examples. • I will not be waiting for you. • You will not be feeling well tomorrow.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE • Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object • Will + subject + be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “be” comes after subject in interrogative sentence • Examples. • Will I be waiting for you? • Will you be feeling well tomorrow?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE • More Examples • Positive sentences • We will be shifting to a new home next year. • He will be flying a kite. • It will be raining tomorrow. • She will be enjoying her vacations. • He will be expecting honesty from his employees. • She will be delivering a speech to people.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative sentences • We will not be shifting to a new home next year. • He will not be flying a kite. • It will not be raining tomorrow. • She will not be enjoying her vacations. • He will not be expecting honesty from his employees. • She will not be delivering a speech to people.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE • Interrogative sentence • Will we be shifting to a new home next year? • Will he be flying a kite? • Will it be raining tomorrow? • Will she be enjoying her vacations? • Will he be expecting honesty from his employees? • Will she be delivering a speech to people?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE • It is used to express an action which will occur in future and is thought to be completed in future. It expresses a sense of completion of an action which will occur in future. For example, “John will have gone tomorrow”. It shows a sense of completion of an action (go) which will occur in future (tomorrow). Rules. Auxiliary verb “will have” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb or past participle form of verb is used as main verb in sentence.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE • Structure of sentence • Positive sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object • Subject + will have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Examples • She will have finished the work by Wednesday. • I will have left for home by the time he gets up. • You will have started a job.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE • Negative sentence • Subject + Not between auxiliary verbs + main verb (past participle) + object • Subject + will not have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Examples • She will have finished the work by Wednesday. • I will have left for home by the time he gets up. • You will not have started a job.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE • Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object • Will + Subject +have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Examples • Will she have finished the work by Wednesday? • Will I have left for home by the time he gets up? • Will you have started a job?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE • More Examples • Positive sentences • He will have finished his work. • You will have made a new chair. • She will have decorated her home. • I will have bought a computer. • They will have shifted to a new home. • Students will have passed the examination.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE • Negative sentences • He will not have finished his work. • You will not have made a new chair. • She will not have decorated her home. • I will not have bought a computer. • They will not have shifted to a new home. • Students will not have passed the examination.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE • Interrogative sentences • Will he have finished his work? • Will you have made a new chair? • Will she have decorated her home? • Will I have bought a computer? • Will they have shifted to a new home? • Will students have passed the examination? •
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that will start in future and is thought to be continued till sometime in future. (Remember, an ongoing action in future which will continue till some time in future). There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours” from which the action will start in future and will continue. A sense of time reference is found which gives an idea that action will start at some time in future and will continue for some time. Such time reference or sense of time reference is the identity of Future perfect continuous tense because it tells that action will start at a particular time in future. For example, “He will have been studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he will start studying in this school in 2005 and will study in this school till sometime in future
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference then it is not future perfect continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it will start in future and it seems just an ongoing action in future which resembles “future Continuous tense. So the reference of time differentiates between Future perfect continuous tense between future continuous tense.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Rules: An auxiliary verb “will have been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence. Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not exactly known because we don’t know that about which three hours a day is told in sentence or about which 5 days in a month is told in sentence. While the 1995 is exactly know time.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Structure of sentence. • Positive Sentence. • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + will have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference • Examples. • I will have been waiting for him for one hour. • She will have been playing football since 20
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative Sentence. • Subject +”Not” inside Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + will not have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + Time reference • To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “will not have been”. • Examples. • I will not have been waiting for him for one hour. • She will not have been playing football since 2015.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Interrogative Sentence. • Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference • Will + Subject + have been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “have been” is used after subject in sentence. • Examples. • Will I have been waiting for him for one hour? • Will she have been playing football since 2015?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • More examples. • Positive sentences • I will have been living in America since 2003. • He will have been playing cricket for two hours. • They will have been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She will been working in this office since 2007. • It will have been raining for three days.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Negative sentences • I will not have been living in America since 2003. • He will not have been playing cricket for two hours. • They will not have been watching television since 6 O’clock? • She will have been working in this office since 2007. • It will not have been raining for three days.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE • Positive sentences • Will I have been living in America since 2003? • Will he have been playing cricket for two hours. • Will they have been watching television since 6 O’clock? • Will she have been working in this office since 2007? • Will it have been raining for three days

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tenses

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    PRESENT TENSE PRESENT SIMPLETENSE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE UNIT 3
  • 5.
