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This document provides an introduction to communication, including its definition, aspects, importance, forms, and types. Some key points: - Communication is defined as the exchange of information between two or more people through various forms and channels. It allows for the sharing of facts, ideas, opinions, and emotions. - There are various aspects and forms of communication, including verbal (oral and written) and non-verbal communication. Effective communication relies on both verbal and non-verbal elements. - Communication is important for exchanging information, providing feedback, influencing others, and achieving organizational goals. It can be formal, following defined channels, or informal through casual discussions.

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Introduction to Communication
“ Communication is an exchange of facts , ideas, opinions, or emotions by two or more persons.”
“ Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. It is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others.”
Aspects of Communication  Process of Transmission  Elements of understanding
Importance of Communication
Nature of Communication  A natural human activity  A two-way traffic  Continuous process  Short lived process  Leads to achievement of organizational objectives  Needs proper understanding  Inevitable  Spiralling Process  Process  Four Specific skills, viz, reading, writing, speaking and listening
Nature of Communication  A natural human activity  A two-way traffic  Continuous process  Short lived process  Leads to achievement of organizational objectives  Needs proper understanding  Inevitable  Spiralling Process  Process  Four Specific skills, viz, reading, writing, speaking and listening
 Proactive-If you are proactive, you make things happen, instead of waiting for them to happen to you. So, if you are proactive, you are ready before something happens.  Symbolic – It means we rely on words and nonverbal behaviors to communicate meaning and feelings.
Scope of Communication  Information sharing  Feedback  Control  Influence  Problem Solving  Decision Making  Facilitating Change  Group Building  Gatekeeping
Objectives of Communication  Internal Objective  Establish and inform about goals  Optimally utilize resources  To lead and to motivate  Monitor performance  Control the quality  Organize  Discourage spread of rumours  To improve relations with workforce  To elicit Suggestions
External Objectives  Advertise products  Inform consumers about changes in product or service  Build goodwill  Other Objectives:  Conveying right message  Coordination of efforts  Good industrial relations  Development of Management Skills  Effectiveness of policies
Communication Functions  Information Function  Command Function  Motivation Function  Integration Function
Goals of Business Communication  Receiver Understanding  Receiver Response  Favourable Relationship  Organizational Goodwill
Business Communication Every business firm, whether a sole proprietorship, partership or company, undertakes business with the objective to earn profits. Business is an economic activity undertaken to procure man, machine, material and money to produce goods and services with the objective to sell them to the customers to earn profits. During the course of this process, a businessman consults a lot of persons and have interaction with them. The specific communication undertaken by the business firm is known as business communication. Business communication is any communication used to promote a
In business communication, message is conveyed through various channels of communication including internet, print (publications), radio, television, outdoor and word of mouth. TYPES OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION There are two types of business communication in an organization: . Internal Communication . External Communication
INTERNAL COMMUNICATION Internal Communication- Communication within an organization is called “Internal Communication”. It includes all communication within an organization. It may be informal, formal function, or department providing communication in various forms to employees. Effective internal communication is a vital mean of addressing organizational concerns. Good communication may help to increase job satisfaction, safety, productivity, and profits and decrease grievances and turnover.
Under Internal Business Communication types, there come: A.UPWARD COMMUNICATION- Upward communication is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors, or from employees to management. Without upward communication, management works in a vaccum, not knowing if the messages have been received properly, or if other problems exist in the organization. Upward communication is a mean for the staff to: 1. Exchange information 2. Offer Ideas 3. Express enthusiasm 4. Achieve job satisfaction 5. Provide feedback
B. DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION- Information flowing from the top of the organizational management hierarchy and telling people in the organization what is important (mission) and what is valued (policies). Downward communication generally provides information- which allows a subordinate to do something. For example, instructions on how to complete a task. This type of communication is needed in an organization to: 1 Transmit vital information 2. Give instructions 3. Encourage 2-way discussion
5. Seek cooperation 6. Provide motivation 7. Boost morale 8. Increase efficiency 9. Obtain feedback Both downward and upward communication are collectively called “Vertical Communication”
C. HORIZONTAL/ LATERAL COMMUNICATION- Horizontal communication normally involves coordinating information, and allows people with the same or similar rank in an organization to cooperate or collaborate. Communication among employees at the same level is crucial for the accomplishment of the assigned work. Horizontal communication is essential for: 1. Solving Problems 2. Accomplishing Tasks 3. Improving Teamwork 4. Building goodwill
business communication are as under: 1. Information to Management- Business communication makes relevant information, facts etc available to the management. It is on the basis of these information and facts that management takes those decisions which are helpful for its growth and progress. 2. Information to Employees- Business communication makes relevant information available to the employees. How a particular task is to be performed, what is required to accomplish it, how the employees will be rewarded on completion of the task etc are important information that can be obtained
3. Improvement in Morale- By providing detailed information regarding all tasks and individual objectives to employees, business communication helps improve their morale. Morale of an employee improves, only when he is made to feel an integral part of the organization. Business communication performs this function very efficiently. In short, internal communication helps increase job- satisfaction, safety, productivity and profits and at the same time, it decreases absenteeism, grievances and inefficiency.
EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS Communication with people outside the company is called “external communication”. Supervisors communicate with sources outside the organization, such as vendors and customers. It leads to better: 1. Sales Volume 2. Public credibility 3. Operational efficiency 4. Company Profits
Good external communication improve overall performance, public goodwill and corporate image of an organization and in the long run, it helps to achieve organizational goals and customer satisfaction. FUNCTIONS OF EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION 1. To make relations with the suppliers- Business communication establishes relations with outside suppliers. It is through business communication that suppliers are informed about which raw material is required and when, in what quantity and of what quality is the same required.
2. Sale of Goods and Services- A business approaches the prospective customer equipped with information regarding his product, its importance, quality etc. all though business communication. 3. Report to Owner-shareholder- Shareholders are the owners of the business and so must be kept informed about each and every information of the business. This function is performed efficiently by business communication. 4. Report to Government- Business communication is also used to render necessary reports to the government and to render various returns as per requirement of existing law. 5. To create goodwill for the business- Every business survives and progresses on its goodwill.
Basic Forms of Communication These basic forms are also known ad methods, channels or medium of communication. Basic Forms of Communication Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Communication Oral Written
Verbal Communication Verbal communication refers to be the form of communication in which message is transmitted verbally; communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing. Objective of every communication is to have people understand what we are trying to convey. In verbal communication remember the principle: KEEP IT SHORT AND SIMPLE One can have good verbal communication by focusing on these verbal skills: 1. Speak Clearly- Speak loud enough for others to hear, and enunciate your words. Focus on sounding out each syllable so that the person you
2. Choose your words carefully- The words you use should be appropriate by anyone’s standards. 3. Use the appropriate tone- Your tone or sound of your voice, says a lot about what you’re saying and how you feel. Make sure the tone of your voice matches the words and the sentiment you are expressing. 4. Consider your audience- Sometimes you might want to change your communication style or how you communicate, depending on who you are talking with. How you speak to your five-year-old niece is not the same way you should speak to your boss. 5. Respond appropriately- Responding appropriately requires that you think before you speak.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION PARTS Further verbal communication is divided into two forms i.e oral and written communication. ORAL COMMUNICATION- In oral communication, spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice over internet. In oral communication, communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking. Casual conversation among friends as well as political debates fall into this category.
Advantages of Oral Communication 1. Quickness in exchange of ideas- Ideas can be conveyed to distant places quickly because this medium does not require messages to be written. 2. Quick Feedback- Oral communication helps in understanding the extent to which the receiver has understood the message through his feelings during the course of conversation. 3. Flexibility- Oral communication has an element of flexibility inherent in it. Flexibility means changing ideas according to the situation. It means changing of ideas according to the interest of the receiver. 4. Economic Source- IT is an economic source of
