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Hyperthyroidism & hypothyrodism
Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to accelerated metabolism. It can be caused by Graves' disease in most cases. Symptoms include nervousness, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and eye problems. Treatment involves anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, surgery or beta blockers to reduce thyroid hormone levels and symptoms.
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Hyperthyroidism & hypothyrodism
- 2. Hyperthyroidism PRESENTED BY: JAGDISHSAMBAD M.SC. NURSING IKDRC COLLEGE OF NURSING
- 3. Outline • Introduction ofhyper and hypothyroidism. • Epidemiology • Causes • Pathophysiology • Clinical manifestation • Investigation • Medical management • Surgical management • Nursing management.
- 5. What is thyroidgland? • The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland that is normally located in the lower front of the neck. The thyroid’s job is to make thyroid hormones, which are secreted into the blood and then carried to every tissue in the body. Thyroid hormone helps the body use energy, stay warm and keep the brain, heart, muscles, and other organs working as they should.
- 10. Introduction • Hyperthyroidism andthyrotoxicosis are used interchangeably, however each refers to slightly different conditions. Hyperthyroidism refers to over activity of the thyroid gland, with resultant excessive secretion of thyroid hormones and accelerated metabolism in the periphery. • Thyrotoxicosis refers to the clinical effects of an unbound thyroid hormone, regardless of whether or not the thyroid is the primary source. There are a number of pathologic causes of hyperthyroidism in children and adults.
- 11. CONT.. • These includeGraves disease, toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular, goiter, and thyroiditis, Graves disease accounts for approximately 95% of cases of hyperthyroidism, To understand the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism, it is necessary to understand the normal physiology of the thyroid gland.
- 13. Epidemiology • Incidence ofWomen 66.4% and 33.6% in men, 15% of cases occur in patients older than 60 years of age. • In India, a large number of people suffer from thyroid disorders. Previous studies reveal that almost 42 million Indians suffer from thyroid disorders. Unfortunately, awareness about the disease is low. A recent study across 8 cities of India (ABCDGHKM) revealed the prevalence of thyroid disorders in around 11 % of the urban population, with women being 3 times more prone to the disease than men.
- 15. Etiology • Ectopic thyroiddisease • Grave’s disease • Multi-nodular disease • Thyroid adenoma • Subacute thyroiditis • Ingestion of thyroid hormone • Pituitary disease • Ingestion of food containing thyroid hormone • High dietary iodine intake or very low dietary intake. • Genetic factor.
- 16. Pathophysiology Hyperthyroidisms characterized byloss normal regulatory control of thyroid hormone secretion. The action of thyroid hormone on the body is stimulatory, hyper metabolism result Increase sympathetic nervous system activity Alteration secretion and metabolism of hypothalamic pituitary and gonadal hormone. Excessive amount of thyroid hormone stimulate the cardiac system and increase the adrenergic receptors. Tachycardia and increase cardiac –output, stroke volume and peripheral blood flow. Negative nitrogenous balance, lipid depletion and the resultant state of nutritional deficiency. Hyperthyroidism result
- 17. Clinical manifestation • Symptomsand their severity depend on duration and extent of thyroid hormone excess, and the age of the individual. Individuals may experience: • Nervousness and irritability • Palpitations and tachycardia • Heat intolerance or increased sweating • Tremor • Weight loss or gain • Increase in appetite • Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea • Lower leg swelling • Sudden paralysis • Shortness of breath with exertion • Decreased menstrual flow • Impaired fertility • Sleep disturbances (including insomnia)
- 19. Cont.. • Changes invision – Photophobia, or light sensitivity – Eye irritation with excess tears – Diplopia, or double vision – Exophthalmos, or forward protrusion of the eyeball – Fatigue and muscle weakness Thyroid enlargement Pretibial myxedema (fluid buildup in the tissues about the shin bone; may be seen with Grave's disease)
- 21. Investigation • History andphysical examination • Ophthalmic examination • ECG- atrial tachycardia • Thyroid function test: T3 and T4 • Thyroid releasing hormone stimulation test • Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) • Thyroid scan
- 22. Treatment 1. Radioactive iodine Takenby mouth, radioactive iodine is absorbed by your thyroid gland, where it causes the gland to shrink and symptoms to subside, usually within three to six months.