    PAST TENSE PAST INDIFINATETENSE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE UNIT 4
  • 6.
    FUTURE TENSE FUTURE INDIFINATETENSE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE UNIT 5
  • 7.
    PART OF SPEECH •NOUN A word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things (common noun), or to name a particular one of. • PRONOUN A word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse. UNIT 1
  • 8.
    PART OF SPEECH •ADJECTIVE A word or phrase naming an attribute, added to or grammatically related to a noun to modify or describe it. • VERB A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence. UNIT 1
  • 9.
    PART OF SPEECH •ADVERB A word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a phrase, expressing a relation of place, time. • PREPOSITION • A word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in... UNIT 1
  • 10.
    PART OF SPEECH •CONJECTION  A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence. INTERJECTION  "Interjection" is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. UNIT 1
  • 11.
    PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE •It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. It is used to express an action in present time which is usually done on a regular basis. For example a student says, “I go to school”. It is a daily activity of a student to go to school, so such actions are expressed by present simple tense. Another example is, “I work in a factory”. It tells about a usual action of a person that he works in a factory on regular basis. Rules. 1st form of verb or base verb is used as main verb in sentence.
  • 12.
    PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE •Structure of sentence – • Rules • Subject + Main verb + Object • Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object  Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” then “s” or “es” is added to the first form of verb or base form in the sentence. Examples. I write a letter. He gets up early in the morning. Sun rises in east.
  • 13.
    PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE •Negative Sentences • Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object • Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb • (or base form) + object • Examples. • I do not write a letter. • He does not get up early in the morning. • Sun does not rise in east.
  • 14.
    PRESEN SIMPLETENSE • Note:In negative sentence auxiliary verb “do or does” along with “not” is used. If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun”, then “Does not” is used after subject in sentence. If subject is “I, we, they, you or plural” then “Do not” is used after subject in sentence. “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in negative sentence • Interrogative Sentence • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Object • Do/Does + Subject + 1st for of verb (or base verb) + Object
  • 15.
    PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE •Examples. • Do I write a letter? • Does he get up early in the morning? • Does sun rise in east? Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” the sentence is started with Auxiliary verb “Does”. If the subject in a sentence is “I, we, they, you or plural” the sentence is started with auxiliary verb “Do”. “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in Interrogative sentence
  • 16.
    PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE •More Examples • Positive Sentences • I sing a song. • He drinks water • They read lessons • Birds chirp • John reaches home in time. • Water maintains its surface level.
  • 17.
    PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE •Negative Sentences • I do not sing a song • He does not drink water • They do not read lessons • Birds do not chirp • John does not reach home in time. • Water does not maintain its surface level.
  • 18.
    PRESEN SIMPLE TENSE •Interrogative Sentences • Do I sing a song? • Does he drink water? • Do they read lessons? • Do birds chirp? • Does John reach home in time? • Does water maintain its surface level?
  • 19.
    PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE •It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. For example, a person says, “I am writing a letter”. It means that he is in the process of writing a letter right now. Such actions which are happening at time of speaking are expressed by present continuous tense. Present Continuous tense is also called Present progressive tense. • Rules. Auxiliary verb “am or is or are” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
  • 20.
    PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE •Structure of sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object • Subject + am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object • If the subject is “I” then auxiliary verb “am” is used after subject in sentence. • If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “is” is used after subject in sentence.
  • 21.
    PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE •If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “are” is used after subject in sentence. • The participle “ing” is added to the 1st form of verb i.e. going (go) writing (write) • Examples • I am playing cricket. • He is driving a car • They are reading their lessons.
