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![IV. MOTOR SPEECH AREA
(BROCA’S AREA)
• LOCATION :- FRONTAL LOBE (inferior part of frontal
gyrus)
- it is present on the left hemisphere in 98% of
right handed population and 70% in left handers.
• BRODMANN AREAS: - 44, 45
• FUNCTIONS:- CONTROL THE SPOKEN SPEECH
• EFFECTS OF LESION:- BROCA’S APHASIA
[ Non- fluent, impaired repetition but good comprehension]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/functionalareasofthebrain-200306050749/75/Functional-areas-of-the-brain-16-2048.jpg)
![II. RECEPTIVE SPEECH
ASSOCIATION AREA
WERNIKE’S AREA
• LOCATION :- inferior part of PARIETAL LOBE
• BRODMANN AREAS: mainly 22, also 38,42,21
• FUNCTIONS:- SENSORY SPEECH
• EFFECTS OF LESION:- WERNIKE’S APHASIA
[ fluent speech but poor comprehension]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/functionalareasofthebrain-200306050749/75/Functional-areas-of-the-brain-28-2048.jpg)
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Functional areas of the brain
- 1. FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF CEREBRALCORTEX PRESENTED BY:- HARSHEKA KAR MOT(NEUROLOGY) I YEAR ISIC INSTITUTE OF REHAB SCIENCES
- 2. CEREBRAL CORTEX . ITIS A SHEET OF NEURAL TISSUE WHICH FORMS A COMPLETE COVERING OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHARE. . OUTTER MOST LAYER OF THE CEREBRAL. . It represents the highest degree of evolutionary development of the human brain as compare to other parts.
- 3. ANANTOMY OF CEREBRAL CORTEX •IT IS MADE UP OF GRAY MATTER AND CONTAINS APPROXIMATELY 10 BILLION DIFFERENT NEURONS. • THE THICKNESS OF THE CORTEX VARIES FROM 1.5 TO 4.4 mm. • THICKEST OVER CREST OF A GYRUS. • THINNEST OVER DEPTH OF SULUS.
- 4. CELLUAR COMPOSITION DIFFERENT TYPESOF NERVE CELLS THAT ARE PRESENT IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX- • 1. PYRAMIDAL CELLS • 2. STELLATE CELLS • 3. FUSIFORM CELLS • 4. HORIZONTAL CELLS OF CAJAL. • 5. CELLS OF MARTINOTTI
- 6. TYPES OF CERBRAL CORTEX •ACCORDING TO THE STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT. • 2 TYPES- (i) ALLOCORTEX (ii) ISOCORTEX / NEOCORTEX (i) ALLOCORTEX • STRUCTURAL SIMPLE MADE UP OF 3 LAYERS. • ASSOCICATED WITH OLFACTORY CORTEX AND HIPPPOCAMPUS.
- 7. (ii) NEOCORTEX • STRUCTURALLYCOMPLEX – HAS 6 LAYERS • FORMS THE MAJOR PART OF CEREBRAL CORTEX. • SUBDIVIDED INTO 2 CORTEX- (i) GRANULAR COTEX (sensory cortex) (ii) AGRANULAR CORTEX (motor cortex)
- 8. LAYERS OF CEREBRALCORTEX ( neocortex) • IT IS DIVIDED INTO 6 LAYERS THAT COULD BE DISTINGUISHED BY TYPE,DENSITY AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE CELLS- • I. MOLECULAR LAYER ( Plexiform layer ) • II. EXTERNAL GRANULAR LAYER • III. EXTERNAL PYRAMIDAL LAYER • IV. INTERNAL GRANULAR LAYER • V. INTERNAL PYRAMIDAL LAYER • VI. MULTIFORM LAYER
- 10. FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF CEREBRALCORTEX DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ARE FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZED. • ANATOMICALY- 3 BASIC FUNCTIONAL AREAS 1. MOTOR AREA 2. SENSORY AREA 3. ASSOCIATION AREA • HISTOLOGICALLY- • PRECISE DIVISION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX INTO DIFFERENT AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION- KNOWN AS BRODMANN AREAS. • THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 52 MAJOR AREAS DESCRIBED BY BRODMANN. • In addition, these Brodmann areas have been widely redefined, discussed, debated, and refined exhaustively based on cytoarchitecture, cortical functions, and brain plasticity.