5. Personal Touch- Oral communication has a personal touch. Both the sides can understand each other’s feelings, being face to face. 6. Effective Source- Oral communication leaves strong impression on the receiver. 7. Removal of misunderstanding- In this sort of communication, doubts can be removed then and there. LIMITATIONS OR DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION 1. Unfit for lengthy message- Oral communication is profitable in having a brief exchange of ideas only. It is not possible for the receiver to remember long messages. 2. Unfit for policy matters- Where policies, rules or
 3. Lack of written proof- In case of oral communication, no written proof is left for future reference.  4. Lack of clarity- Lack of clarity takes place when there is little time for conversation. Something wrong can be uttered in a hurry which can lead to negative results. FORMS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION There can be many forms of oral communication depending upon the situations. 1. Face-to-face conversation 2. Lectures 3. Meetings and Conferences 4. Interviews 5. Telephonic Talks
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION- In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate. A written message may be printed or hand written. In written communication message can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc. Message in written communication is influenced by the vocabulary and grammar used, writing style, precision and clarity of the language used. Written communication is most common form of communication being used in business. So, it is considered core among business skills. Memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals and electronic mail are the types of written communication used for internal communication. For communicating with external
Advantages of Written communication  1. Messages can be edited and revised many time before it is actually sent.  2. Written communication provide record for every message sent and can be saved for later study.  3. A written message enables receiver to fully understand it and send appropriate feedback. Disadvantages of written communication: 1. Unlike oral communication, written communication does not bring instant feedback. 2. It takes more time in composing a written message as compared to word-of-mouth.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION “The most important part of communication is hearing what isn’t said.”- Peter Drucker Although verbal communication is important, spoken words make up only a small part of communication. The majority of communication is nonverbal. Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We can say that communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of
Nonverbal communication helps receiver in interpreting the message received. Often, nonverbal signals reflects the situation more accurately than verbal messages. FUNCTIONS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Acc to Thill and Bovee- Nonverbal communication has six specific functions: . To provide information, either consciously or unconsciously. . To regulate the flow of conversation. . To express emotion. . To qualify, complement or expand verbal messages.
FORMAL AND INFORMAL FORM OF COMMUNICATION Someone said correctly “The very attempt of, not to speak, speaks a lot.”Communication plays a crucial role in our life, as people interchange their ideas, information, feelings, opinions by communicating. Formal communication is one that passes through predefined channels of communication throughout the organization. On the contrary, Informal communication refers to the form of communication which flows in every direction, i.e. it moves freely in the organization. In an organization, there are two channels of communication – formal communication and informal communication.
Definition of Formal Communication  The communication in which the flow of information is already defined is termed as Formal Communication. The communication follows a hierarchical chain of command which is established by the organisation itself. In general, this type of communication is used exclusively in the workplace, and the employees are bound to follow it while performing their duties.
 Example: Requests, commands, orders, reports etc.  The formal communication is of four types:  Upward or Bottom-up: The communication in which the flow of information goes from subordinate to superior authority.  Downward or Top-down: The communication in which the flow of information goes from superior to subordinate.  Horizontal or Lateral: The communication between two employees of different departments working at the same level.  Crosswise or Diagonal: The communication between the employees of two different departments working at different levels.
Definition of Informal Communication  The communication which does not follow any pre-defined channel for the transmission of information is known as informal communication. This type of communication moves freely in all directions, and thus, it is very quick and rapid. In any organization, this type of communication is very natural as people interact with each other about their professional life, personal life, and other matter.  Example: Sharing of feelings, casual discussion, gossips, etc.
 The informal communication is of four types:  Single Strand Chain: The communication in which one person tell something to another, who again says something to some other person and the process goes on.
SINGLE STRAND CHAIN
 Cluster Chain: The communication in which one person tells something to some of its most trusted people, and then they tells them to their trustworthy friends and the communication continues.
CLUSTER CHAIN
Probability Chain: The communication happens when a person randomly chooses some persons to pass on the information which is of little interest but not important.
PROBABILITY CHAIN
Gossip Chain: The communication starts when a person tells something to a group of people, and then they pass on the information to some more people and in this way the information is passed on to everyone.
GOSSIP CHAIN
Key Differences Between Formal and Informal Communication  The following points are substantial, so far as the difference between formal and informal communication is concerned.  Formal communication is also known by the name of official communication. Informal Communication is also known by the name of grapevine.  In formal communication, the information must follow a chain of command. Conversely, the informal communication can move freely in any direction.  In formal communication, full secrecy is maintained, but in the case of informal
 Formal communication is written, whereas Informal communication is oral.  Formal communication is time-consuming as opposed to Informal communication, which is rapid and quick.  Formal communication is more reliable than Informal communication.  Formal communication is designed by the organization. Informal communication starts itself due to the urge of ‘human to talk’.  In formal communication, the documentary evidence is always available. On the other hand, in the case of informal communication, the supporting documents are not available.
Elements/Components of Communication Process  Idea  Sender  Message  Encoding  Medium and Chaneel  Receiver  Decoder  Feedback
• IDEA Every message whether oral or written begins with an idea. Every idea refers to some context. Context is a broad field that includes external and internal events. Internal aspect of context is that every business organization has its own convention for processing and communicating information. External aspect is the external action that prompts you to communicate your idea. The source may be letter, memo, fax, telephone call etc.
• SENDER  Sender is the person who sends message. The process of communication begins when an idea occurs in his mind. The sender wants to send that idea to another person or organization to achieve some objective.
• MESSAGE  The idea, emotion or opinion transmitted by the sender is called message. Message is an idea transformed into words. The message can be expressed in different ways depending on the subject, purpose, audience, personal style and cultural background of the sender.
Encoding  The transmission of message in words or in any other way is called encoding. The idea is transmitted by the sender to the receiver in the form of words, symbols, pictures, day to day language etc.
• MEDIUM and CHANNEL  Medium is the channel through which encoder will communicate his message. Your medium to send a message, may be print, electronic, or sound. Medium may be a person as postman. The choice of medium totally depends on the nature of you message. Choice of medium is also influence by the relationship between the sender and receiver.  The oral medium, to convey your message, is effective when your message is urgent, personal or when immediate feedback is desired. While, when your message is long, technical and needs to be documented, then written medium should
• RECEIVER  The person to whom the message is being sent is called ‘receiver’. Receiver may be a listener or a reader depending on the choice of medium by sender to transmit the message. Receiver is also influenced by the context, internal and external stimuli.  Receiver is the person who interprets the message, so higher the chances are of mis- communication because of receivers perception, opinion, attitude and personality.
DECODING  Decoding is a mental process by which the receiver draws meanings, from the words, symbols or pictures of the message. Receiver does decoding or understands it. That is the reason he is called decoder also.
• FEEDBACK  Response or reaction of the receiver, to a message, is called ‘feedback’. Feedback may be written or oral message, an action or simply, silence may also be a feedback to a message.  Feedback is the most important component of communication in business. Communication is said to be effective only when it receives some feedback. Feedback, actually, completes the loop of
Process of Communication Sender has an idea Sender encodes idea in message Sender Transmits the idea/message Channel Or Message Receiver sends Feedback Receiver Decodes the message Receiver gets the message
Models of Communication
Linear Model  Comprises of Following models:  Sender-receiver model  Shannon-Weaver Model  Lasswell Model of Communication
Aristotle Theory of One Way Communication  One way process  Flow of information from sender to Receiver.  Receiver passively receives the message  No distortion or change
Harold Lasswell’s Model of Communication
Advantages :  Easy to understand  Suitable for all types of communication  Concept of effect is useful to understand the reaction of receiver. Disadvantages:  Noise is not mentioned  One-sided model of communication
Shannon Weaver Linear Model:  Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, 1949  According to them, noise and filters distort the message  They propounded the concept of feedback, but could not integrate it.  Elements of the model:  Information source  Message  Transmitter  Signal and channel  Noise  Receiver  Destination
Criticism:  One sided  No place for feedback  Does not deal with meaning,content and substance.
Non Linear Model  SMCR Model  Thill and Bovee Model  Intearctive Model  Transactional Model  Schramm’s Model  Lesikar & Flatley Model
SMCR Model  In 1960, David Berlo expanded Shannon and Weaver’s linear model of communication and created the Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model of communication.  He described factors affecting the individual components in the communication makes the communication more effective. The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message respectively.  Berlo’s Model has mainly four components to describe the communication process. They are