  • 22.
    PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE NegativeSentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object • Subject + am/is/are + not + (1st form of verb + ing) + object Rules for using auxiliary verbs (am or is or are) after subject in negative sentences are same as mentioned above. • Examples. • I am not playing cricket. • He is not driving a car • They are not reading their lessons.
  • 23.
    PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE •Interrogative Sentences • Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object • Am/is/are + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object • Examples. • Am I playing cricket? • Is he driving a car? • Are they reading their lessons
  • 24.
    PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE •More Examples • Positive Sentences • I am listening to the news • You are washing your clothes • She is riding on horse • They are playing football. • It is raining
  • 25.
    PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE •Negative Sentence • I am not listening to the news. • You are not washing your clothes. • She is not riding on a horse. • They are not playing football. • It is not raining. • Interrogative Sentences • Am I listening to the news? • Are you washing your clothes? • Is she riding on a horse? • Are they playing football? • Is it raining?
  • 26.
    PRESENT PERFECT TENSE •It is used to expressed an action which happened or completed in past but usually the action which happened or completed at a short time before now (near past) not a very long time before now. Specific time such as two years ago, last week or that day is usually not used in the sentences of in this tense. It means that this tense expresses the action whose time when it happened, is not exactly specified but it sounds to refer to some action that happened or completed in near past. • Rules: Auxiliary verb “has or have” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
  • 27.
    PRESENT PERFECT TENSE •Structure of Sentence • Positive Sentence • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + Subject • Subject + has/have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject • If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “has” is used after subject in sentence. • If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “have” is used after subject in sentence.
  • 28.
    PRESENT PERFECT TENSE •Examples • I have eaten meal • She has learnt a lesson • Negative Sentence • Subject + Auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + Subject • Subject + has/have + NOT + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject • Rules for using auxiliary verb “has or have” in negative sentence are same as mentioned above.
  • 29.
    PRESENT PERFECT TENSE •Examples • I have not eaten meal. • She has not learnt a lesson. Interrogative Sentences • Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb (past participle) + Subject • Has/have + Subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “has”. If subject is “You, They or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “have”.
  • 30.
    PRESENT PERFECT TENSE •Examples • Have I eaten meal? • Has she learnt a lesson? More Examples. Positive Sentences • They have gone to school. • They have bought a new car. • I have started a job • It has rained. • The guests have arrived • John has left for home. • You have told a lie.
  • 31.
    PRESENT PERFECT TENSE •Negative Sentences • They have not gone to school. • They have not bought a new car. • I have not started a job • It has not rained. • The guests have not arrived. • John has not left for home. • You have not told a lie.
  • 32.
    PRESENT PERFECT TENSE •Negative Sentences • Have they gone to school? • Have they bought a new car? • Have I started a job? • Has it rained? • Have the guests arrived? • Has John left for home? • Have you told a lie?
  • 33.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and is continued until now. There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours etc” from which the action has been started. A sense of time reference is found in these sentences which gives an idea that action has been continued from some time in past till now. Such time reference or sense of time reference is the identity of Present perfect continuous tense because it tells that action has started from a particular time in past. For example, “He has been reading in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he has started his education in this school in 2005 and he is studying in this school till now.
  • 34.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference then it is not Present perfect continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it started in past and it seems just an ongoing action at present time which resembles “present Continuous tense. So the reference of time differentiates between Present perfect continuous tense and Present continuous tense.
  • 35.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Rules: An auxiliary verb “has been or have been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence. Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not exactly known because we don’t know that about which three hours a day is told in sentence or about which 5 days in a month is told in sentence. While the 1995 is exactly known time. •
  • 36.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Structure of sentence. • Positive Sentence. • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + has been/have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference • If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “has been” is used after subject in sentence. • If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “have been” is used after subject in sentence.