- 11. MOTOR AREAS • AREAON THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THAT INVOLVES WITH PLANNING, CONTROL AND EXECUTION OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS. • THESE HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED ON THE BASIS OF ELICITATION OF MOTOR RESPONSE AT LOW THRESHOLD OF ELECTRIC STIMULATION WHICH GIVES RISE TO CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCULATURE. • THESE AREAS GIVE RISE TO COTICOSPINAL AND CORTICONUCLEAR FIBERS.
- 12. I. PRIMARY MOTORAREA • LOCATION:- FRONTAL LOBE (the precentral gyrus and precentral lobe). • BRODMANN AREAS :- 4 • FUNCTION:- CONTROLS VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS ACTIVITIES OF THE OPPOSITE HALF OF BODY. • EFFECTS OF LESION :- (i)CONTRALATERAL PARALYSIS (ii) Jackonian seizures (type of a focal seizure)
- 13. II. PREMOTOR AREA •LOCATION :- FRONTAL LOBE (posterior part of superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri) • BRODMANN AREAS: – 6 • FUNCTION :- CONTROLS EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM • EFFECTS OF LESION:- MOTOR APRAXIA (inability to perform skilled movement that what once learned)
- 15.
- 16. IV. MOTOR SPEECHAREA (BROCA’S AREA) • LOCATION :- FRONTAL LOBE (inferior part of frontal gyrus) - it is present on the left hemisphere in 98% of right handed population and 70% in left handers. • BRODMANN AREAS: - 44, 45 • FUNCTIONS:- CONTROL THE SPOKEN SPEECH • EFFECTS OF LESION:- BROCA’S APHASIA [ Non- fluent, impaired repetition but good comprehension]
- 17.
- 18. V. PREFONTAL CORTEX •LOCATION :- FRONTAL LOBE (anterior large part of frontal lobe) • BRODMANN AREAS: 9, 10, 11, 12 • FUNCTIONS:- CONTROLS CONCENTRATION, EMOTIONS,ATTENTION AND JUDGEMENT. • EFFECTS OF LESION:- (i) LOSS OF ORINENTATION (ii) FRONTAL LOBE SYNDROME
- 20. SENSORY AREAS • CORTICALAREAS LINKED WITH SENSORY FUNCTION. • PRINCIPALLY THE THALAMUS RELAY A LARGE PART OF THE SENSORY SIGNALS TO THE SENSORY CORTEX FOR ANALYSIS. • MAINLY INVOLVES IN – (i) SPATIAL RECOGNITION (ii)RECOGNITION OF INTENSITY OF SENSORY STIMULUS (iii) RECOGNITION OF SIMILARITY & DIFFERENCE OF SENSORY STIMULUS
- 21. I. SOMATOSENSORY AREAS • LOCATION:- PARIETAL LOBE ( Posterior of central sulcus ) • BRODMANN AREAS: - 1, 2, 3 • FUNCTIONS:- (i) PERCEPTION OF EXTEROCEPTIVE IMPULSES LIKE – TOUCH , PAIN , TEMPERATURE. (ii) PROPRIOCEPTION • EFFECTS OF LESION:- (i) POOR LOCALIZATION OF STIMULUS (ii) LOSS OR ABNORMAL OF DISCRIMINATIVE SENSATIONS. (iii) PROPRIOCEPTION IMPAIRMENT
- 22.
- 23. CORTICAL HOMUNCULUS • PICTORIAL REPRESENTATIONOF MOTOR & SENSORY CORTEX. SURFACE AREA OF THE CORTEX IS DEDICATTED TO A PARTICULAR BODY PART.