Components of Berlo’s Model of Communication S-SENDER Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or source sends the message to the receiver. The following are the factors related to sender and is also the same in the case of reciver. . Communication Skills- Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the communication process. If the sender has good communication skills, the message will be communicated better than if the sender’s communication skills are not good. Similarly, if the receiver can not grasp the message, then the communication will not be
 Attitude- The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect on the message. The person’s attitude towards self, the receiver and the environment changes the meaning and effect of the message.  Knowledge- Familiarity with the subject of the message makes the communicated message have its effect more. Knowledge of the subject matter makes the communicator send the message effectively.  Social Systems- Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender’s way of communicating the message. It
 Culture- Cultural differences make messages different. A person from one culture might find something offensive which is very much accepted in another culture. . M-MESSAGE A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or other media. The key factors affecting the message are: . Content- Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message from beginning to end is the content.
 Treatment- Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also effects the feedback of the receiver.  Structure- The structure of the message or the way it has been structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the message.  Code- Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language, text, video etc. . C-CHANNEL- Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other froms of communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone, internet etc. But in general communication, the five senses of a human being is the channel for the communication flow and it
 Hearing-We receive the message through hearing.  Seeing- We perceive through seeing. We also get non-verbal messages by seeing.  Touching- Many of the non-verbal communication happens from touching like holding hands.  Smelling- We collect information from smelling.  Tasting- Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message.
 Receiver- Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the sender for the communication to be effective. The message might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very good listening skill. Other factors are similar to that of the sender.  Communication Skills  Attitudes  Knowledge  Social Systems  Culture
Criticism of berlo’s smcr model of communication: •No feedback / don’t know about the effect- There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not considered. • Barriers to communication- There is no concept of any kind of barriers to communication process. •No room for noise- There is no concept for noise •Complex model •Same level- It needs people to be on same level for communication to occur but not true in real life •Main drawback of the model is that the model omits the usage of sixth sense as a channel which is actually a gift to the human beings (thinking, understanding, analyzing etc).
Transactional Model  “ Transactional” means that communication is an ongoing and continuously changing process. You are changing, the people with whom you are communicating are changing, and your environment is also continuously changing as well.  Transactional model of communication is the exchange of messages between sender and receiver where each take turns to send or receive messages. Here, both sender and receiver are known as communicators and their role reverses each time in the communication process as both processes of sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
 Emphasizes reciprocal and bidirectional communication. Both the parties are dependent on each other. Reciprocal Interaction refers to an exchange in which individuals or objects exhibit similar behavior, either at the same time or in a back-and-forth manner. A good hug is a reciprocal interaction. Bidirectional is a communication mode that is capable of transmitting data in both directions (send and receive), but not at the same time. Ex e-mail, face-to-face, telephone communication  Verbal and non verbal behaviors are necessary parts of transactional process.  Characterized by common field of experience between both communicators.  Field of experience refers to a person’s culture,
Transactional Model
The transactional model is the most general model of communication. Everyday talk and interactions are also a form of transactional model communication. It is more efficient for communicators with similar environment and individual aspects. For instance, communication between people who know each other is more efficient as they share same social system.
Features of Transactional Model:  Continuous process  Shared responsibility  Message have both content and relationship dimensions  Interdependent  Personal
Factors affecting Transactional Model and Criticisms of Transactional Model Refer to website https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/trans actional-model-communication
Schramm’s Model of Communication Schramm’s Model of Communication was postulated by WILBUR SCHRAMM in 1954, where he suggested that communication is a two way process where both sender and receiver take turns to send and receive a message. . This model was adapted from the theories of another theorist OSGOOD, so is also known as OSGOOD AND SCHRAMM model of communication or ENCODE-DECODE Model of Communication. . The Osgood-Schramm model of communication is a circular, rather than linear, way of messaging.
Schramm’s Model of Communication:  The Osgood-Schramm model is built on the theory that communication is a two-way street, with a sender and a receiver. Osgood popularized the notion that communication was circular rather than linear, meaning that it required two participants taking turns sending and receiving a message.  Later, Wilbur Schramm, who talked about the model in his book, The Process and Effects of Communication, adapted the model and added the notion of field of experience, or commonality, to the mix. Field of Experience incorporates what is mutually understood between the sender
Different Components of Schramm’s Model  Sender (transmitter)- Sender is the person who sends the message.  Encoder- Encoder is the person who converts the message to be sent into codes.  Decoder- Decoder is the person who gets the encoded message which has been sent by the encoder and converts it into the language understandable by the person  Interpreter- Interpreter is the person who tries to understand and analyze the message. Message is received after interpretation. Interpreter and receiver is the same person.
 Receiver- Receiver is the person who gets the message. He/she decodes and interprets the actual message.  Message- Message is the data sent by the sender and information that the receiver gets.  Feedback- Feedback is the process of responding to the received message by the receiver.  Medium- Medium or media is the channel used to send the message.  Noise- Noise is the interference and interruptions caused during the process. It is also created when the intended meaning of the message sent by the sender and the meaning interpreted by the receiver is different which is known as Semantic
How Schramm’s Model Works Refer Blackboard In the Osgood-Schramm model, messages travel back and forth between the sender and the receiver. In this way, the sender can deliver one message and then become the receiver, getting a message.
ADVANTAGES  Circular communication gives opportunity to both parties to give their opinion.  As it is dynamic and ever changing model, it is helpful in general practice.  Sender and receiver interchanges and both are equally active.  Semantic noise included as a concept helps in understanding problems that can occur during interpretation of message.  Feedback makes it easier to know if the message is interpreted by the receiver as intended or not.  Concept of interpretation makes the communication effective.  Field of Experience (psychological effect) helps to
DISADVANTAGES . This model can not deal with multiple levels of communication and complex communication processes. . There can only be two sources communicating, many sources complicates the process and the model can not be implemented. . Message sent and received might be interpreted differently than intended.
Murphy’s Model of Communication  This communication process model is propounded by three persons namely: H.A . Murphy, H.W. Hildbrant and J.P. Thomas  Six Components: Context, sender-encoder, message, medium, receiver- decoder, feedback
Components of Murphy’s Model  Context- Context is a broad field that includes country, culture, organization, internal and external cause of action and every message whether oral or written begins with context.  Sender-Encoder- The sender-encoder uses symbols, words etc to express the message and create desired response.  Message- The message is the core idea, the sender wishes to communicate. It consists of both verbal and non-verbal symbols.  Medium- It is the channel through which a message is communicated. It can be print medium, mail medium etc.
 Receiver-decoder- The receiver or listener is the person who receives the message and decodes it.  Feedback- Feedback can be oral or written Sender needs feedback in order to determine the success or failure of the communication.
Thill & Bovee Model  Developed by Thill and Bovee  Communication is more than a single act.  Five Phases: Idea, idea becomes message, message is transmitted, receiver gets the message and receiver sends feedback.
Lesikar, Petitt and Flatley Model of Communication:  R.V.Lesikar, J.D. Petitt and M.E. Flatley  Real world, full of symbols and stimuli (a thing that arouses activity or energy in someone or something)  Communication is the result of those symbols and senses  Assuming that there are two people Kevin and Marci communicating with each other.  Five situations: a. The beginning b. Detection by senses c. Filtering Process
• Real World Marci’s Sensory World • Marci’s Filtration Process Kavin’s Sensory World • Kavin’s Filtration Process Feedback
Theories of Communication Message Theories Verbal Non- Verbal Interpersonal Communication Theory Group & Public Communication Theories
Organisational Communication Theory Mass Communication Theory Cultural Context Theories
Message Theories A. Verbal Message Theories:  Co-ordinated Management of Meaning  Symbolic Interaction Theory B. Non Verbal Message Theories:  Expectancy Violation Theory
Interpersonal Communication Theory  Social Penetration Theory  Uncertainty Reduction Theory  Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Group & Public Communication Theory  Group Think  Cultural approach to organizations  Rhetoric  Dramatism
Organizational Communication Theory  Organization Information Theory
Mass Communication Theory  Cultivation Analysis Theory  Cultural Studies  Spiral of Silence Theory
Cultural Context Theories  Face-negotiation Theory  Muted Group Theory
Thank You