  • 37.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Examples. • He has been watering the plants for two hours. • I have been studying since 3 O’clock Negative Sentence. • Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + has not been/have not been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
  • 38.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • To make negative sentence, the word “not” is written between the auxiliary verbs, so it becomes like “has not been or have not been”. The rule for using auxiliary verb “has been or have been” in negative sentences is as same as mentioned above. • Examples. • He has not been watering the plants for two hours. • I have not been studying since 3 O’clock. •
  • 39.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Interrogative Sentence. • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference • Has/have + Subject + been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “has” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after subject • If subject is “You, They or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “have” and “been” is used after subject
  • 40.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Examples. • Has he been watering the plants for two hours? • Have I been studying since 3 O’clock? • More examples. • Positive sentences • It has been raining for three days. • I have been living in America since 2003. • He has been playing cricket for two hours. • They have been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She has been working in this office since 2007.
  • 41.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Negative sentences • It has not been raining for three days. • I have not been living in America since 2003. • He has not been playing cricket for two hours. • They have not been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She has not been working in this office since 2007.
  • 42.
    PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Positive sentences • Has it been raining for three days? • Have I been living in America since 2003? • Has he been playing cricket for two hours. • Have they been watching television since 6 O’clock? • Has she been working in this office since 2007?
  • 43.
    • It isused to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little time ago. For example, a person says, “I watched a movie”, it means the speaker of this sentence watched a movie a little time ago or little time ago in the same day. PAST SIMPLE TENSE
  • 44.
    PAST SIMPLE TENSE •Rules:2nd form of verb (past simple) is used as main verb in the positive sentences and base form is used in negative and interrogative sentences. • Structure of sentences • Positive Sentence • Subject + main verb (past simple) + object • Subject + 2nd form of verb (past simple) + object • Examples • I killed a snake • He ate a mango.
  • 45.
    PAST SIMPLE TENSE •Negative sentences • Subject + (auxiliary verb + not) main verb (base form) + object • Subject + did not + 1st form of verb or base form + object In negative sentence “did not” is written and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb). Examples. • I did not kill a snake • He did not eat a mango
  • 46.
    PAST SIMPLE TENSE •Interrogative sentences • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (base verb) + object • Did + subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + object • Interrogative sentence starts with “did” and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb). • Examples • Did I kill a snake? • Did he eat a mango
  • 47.
    PAST SIMPLE TENSE •More Examples • Negative sentences • He gave me a gift • They went to cinema. • She wrote a letter to him. • I made a table. • You answered correctly. • Negative sentences • He did not give me a gift • They did not go to cinema. • She did not write a letter to him. • I did not make a table. • You did not answer correctly.
  • 48.
    PAST SIMPLE TENSE •Interrogative sentences • Did he give me a gift? • Did they go to cinema? • Did she write a letter to him? • Did I make a table? • Did you answer correctly?
  • 49.
    PAST SIMPLE TENSE •More Examples. • Positive Sentences • They have gone to school. • They have bought a new car. • I have started a job • It has rained. • The guests have arrived • John has left for home. • You have told a lie.
  • 50.
    PAST SIMPLE TENSE •Negative Sentences • They have not gone to school. • They have not bought a new car. • I have not started a job • It has not rained. • The guests have not arrived. • John has not left for home. • You have not told a lie.
  • 51.
    PAST SIMPLE TENSE •Negative Sentences • Have they gone to school? • Have they bought a new car? • Have I started a job? • Has it rained? • Have the guests arrived? • Has John left for home? • Have you told a lie?
  • 52.
    PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE •It is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action which occurred in past and completed at some point in past. It expresses an ongoing nature of an action in past. For example, “he was laughing.” This sentence shows ongoing action (laughing) of a person which occurred in past. Past continuous tense is also called past progressive. • Rules: Auxiliary verb “was or were” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
  • 53.
    PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Structureof sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + Main Verb (present participle) + object Subject + was/were + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then auxiliary verb “was” is used. If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then auxiliary verb “were” is used. Examples. She was crying yesterday. They were climbing on a hill.
  • 54.
    PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE •Negative sentences • Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + Main verb (present participle) + object • • Subject + was/were + NOT + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object • Rules for using auxiliary verb after subject are same as mentioned above. • Examples. • She was not crying yesterday. • They were not climbing on a hill.
  • 55.
    PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE •Interrogative sentences • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb (present participle) + object • Was/were + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object • The interrogative sentence starts with the auxiliary verb. If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “was”. If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “were”. • Examples. • Was she crying yesterday? • Were they climbing on a hill?
  • 56.
    PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE •More Examples • Positive sentences • They were laughing at the joker. • He was taking exam last month • You waiting for him yesterday • She was working in a factory. • It was raining yesterday.
  • 57.
    PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE •Negative sentences • They were not laughing at the joker. • He was not taking exam last month • You were not waiting for him yesterday • She was not working in a factory. • It was not raining yesterday.
  • 58.
    PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE •Interrogative sentences • Were they laughing at the joker? • Was he taking exam last month? • Were you waiting for him yesterday? • Was she working in a factory? • Was it raining yesterday?
  • 59.
    PAST PERFECT TENSE •it is used to express an action which has occurred in past (usually, a long time ago) and action which has occurred in past before another action in past. For example, • I had lived in America. (The sense of time in this sentence refers to a completed action in past and especially a long time ago) • The students had gone before the teacher came. (The first part of sentence “The student has gone” is sentence of past perfect tense, it says about an action which occurred before another action in past which is “the teacher came”. The second part “the teacher came” is sentence of past simple tense. So such a sentence which express an action in past before another action in past comprises two parts where the first part of sentence is past perfect tense)
  • 60.
    PAST PERFECT TENSE •Rules. Auxiliary verb “had” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is used as main verb in sentence • Structure of sentence. • Positive sentence • • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object • • Subject + had + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Examples. • He had taken the exam last year • A thief had stolen my watch.
  • 61.
    PAST PERFECT TENSE •Negative sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + object • Subject + had + not + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • “Not” is written after auxiliary verb in negative sentence. • Examples. • He had not taken the exam last year • A thief had not stolen my watch.
  • 62.
    PAST PERFECT TENSE •Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle) + object • Had + subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” • Examples. • Had he taken the exam last year • Had a thief stolen my watch?
  • 63.
    PAST PERFECT TENSE •More Examples • Positive sentences • They had visited a doctor. • He had slept. • I had finished my work last year. • It had rained heavily last month. • The film had started before we reached cinem
  • 64.
    PAST PERFECT TENSE •Negative sentences • They had not visited a doctor. • He had not slept. • I had not finished my work last year. • It had not rained heavily last month. • The film had not started before we reached cinema.
  • 65.
    PAST PERFECT TENSE •Interrogative sentences • Had they visited a doctor? • Had he slept? • Had I finished my work last year? • Had it rained heavily last month? • Had the film started before we reached cinema.
  • 66.
    PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • t is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and continued until sometime in past. (Remember, an ongoing action in past which continued till some time in past) There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours etc” from which the action had started. A sense of time reference is found in these sentences which shows that action had started in past and continued till some time in past. Such time reference or sense of reference is the identity of Present perfect continuous tense because it tells that action has started from a particular time in past or for some time period. For example, “He had been studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he had started his education in this school in 2005 and he studied in this school till sometime in past.
  • 67.
    PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference, then it is not Past perfect continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it started in past or continued for some time period, so it seems just an ongoing action in past which resembles “past Continuous tense”. So the reference of time differentiates between Past perfect continuous tense and past continuous tense.
  • 68.
    PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Rules: An auxiliary verb “had been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence. Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not exactly known because we don’t know that about which three hours a day is told in sentence or about which 5 days in a month is told in sentence. While the 1995 is exactly known time.
  • 69.
    PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Structure of sentence. • Positive Sentence. • • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference • • Subject + had been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference • Examples. • I had been waiting for him for one hour. • She had been playing chess since 7 O’clock. •
  • 70.
    PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Negative Sentence. • Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + had not been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference • To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “had not been”. • Examples. • I had not been waiting for him for one hour. • She had not been playing chess since 7 O’clock.