- 24. 2. Anti-thyroid medications •These medications gradually reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism by preventing your thyroid gland from producing excess amounts of hormones. They include propylthiouracil and methimazole (Tapazole). • Symptoms usually begin to improve in 6 to 12 weeks, but treatment with anti-thyroid medications typically continues at least a year and often longer.
- 25. 3. Beta blockers •These drugs are commonly used to treat high blood pressure. They won't reduce your thyroid levels, but they can reduce a rapid heart rate and help prevent palpitations. Side effects may include fatigue, headache, upset stomach, constipation, diarrhea or dizziness.
- 26. Surgical management • SurgicalTreatment of Thyroid Disease General Several surgical options exist for treating thyroid disease and the choice of procedure depends on two main factors. • The first is the type and extent of thyroid disease present. • The second is the anatomy of the thyroid gland itself. The most commonly performed procedures include: lobectomy, lobectomy with isthmectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy, and total thyroidectomy.
- 29. Nursing management 1. Imbalancednutrition less than body requirement related to anorexia and increase metabolic demand is inappropriate. Intervention: - High calorie diet (4000-5000 kcal/day) - High protein diet (1-2 g/kg of ideal body weight) - Frequent meals
- 30. 2. Activity intolerancerelated to exhaustion secondary to accelerated metabolic rate resulting in inability to perform activity without shortness of breath and significant increased in heart rate Intervention: - Assist with regular physical activity. - Assist in activities of daily living - Assist the patient to schedule rest periods.
- 31. Cont.. 3. Risk forinjury: corneal ulceration, infection and not possible blindness related inability to close the eye lids secondary to exophthalmos. 4. Hyperthermia related to accelerated metabolic rate resulting in fever, diaphoresis and reported heat intolerance. 5. Impaired social interaction related to extreme agitation, hyperactivity, and mood swings resulting in inability to relate effectively with others
- 32. Hypothyroidism • Abnormally lowactivity of the thyroid gland, resulting in retardation of growth and mental development in children and adults.
- 33. Epidemiology • Worldwide aboutone billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism. • In large population-based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.3– 0.4% of the population have overt hypothyroidism. • A larger proportion, 4.3–8.5%, have subclinical hypothyroidism. • Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men.
- 34. Risk factors • Althoughanyone can develop hypothyroidism, you're at an increased risk if you: • Are a woman older than age 60 • Have an autoimmune disease • Have a family history of thyroid disease • Have other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, a chronic inflammatory condition • Have been treated with radioactive iodine or anti- thyroid medications • Received radiation to your neck or upper chest • Have had thyroid surgery (partial thyroidectomy) • Have been pregnant or delivered a baby within the past six months
- 35. Causes of hypothyroidism •Medication: A number of medications can cause Hypothyroidism. Lithium, which is used to treat certain psychiatric disorders, can also affect the thyroid gland. • Genetic dysfunction: The thyroid gland may be dysfunctional at birth, or may fail at some phase in adult life. • Previous thyroid surgery: Removal of a large portion or the entire thyroid gland may reduce or stop the process of thyroid hormone production. • Treatment for Hyperthyroidism: Treatment for Hyperthyroidism may sometimes result in Hypothyroidism.
- 36. Causes of hypothyroidism •Radiation therapy: Exposure of the thyroid gland to radiation therapy for the treatment of cancers of the head and neck region may result in Hypothyroidism. • Damage to the Pituitary Gland: The pituitary gland may be damaged due to disease or surgery which may result in decreased level of thyroid hormones. • Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: This is the most common cause of Hypothyroidism. This happens when the body's immune system produces certain antibodies that attack its own thyroid gland leading to a reduced thyroid hormone production.
- 38. Sign and symptoms •Hypothyroidism signs and symptom may include: • Fatigue • Increased sensitivity to cold • Constipation • Dry skin • Weight gain • Puffy face • Hoarseness • Muscle weakness • Elevated blood cholesterol level • Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness • Pain, stiffness or swelling in your joints • Heavier than normal or irregular menstrual periods • Thinning hair • Slowed heart rate • Depression • Impaired memory
- 40. Investigation • History andphysical examination • Serum T3, T4 • Serum TSH. • Serum cholesterol • TRH stimulation test
- 41. Treatment • Thyroid hormonereplacement e.g: levothyroxine • Monitor thyroid hormone level and adjusted dosages • Nutritional therapy to promote weight loss