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Overview of the communication concept begins.

Definitions of communication; exchange of facts, ideas, and the process of passing information.

Highlights aspects like transmission and understanding; discusses the crucial role of communication.

Details aspects: human activity, two-way traffic, continuous and inevitable process, including skills.

Proactive and symbolic nature; covers the scope which includes sharing information and facilitating change.

Internal and external objectives outlined including goal establishment, resource utilization, and consumer information.

Details communication functions such as information, command, and motivation; emphasizes organizational goodwill.

Defines business communication and its types: internal and external.

Different types of internal communication: upward, downward, horizontal; its importance in organizations.

Discusses how internal communication aids management decisions, employee morale, and efficiency.

Focus on communication with external parties; its impact on sales, credibility, and relationships with suppliers.

Introduces verbal, non-verbal, oral, and written communication forms.

Focuses on oral communication, its advantages, limitations, and effective methods.

Defines written communication and outlines its advantages and disadvantages in business.

Emphasizes the importance of non-verbal cues in communication and their interpretive value.

Distinction between formal and informal communication and their characteristics and types.

Explains various informal communication types such as Single Strand, Cluster, Probability, and Gossip chains.

Contrasts formal and informal communication, emphasizing reliability, speed, and documentation.

Describes key elements: idea, sender, message, encoding/medium/channel, receiver, decoding, and feedback.

Illustrates the complete process of communication from idea generation to feedback.

Introduces various communication models including linear models.

Examines Aristotle's one-way communication and Shannon-Weaver's model with its advantages and criticisms.