  • 71.
    PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Interrogative Sentence. • Auxiliary verb+ Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference • • Had + Subject + been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after subject in sentence. • Examples. • Had I been waiting for him for one hour? • Had she been playing chess 7 O’clock?
  • 72.
    PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • More examples. • Positive sentences • I had been living in America since 2003. • He had been playing cricket for two hours. • They had been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She had been working in this office since 2007. • It had been raining for three days.
  • 73.
    PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Negative sentences • I had not been living in America since 2003. • He had not been playing cricket for two hours. • They had not been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She had not been working in this office since 2007. • It had not been raining for three days
  • 74.
    PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Positive sentences • Had I been living in America since 2003? • Had he been playing cricket for two hours. • Had they been watching television since 6 O’clock? • Had she been working in this office since 2007? • Had it been raining for three days?
  • 75.
    FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE •It is used to express an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future. For example, “I will go to zoo tomorrow”, in this sentence the person intend for tomorrow’s visit to zoo. In short, these sentences express actions which will be done in future. • Rules. Auxiliary verb “will” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base form is used as main verb in sentence.
  • 76.
    FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE •Structure of sentence • Positive sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object • Subject + will + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object • Examples. • I will buy a computer tomorrow. • They will come here.
  • 77.
    FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE •Negative sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb+ not + main verb (present participle) + object • Subject + will +not + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object • • To make negative sentence “not” is written after auxiliary verb in sentence. • Examples. • I will not buy a computer tomorrow. • They will not come here. •
  • 78.
    FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE •Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (present participle) + object • • Will + subject + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” • Examples. • Will I buy a computer tomorrow? • Will they come here?
  • 79.
    FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE •More Examples • Positive sentences • He will start a business. • She will send me a letter. • I will give you a pen tomorrow • Students will take exams at the end of semester. • They will buy a new car. • The Pattern of exam will change next year.
  • 80.
    FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE •Negative sentences • He will not start a business. • She will not send me a letter. • I will not give you a pen tomorrow • Students will not take exams at the end of semester. • They will not buy a new car. • The pattern of exam will not change next year.
  • 81.
    FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE •interrogative sentences • Will he start a business? • Will she send me a letter? • Will I give you a pen tomorrow? • Will students take exams at the end of semester? • Will they buy a new car? • Will the Pattern of exam change next year?
  • 82.
    FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE •It is used to express a continued or an ongoing action in future. For example, “I will be waiting for you tomorrow”, it conveys ongoing nature of an action (waiting) which will occur in future. Rules. Auxiliary verb “will be” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
  • 83.
    FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE •Structure of sentence • Positive sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object • Subject + will be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object • Examples. • I will be waiting for you. • You will be feeling well tomorrow.
  • 84.
    FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE •Negative sentence • Subject + not between auxiliary verbs+ not + main verb (present participle) + object • Subject + will not be + 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object • To make negative sentence “not” is written between auxiliary verbs “will and be” in sentence. • Examples. • I will not be waiting for you. • You will not be feeling well tomorrow.
  • 85.
    FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE •Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object • Will + subject + be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “be” comes after subject in interrogative sentence • Examples. • Will I be waiting for you? • Will you be feeling well tomorrow?
  • 86.
    FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE •More Examples • Positive sentences • We will be shifting to a new home next year. • He will be flying a kite. • It will be raining tomorrow. • She will be enjoying her vacations. • He will be expecting honesty from his employees. • She will be delivering a speech to people.
  • 87.
    FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE •Negative sentences • We will not be shifting to a new home next year. • He will not be flying a kite. • It will not be raining tomorrow. • She will not be enjoying her vacations. • He will not be expecting honesty from his employees. • She will not be delivering a speech to people.
  • 88.
    FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE •Interrogative sentence • Will we be shifting to a new home next year? • Will he be flying a kite? • Will it be raining tomorrow? • Will she be enjoying her vacations? • Will he be expecting honesty from his employees? • Will she be delivering a speech to people?