- 24. • IN THESENSORY CORTEX RECEIVED SENSATION FROM A PARTICULAR PART OF A BODY IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE SIZE OF THAT PART OF THE BODY BUT RATHER TO INTRICACY OF SENSATORY INPUT RECEIVED FROM IT. • THUS, THE THUMB, FINGER, LIPS AND TONGUE HAVE A DISPROPROTIONATELY LARGE REPRESENATION.
- 25. ASSOCIATION AREAS • INTHESE REGIONS, DIRECT SENSORY OR MOTOR REPONSE ARE NOT ELICITED. • FUNTIONS OVERLAP IN SAME REGION OF CORTEX. • IT THE MOTOR FUNCTION IS PREDOMINANT IT IS KNOWN AS MOTOR SENSORY (MS) • DOMINANT SENSORY FUNCTION AREA IS KNOWN AS SENSORIMOTOR AREA (SM)
- 26. I. SENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA •LOCATION :- PARIETAL LOBE ( between sensory & visual areas ) • BRODMANN AREAS: - 5, 7 • FUNCTIONS:- mainly STEROGNOSIS • EFFECTS OF LESION:- ASTEROGNOSIS
- 27.
- 28. II. RECEPTIVE SPEECH ASSOCIATIONAREA WERNIKE’S AREA • LOCATION :- inferior part of PARIETAL LOBE • BRODMANN AREAS: mainly 22, also 38,42,21 • FUNCTIONS:- SENSORY SPEECH • EFFECTS OF LESION:- WERNIKE’S APHASIA [ fluent speech but poor comprehension]
- 29.
- 30. AREAS OF SPECIAL SENSATIONS VISION I. VISUAL SENSORY AREA • LOCATION :- OCCIPITAL LOBE • BRODMANN AREAS: 17 • FUNCTIONS:- RECEPTION AND PERCEPTION OF VISUAL IMPRESSIONS OF – COLOUR,SIZE, FORM, MOTION, ILLUMATION & TRANSPARENCY. • EFFECTS OF LESION:- HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA.
- 31.
- 32. II. VISUAL PSYCHICAREA • LOCATION :- OCCIPITAL LOBE • BRODMANN AREAS:- 18, 19 • FUNCTIONS:- COMPLEX ASPECTS OF VISION- CORRELATION OF VISUAL IMPULSES WITH PAST MEMORY AND RECOGNITION OF OBJECT SEEN. • EFFECTS OF LESION:- VISUAL AGNOSIA ( inability to recognize visually present object) Example:- PROSOPAGNOSIA (Face blindness)
- 33.
- 34. HEARING I. AUDITORYSENSORY AREA • LOCATION :- TEMPORAL LOBE • BRODMANN AREAS :- 41, 42 • FUNCTIONS:- RECEPTION AND PERCEPTION OF AUDITORY IMPRESSIONS OF – LOUDNESS , QUALITY & PITCH. • EFFECTS OF LESION:- IMPAIRED HEARING (CORTICAL DEAFNESS) (usually the loss is greater in one ear then another)
- 35.
- 36. II. AUDITORY PSYCHICAREA • LOCATION :- TEMPORAL LOBE • BRODMANN AREAS :- 22 • FUNCTIONS:- CORRELATION OF AUDITORY IMPULSES WITH PAST MEMORY AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOUNDS HEARD. • EFFECTS OF LESION:- AUDITORY AGNOSIA ( inability to recognize or differentiate between sounds even with intact hearing)
- 37.
- 38. REFRENCES:- • GRAY’S ANATOMY, 38TH EDITION • RICHARD S. SNELL, CLINICAL NEUROANTOMY , 6TH EDITION • LESLIE P. GARTNER, TEXTBOOK OF NEUROANATOMY, 2ND EDITION. • INDERBIR SINGH, TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN NEUROANATOMY. • BD CHAURASIA’S 4TH VOLUME. • VISHRAM SINGH, 3RD VOLUME. • PICTURE CREDITS:- KENHUB.COM