Describes SMCR and Transactional models; emphasizes dynamic and complex nature of communication.

Details Schramm's two-way communication model, emphasizing fields of experience.

Discusses Murphy’s model components: context, sender, message, medium, receiver, and feedback.Clarifies Thill & Bovee's five phases in communication which emphasize the process of message exchange.

Overview of several communication theories including message, interpersonal, organizational, and cultural context.

Closure of the presentation.

Introduction to Communication (3).ppt

  • 1.
  • 4.
    “ Communication isan exchange of facts , ideas, opinions, or emotions by two or more persons.”
  • 5.
    “ Communication isthe process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. It is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others.”
  • 6.
    Aspects of Communication Process of Transmission  Elements of understanding
  • 8.
  • 11.
    Nature of Communication A natural human activity  A two-way traffic  Continuous process  Short lived process  Leads to achievement of organizational objectives  Needs proper understanding  Inevitable  Spiralling Process  Process  Four Specific skills, viz, reading, writing, speaking and listening
  • 12.
    Nature of Communication A natural human activity  A two-way traffic  Continuous process  Short lived process  Leads to achievement of organizational objectives  Needs proper understanding  Inevitable  Spiralling Process  Process  Four Specific skills, viz, reading, writing, speaking and listening
  • 13.
     Proactive-If youare proactive, you make things happen, instead of waiting for them to happen to you. So, if you are proactive, you are ready before something happens.  Symbolic – It means we rely on words and nonverbal behaviors to communicate meaning and feelings.
  • 14.
    Scope of Communication Information sharing  Feedback  Control  Influence  Problem Solving  Decision Making  Facilitating Change  Group Building  Gatekeeping
  • 15.
    Objectives of Communication Internal Objective  Establish and inform about goals  Optimally utilize resources  To lead and to motivate  Monitor performance  Control the quality  Organize  Discourage spread of rumours  To improve relations with workforce  To elicit Suggestions
  • 16.
    External Objectives  Advertiseproducts  Inform consumers about changes in product or service  Build goodwill  Other Objectives:  Conveying right message  Coordination of efforts  Good industrial relations  Development of Management Skills  Effectiveness of policies
  • 17.
    Communication Functions  InformationFunction  Command Function  Motivation Function  Integration Function
  • 18.
    Goals of Business Communication Receiver Understanding  Receiver Response  Favourable Relationship  Organizational Goodwill
  • 19.
    Business Communication Every businessfirm, whether a sole proprietorship, partership or company, undertakes business with the objective to earn profits. Business is an economic activity undertaken to procure man, machine, material and money to produce goods and services with the objective to sell them to the customers to earn profits. During the course of this process, a businessman consults a lot of persons and have interaction with them. The specific communication undertaken by the business firm is known as business communication. Business communication is any communication used to promote a
  • 20.
    In business communication,message is conveyed through various channels of communication including internet, print (publications), radio, television, outdoor and word of mouth. TYPES OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION There are two types of business communication in an organization: . Internal Communication . External Communication
  • 21.
    INTERNAL COMMUNICATION Internal Communication-Communication within an organization is called “Internal Communication”. It includes all communication within an organization. It may be informal, formal function, or department providing communication in various forms to employees. Effective internal communication is a vital mean of addressing organizational concerns. Good communication may help to increase job satisfaction, safety, productivity, and profits and decrease grievances and turnover.
  • 22.
    Under Internal BusinessCommunication types, there come: A.UPWARD COMMUNICATION- Upward communication is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors, or from employees to management. Without upward communication, management works in a vaccum, not knowing if the messages have been received properly, or if other problems exist in the organization. Upward communication is a mean for the staff to: 1. Exchange information 2. Offer Ideas 3. Express enthusiasm 4. Achieve job satisfaction 5. Provide feedback
  • 23.
    B. DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION-Information flowing from the top of the organizational management hierarchy and telling people in the organization what is important (mission) and what is valued (policies). Downward communication generally provides information- which allows a subordinate to do something. For example, instructions on how to complete a task. This type of communication is needed in an organization to: 1 Transmit vital information 2. Give instructions 3. Encourage 2-way discussion
  • 24.
    5. Seek cooperation 6.Provide motivation 7. Boost morale 8. Increase efficiency 9. Obtain feedback Both downward and upward communication are collectively called “Vertical Communication”
  • 25.
    C. HORIZONTAL/ LATERALCOMMUNICATION- Horizontal communication normally involves coordinating information, and allows people with the same or similar rank in an organization to cooperate or collaborate. Communication among employees at the same level is crucial for the accomplishment of the assigned work. Horizontal communication is essential for: 1. Solving Problems 2. Accomplishing Tasks 3. Improving Teamwork 4. Building goodwill
  • 26.
    business communication areas under: 1. Information to Management- Business communication makes relevant information, facts etc available to the management. It is on the basis of these information and facts that management takes those decisions which are helpful for its growth and progress. 2. Information to Employees- Business communication makes relevant information available to the employees. How a particular task is to be performed, what is required to accomplish it, how the employees will be rewarded on completion of the task etc are important information that can be obtained
  • 27.
    3. Improvement inMorale- By providing detailed information regarding all tasks and individual objectives to employees, business communication helps improve their morale. Morale of an employee improves, only when he is made to feel an integral part of the organization. Business communication performs this function very efficiently. In short, internal communication helps increase job- satisfaction, safety, productivity and profits and at the same time, it decreases absenteeism, grievances and inefficiency.
  • 28.
    EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS Communication withpeople outside the company is called “external communication”. Supervisors communicate with sources outside the organization, such as vendors and customers. It leads to better: 1. Sales Volume 2. Public credibility 3. Operational efficiency 4. Company Profits
  • 29.
    Good external communicationimprove overall performance, public goodwill and corporate image of an organization and in the long run, it helps to achieve organizational goals and customer satisfaction. FUNCTIONS OF EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION 1. To make relations with the suppliers- Business communication establishes relations with outside suppliers. It is through business communication that suppliers are informed about which raw material is required and when, in what quantity and of what quality is the same required.
  • 30.
    2. Sale ofGoods and Services- A business approaches the prospective customer equipped with information regarding his product, its importance, quality etc. all though business communication. 3. Report to Owner-shareholder- Shareholders are the owners of the business and so must be kept informed about each and every information of the business. This function is performed efficiently by business communication. 4. Report to Government- Business communication is also used to render necessary reports to the government and to render various returns as per requirement of existing law. 5. To create goodwill for the business- Every business survives and progresses on its goodwill.
  • 37.