  • 89.
    FUTURE PERFECT TENSE •It is used to express an action which will occur in future and is thought to be completed in future. It expresses a sense of completion of an action which will occur in future. For example, “John will have gone tomorrow”. It shows a sense of completion of an action (go) which will occur in future (tomorrow). Rules. Auxiliary verb “will have” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb or past participle form of verb is used as main verb in sentence.
  • 90.
    FUTURE PERFECT TENSE •Structure of sentence • Positive sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object • Subject + will have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Examples • She will have finished the work by Wednesday. • I will have left for home by the time he gets up. • You will have started a job.
  • 91.
    FUTURE PERFECT TENSE •Negative sentence • Subject + Not between auxiliary verbs + main verb (past participle) + object • Subject + will not have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Examples • She will have finished the work by Wednesday. • I will have left for home by the time he gets up. • You will not have started a job.
  • 92.
    FUTURE PERFECT TENSE •Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object • Will + Subject +have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object • Examples • Will she have finished the work by Wednesday? • Will I have left for home by the time he gets up? • Will you have started a job?
  • 93.
    FUTURE PERFECT TENSE •More Examples • Positive sentences • He will have finished his work. • You will have made a new chair. • She will have decorated her home. • I will have bought a computer. • They will have shifted to a new home. • Students will have passed the examination.
  • 94.
    FUTURE PERFECT TENSE •Negative sentences • He will not have finished his work. • You will not have made a new chair. • She will not have decorated her home. • I will not have bought a computer. • They will not have shifted to a new home. • Students will not have passed the examination.
  • 95.
    FUTURE PERFECT TENSE •Interrogative sentences • Will he have finished his work? • Will you have made a new chair? • Will she have decorated her home? • Will I have bought a computer? • Will they have shifted to a new home? • Will students have passed the examination? •
  • 96.
    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that will start in future and is thought to be continued till sometime in future. (Remember, an ongoing action in future which will continue till some time in future). There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours” from which the action will start in future and will continue. A sense of time reference is found which gives an idea that action will start at some time in future and will continue for some time. Such time reference or sense of time reference is the identity of Future perfect continuous tense because it tells that action will start at a particular time in future. For example, “He will have been studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he will start studying in this school in 2005 and will study in this school till sometime in future
  • 97.
    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference then it is not future perfect continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it will start in future and it seems just an ongoing action in future which resembles “future Continuous tense. So the reference of time differentiates between Future perfect continuous tense between future continuous tense.
  • 98.
    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Rules: An auxiliary verb “will have been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence. Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not exactly known because we don’t know that about which three hours a day is told in sentence or about which 5 days in a month is told in sentence. While the 1995 is exactly know time.
  • 99.
    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Structure of sentence. • Positive Sentence. • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + will have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference • Examples. • I will have been waiting for him for one hour. • She will have been playing football since 20
  • 100.
    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Negative Sentence. • Subject +”Not” inside Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference • Subject + will not have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + Time reference • To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “will not have been”. • Examples. • I will not have been waiting for him for one hour. • She will not have been playing football since 2015.
  • 101.
    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Interrogative Sentence. • Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference • Will + Subject + have been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference • Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “have been” is used after subject in sentence. • Examples. • Will I have been waiting for him for one hour? • Will she have been playing football since 2015?
  • 102.
    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • More examples. • Positive sentences • I will have been living in America since 2003. • He will have been playing cricket for two hours. • They will have been watching television since 6 O’clock. • She will been working in this office since 2007. • It will have been raining for three days.
  • 103.
    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Negative sentences • I will not have been living in America since 2003. • He will not have been playing cricket for two hours. • They will not have been watching television since 6 O’clock? • She will have been working in this office since 2007. • It will not have been raining for three days.
  • 104.
    FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSTENSE • Positive sentences • Will I have been living in America since 2003? • Will he have been playing cricket for two hours. • Will they have been watching television since 6 O’clock? • Will she have been working in this office since 2007? • Will it have been raining for three days