    Basic Forms ofCommunication These basic forms are also known ad methods, channels or medium of communication. Basic Forms of Communication Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Communication Oral Written
  • 38.
    Verbal Communication Verbal communicationrefers to be the form of communication in which message is transmitted verbally; communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing. Objective of every communication is to have people understand what we are trying to convey. In verbal communication remember the principle: KEEP IT SHORT AND SIMPLE One can have good verbal communication by focusing on these verbal skills: 1. Speak Clearly- Speak loud enough for others to hear, and enunciate your words. Focus on sounding out each syllable so that the person you
  • 39.
    2. Choose yourwords carefully- The words you use should be appropriate by anyone’s standards. 3. Use the appropriate tone- Your tone or sound of your voice, says a lot about what you’re saying and how you feel. Make sure the tone of your voice matches the words and the sentiment you are expressing. 4. Consider your audience- Sometimes you might want to change your communication style or how you communicate, depending on who you are talking with. How you speak to your five-year-old niece is not the same way you should speak to your boss. 5. Respond appropriately- Responding appropriately requires that you think before you speak.
  • 42.
    VERBAL COMMUNICATION PARTS Further verbalcommunication is divided into two forms i.e oral and written communication. ORAL COMMUNICATION- In oral communication, spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice over internet. In oral communication, communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking. Casual conversation among friends as well as political debates fall into this category.
  • 43.
    Advantages of Oral Communication 1.Quickness in exchange of ideas- Ideas can be conveyed to distant places quickly because this medium does not require messages to be written. 2. Quick Feedback- Oral communication helps in understanding the extent to which the receiver has understood the message through his feelings during the course of conversation. 3. Flexibility- Oral communication has an element of flexibility inherent in it. Flexibility means changing ideas according to the situation. It means changing of ideas according to the interest of the receiver. 4. Economic Source- IT is an economic source of
  • 44.
    5. Personal Touch-Oral communication has a personal touch. Both the sides can understand each other’s feelings, being face to face. 6. Effective Source- Oral communication leaves strong impression on the receiver. 7. Removal of misunderstanding- In this sort of communication, doubts can be removed then and there. LIMITATIONS OR DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION 1. Unfit for lengthy message- Oral communication is profitable in having a brief exchange of ideas only. It is not possible for the receiver to remember long messages. 2. Unfit for policy matters- Where policies, rules or
  • 45.
     3. Lackof written proof- In case of oral communication, no written proof is left for future reference.  4. Lack of clarity- Lack of clarity takes place when there is little time for conversation. Something wrong can be uttered in a hurry which can lead to negative results. FORMS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION There can be many forms of oral communication depending upon the situations. 1. Face-to-face conversation 2. Lectures 3. Meetings and Conferences 4. Interviews 5. Telephonic Talks
  • 47.
    WRITTEN COMMUNICATION- Inwritten communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate. A written message may be printed or hand written. In written communication message can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc. Message in written communication is influenced by the vocabulary and grammar used, writing style, precision and clarity of the language used. Written communication is most common form of communication being used in business. So, it is considered core among business skills. Memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals and electronic mail are the types of written communication used for internal communication. For communicating with external
  • 49.
    Advantages of Written communication 1. Messages can be edited and revised many time before it is actually sent.  2. Written communication provide record for every message sent and can be saved for later study.  3. A written message enables receiver to fully understand it and send appropriate feedback. Disadvantages of written communication: 1. Unlike oral communication, written communication does not bring instant feedback. 2. It takes more time in composing a written message as compared to word-of-mouth.
  • 51.
    NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION “The most importantpart of communication is hearing what isn’t said.”- Peter Drucker Although verbal communication is important, spoken words make up only a small part of communication. The majority of communication is nonverbal. Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We can say that communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of
  • 52.
    Nonverbal communication helpsreceiver in interpreting the message received. Often, nonverbal signals reflects the situation more accurately than verbal messages. FUNCTIONS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Acc to Thill and Bovee- Nonverbal communication has six specific functions: . To provide information, either consciously or unconsciously. . To regulate the flow of conversation. . To express emotion. . To qualify, complement or expand verbal messages.
  • 55.
    FORMAL AND INFORMAL FORMOF COMMUNICATION Someone said correctly “The very attempt of, not to speak, speaks a lot.”Communication plays a crucial role in our life, as people interchange their ideas, information, feelings, opinions by communicating. Formal communication is one that passes through predefined channels of communication throughout the organization. On the contrary, Informal communication refers to the form of communication which flows in every direction, i.e. it moves freely in the organization. In an organization, there are two channels of communication – formal communication and informal communication.
  • 57.
    Definition of FormalCommunication  The communication in which the flow of information is already defined is termed as Formal Communication. The communication follows a hierarchical chain of command which is established by the organisation itself. In general, this type of communication is used exclusively in the workplace, and the employees are bound to follow it while performing their duties.
  • 59.
     Example: Requests,commands, orders, reports etc.  The formal communication is of four types:  Upward or Bottom-up: The communication in which the flow of information goes from subordinate to superior authority.  Downward or Top-down: The communication in which the flow of information goes from superior to subordinate.  Horizontal or Lateral: The communication between two employees of different departments working at the same level.  Crosswise or Diagonal: The communication between the employees of two different departments working at different levels.
  • 60.
    Definition of InformalCommunication  The communication which does not follow any pre-defined channel for the transmission of information is known as informal communication. This type of communication moves freely in all directions, and thus, it is very quick and rapid. In any organization, this type of communication is very natural as people interact with each other about their professional life, personal life, and other matter.  Example: Sharing of feelings, casual discussion, gossips, etc.
  • 61.
     The informalcommunication is of four types:  Single Strand Chain: The communication in which one person tell something to another, who again says something to some other person and the process goes on.
  • 62.
  • 63.
     Cluster Chain:The communication in which one person tells something to some of its most trusted people, and then they tells them to their trustworthy friends and the communication continues.
  • 64.
  • 65.
    Probability Chain: Thecommunication happens when a person randomly chooses some persons to pass on the information which is of little interest but not important.
  • 66.
  • 67.
    Gossip Chain: Thecommunication starts when a person tells something to a group of people, and then they pass on the information to some more people and in this way the information is passed on to everyone.
  • 68.
  • 69.
    Key Differences BetweenFormal and Informal Communication  The following points are substantial, so far as the difference between formal and informal communication is concerned.  Formal communication is also known by the name of official communication. Informal Communication is also known by the name of grapevine.  In formal communication, the information must follow a chain of command. Conversely, the informal communication can move freely in any direction.  In formal communication, full secrecy is maintained, but in the case of informal
  • 70.
     Formal communicationis written, whereas Informal communication is oral.  Formal communication is time-consuming as opposed to Informal communication, which is rapid and quick.  Formal communication is more reliable than Informal communication.  Formal communication is designed by the organization. Informal communication starts itself due to the urge of ‘human to talk’.  In formal communication, the documentary evidence is always available. On the other hand, in the case of informal communication, the supporting documents are not available.
  • 71.
    Elements/Components of Communication Process Idea  Sender  Message  Encoding  Medium and Chaneel  Receiver  Decoder  Feedback
  • 72.
    • IDEA Every messagewhether oral or written begins with an idea. Every idea refers to some context. Context is a broad field that includes external and internal events. Internal aspect of context is that every business organization has its own convention for processing and communicating information. External aspect is the external action that prompts you to communicate your idea. The source may be letter, memo, fax, telephone call etc.
  • 73.
    • SENDER  Senderis the person who sends message. The process of communication begins when an idea occurs in his mind. The sender wants to send that idea to another person or organization to achieve some objective.
  • 74.
    • MESSAGE  Theidea, emotion or opinion transmitted by the sender is called message. Message is an idea transformed into words. The message can be expressed in different ways depending on the subject, purpose, audience, personal style and cultural background of the sender.
  • 75.
    Encoding  The transmissionof message in words or in any other way is called encoding. The idea is transmitted by the sender to the receiver in the form of words, symbols, pictures, day to day language etc.
  • 76.
    • MEDIUM andCHANNEL  Medium is the channel through which encoder will communicate his message. Your medium to send a message, may be print, electronic, or sound. Medium may be a person as postman. The choice of medium totally depends on the nature of you message. Choice of medium is also influence by the relationship between the sender and receiver.  The oral medium, to convey your message, is effective when your message is urgent, personal or when immediate feedback is desired. While, when your message is long, technical and needs to be documented, then written medium should
  • 77.
    • RECEIVER  Theperson to whom the message is being sent is called ‘receiver’. Receiver may be a listener or a reader depending on the choice of medium by sender to transmit the message. Receiver is also influenced by the context, internal and external stimuli.  Receiver is the person who interprets the message, so higher the chances are of mis- communication because of receivers perception, opinion, attitude and personality.
  • 78.
    DECODING  Decoding isa mental process by which the receiver draws meanings, from the words, symbols or pictures of the message. Receiver does decoding or understands it. That is the reason he is called decoder also.
  • 79.
    • FEEDBACK  Responseor reaction of the receiver, to a message, is called ‘feedback’. Feedback may be written or oral message, an action or simply, silence may also be a feedback to a message.  Feedback is the most important component of communication in business. Communication is said to be effective only when it receives some feedback. Feedback, actually, completes the loop of
  • 80.
    Process of Communication Senderhas an idea Sender encodes idea in message Sender Transmits the idea/message Channel Or Message Receiver sends Feedback Receiver Decodes the message Receiver gets the message
  • 81.
  • 82.
    Linear Model  Comprisesof Following models:  Sender-receiver model  Shannon-Weaver Model  Lasswell Model of Communication
  • 83.
    Aristotle Theory ofOne Way Communication  One way process  Flow of information from sender to Receiver.  Receiver passively receives the message  No distortion or change
  • 84.
    Harold Lasswell’s Modelof Communication
  • 85.
    Advantages :  Easyto understand  Suitable for all types of communication  Concept of effect is useful to understand the reaction of receiver. Disadvantages:  Noise is not mentioned  One-sided model of communication
  • 86.
    Shannon Weaver LinearModel:  Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, 1949  According to them, noise and filters distort the message  They propounded the concept of feedback, but could not integrate it.  Elements of the model:  Information source  Message  Transmitter  Signal and channel  Noise  Receiver  Destination
  • 88.
    Criticism:  One sided No place for feedback  Does not deal with meaning,content and substance.
  • 90.
    Non Linear Model SMCR Model  Thill and Bovee Model  Intearctive Model  Transactional Model  Schramm’s Model  Lesikar & Flatley Model
  • 91.
    SMCR Model  In1960, David Berlo expanded Shannon and Weaver’s linear model of communication and created the Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model of communication.  He described factors affecting the individual components in the communication makes the communication more effective. The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message respectively.  Berlo’s Model has mainly four components to describe the communication process. They are
  • 93.
    Components of Berlo’sModel of Communication S-SENDER Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or source sends the message to the receiver. The following are the factors related to sender and is also the same in the case of reciver. . Communication Skills- Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the communication process. If the sender has good communication skills, the message will be communicated better than if the sender’s communication skills are not good. Similarly, if the receiver can not grasp the message, then the communication will not be
  • 94.
     Attitude- Theattitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect on the message. The person’s attitude towards self, the receiver and the environment changes the meaning and effect of the message.  Knowledge- Familiarity with the subject of the message makes the communicated message have its effect more. Knowledge of the subject matter makes the communicator send the message effectively.  Social Systems- Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender’s way of communicating the message. It
  • 95.
     Culture- Culturaldifferences make messages different. A person from one culture might find something offensive which is very much accepted in another culture. . M-MESSAGE A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or other media. The key factors affecting the message are: . Content- Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message from beginning to end is the content.
  • 96.
     Treatment- Treatmentis the way in which the message is conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also effects the feedback of the receiver.  Structure- The structure of the message or the way it has been structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the message.  Code- Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language, text, video etc. . C-CHANNEL- Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other froms of communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone, internet etc. But in general communication, the five senses of a human being is the channel for the communication flow and it
  • 97.
     Hearing-We receivethe message through hearing.  Seeing- We perceive through seeing. We also get non-verbal messages by seeing.  Touching- Many of the non-verbal communication happens from touching like holding hands.  Smelling- We collect information from smelling.  Tasting- Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message.
  • 98.
     Receiver- Receiveris the person who gets the message sent in the process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the sender for the communication to be effective. The message might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very good listening skill. Other factors are similar to that of the sender.  Communication Skills  Attitudes  Knowledge  Social Systems  Culture
  • 99.
    Criticism of berlo’ssmcr model of communication: •No feedback / don’t know about the effect- There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not considered. • Barriers to communication- There is no concept of any kind of barriers to communication process. •No room for noise- There is no concept for noise •Complex model •Same level- It needs people to be on same level for communication to occur but not true in real life •Main drawback of the model is that the model omits the usage of sixth sense as a channel which is actually a gift to the human beings (thinking, understanding, analyzing etc).
  • 100.
    Transactional Model  “Transactional” means that communication is an ongoing and continuously changing process. You are changing, the people with whom you are communicating are changing, and your environment is also continuously changing as well.  Transactional model of communication is the exchange of messages between sender and receiver where each take turns to send or receive messages. Here, both sender and receiver are known as communicators and their role reverses each time in the communication process as both processes of sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
  • 101.
     Emphasizes reciprocaland bidirectional communication. Both the parties are dependent on each other. Reciprocal Interaction refers to an exchange in which individuals or objects exhibit similar behavior, either at the same time or in a back-and-forth manner. A good hug is a reciprocal interaction. Bidirectional is a communication mode that is capable of transmitting data in both directions (send and receive), but not at the same time. Ex e-mail, face-to-face, telephone communication  Verbal and non verbal behaviors are necessary parts of transactional process.  Characterized by common field of experience between both communicators.  Field of experience refers to a person’s culture,
  • 102.
  • 103.
    The transactional modelis the most general model of communication. Everyday talk and interactions are also a form of transactional model communication. It is more efficient for communicators with similar environment and individual aspects. For instance, communication between people who know each other is more efficient as they share same social system.
  • 104.
    Features of TransactionalModel:  Continuous process  Shared responsibility  Message have both content and relationship dimensions  Interdependent  Personal
  • 105.
    Factors affecting Transactional Modeland Criticisms of Transactional Model Refer to website https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/trans actional-model-communication
  • 106.
    Schramm’s Model of Communication Schramm’sModel of Communication was postulated by WILBUR SCHRAMM in 1954, where he suggested that communication is a two way process where both sender and receiver take turns to send and receive a message. . This model was adapted from the theories of another theorist OSGOOD, so is also known as OSGOOD AND SCHRAMM model of communication or ENCODE-DECODE Model of Communication. . The Osgood-Schramm model of communication is a circular, rather than linear, way of messaging.
  • 107.
    Schramm’s Model of Communication: The Osgood-Schramm model is built on the theory that communication is a two-way street, with a sender and a receiver. Osgood popularized the notion that communication was circular rather than linear, meaning that it required two participants taking turns sending and receiving a message.  Later, Wilbur Schramm, who talked about the model in his book, The Process and Effects of Communication, adapted the model and added the notion of field of experience, or commonality, to the mix. Field of Experience incorporates what is mutually understood between the sender
  • 109.
    Different Components of Schramm’sModel  Sender (transmitter)- Sender is the person who sends the message.  Encoder- Encoder is the person who converts the message to be sent into codes.  Decoder- Decoder is the person who gets the encoded message which has been sent by the encoder and converts it into the language understandable by the person  Interpreter- Interpreter is the person who tries to understand and analyze the message. Message is received after interpretation. Interpreter and receiver is the same person.
  • 110.
     Receiver- Receiveris the person who gets the message. He/she decodes and interprets the actual message.  Message- Message is the data sent by the sender and information that the receiver gets.  Feedback- Feedback is the process of responding to the received message by the receiver.  Medium- Medium or media is the channel used to send the message.  Noise- Noise is the interference and interruptions caused during the process. It is also created when the intended meaning of the message sent by the sender and the meaning interpreted by the receiver is different which is known as Semantic
  • 111.
    How Schramm’s ModelWorks Refer Blackboard In the Osgood-Schramm model, messages travel back and forth between the sender and the receiver. In this way, the sender can deliver one message and then become the receiver, getting a message.
  • 112.
    ADVANTAGES  Circular communicationgives opportunity to both parties to give their opinion.  As it is dynamic and ever changing model, it is helpful in general practice.  Sender and receiver interchanges and both are equally active.  Semantic noise included as a concept helps in understanding problems that can occur during interpretation of message.  Feedback makes it easier to know if the message is interpreted by the receiver as intended or not.  Concept of interpretation makes the communication effective.  Field of Experience (psychological effect) helps to
  • 113.
    DISADVANTAGES . This modelcan not deal with multiple levels of communication and complex communication processes. . There can only be two sources communicating, many sources complicates the process and the model can not be implemented. . Message sent and received might be interpreted differently than intended.
  • 114.
    Murphy’s Model of Communication This communication process model is propounded by three persons namely: H.A . Murphy, H.W. Hildbrant and J.P. Thomas  Six Components: Context, sender-encoder, message, medium, receiver- decoder, feedback
  • 117.
    Components of Murphy’sModel  Context- Context is a broad field that includes country, culture, organization, internal and external cause of action and every message whether oral or written begins with context.  Sender-Encoder- The sender-encoder uses symbols, words etc to express the message and create desired response.  Message- The message is the core idea, the sender wishes to communicate. It consists of both verbal and non-verbal symbols.  Medium- It is the channel through which a message is communicated. It can be print medium, mail medium etc.
  • 118.
     Receiver-decoder- Thereceiver or listener is the person who receives the message and decodes it.  Feedback- Feedback can be oral or written Sender needs feedback in order to determine the success or failure of the communication.
  • 119.
    Thill & BoveeModel  Developed by Thill and Bovee  Communication is more than a single act.  Five Phases: Idea, idea becomes message, message is transmitted, receiver gets the message and receiver sends feedback.
  • 121.
    Lesikar, Petitt andFlatley Model of Communication:  R.V.Lesikar, J.D. Petitt and M.E. Flatley  Real world, full of symbols and stimuli (a thing that arouses activity or energy in someone or something)  Communication is the result of those symbols and senses  Assuming that there are two people Kevin and Marci communicating with each other.  Five situations: a. The beginning b. Detection by senses c. Filtering Process
  • 122.
    • Real World Marci’s Sensory World •Marci’s Filtration Process Kavin’s Sensory World • Kavin’s Filtration Process Feedback
  • 123.
  • 124.
  • 125.
    Message Theories A. VerbalMessage Theories:  Co-ordinated Management of Meaning  Symbolic Interaction Theory B. Non Verbal Message Theories:  Expectancy Violation Theory
  • 126.
    Interpersonal Communication Theory  SocialPenetration Theory  Uncertainty Reduction Theory  Cognitive Dissonance Theory
  • 127.
    Group & PublicCommunication Theory  Group Think  Cultural approach to organizations  Rhetoric  Dramatism
  • 128.
  • 129.
    Mass Communication Theory Cultivation Analysis Theory  Cultural Studies  Spiral of Silence Theory
  • 130.
    Cultural Context Theories Face-negotiation Theory  Muted Group Theory
  • 131.