Elements of programming

ReshmaRaju
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ELEMENTS OF PROGRAMMING

Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared by trainees of
baabtra as a part of mentoring program. This is not official
document of baabtra –Mentoring Partner
Baabtra-Mentoring Partner is the mentoring division of baabte System Technologies Pvt . Ltd

VARIABLES
 A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our
programs can manipulate.
 Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size
and layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can
be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be
applied to the variable.
 The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the
underscore character. It must begin with either a letter or an
underscore.

VARIABLE TYPES
Type Description
char Typically a single octet(one byte). This is an integer
type.
int The most natural size of integer for the machine.
float A single-precision floating point value.
double A double-precision floating point value.
void Represents the absence of type.

SYNTAX AND EXAMPLE
SYNTAX:
type variable_list;
EXAMPLES:
int i, j, k;
char c, ch;
float f, salary;
double d;

if statement
 The if statement is a decision making statement.
 It is used to control the flow of execution and also used to test
logically whether the condition is true or false.
 Syntax:-
If(condition)
{
Statement;
}

Example for if statement
#include<stdio.h> OUTPUT
void main() Enter the number :9
{ The entered number 9 is less than 10
int i;
printf("Enter the number :");
scanf("%d",&i);
if(i<10)
{
printf("The entered number %d is less than 10",i);
}
}

If…..else statement
 The if....else statement is an extension of the simple if statement.
 The syntax is:
if (condition)
{
True-block statement;
}
else
{
False-block statement;
}
 If the condition is true, then the true-block statements are
executed; otherwise the false-block statement are executed.

Example for if….else statement
#include<stdio.h> OUTPUT
void main() Enter the number :50
{
int i; The entered number 50 is greater than 10
printf("Enter the number :");
scanf("%d",&i);
if(i<10)
{
printf(“nThe entered number %d is less than 10n",i);
}
else
{
printf(“nThe entered number %d is greater than 10n",i);
}
}

Nested If-else statement
 The nested if...else statement is used when program requires more than one
test expression.
 The syntax is:
if (test expression1)
{ statement to be executed if test expression1 is true;
}
else if(test expression2)
{statement to be executed if test expression1 is false and 2 is true;
}
else if (test expression 3)
{ statement to be executed if text expression1 and 2 are false and 3 is true;
}
.
.
else
{ statements to be executed if all test expressions are false;
}

Example for Nested if-else statement
#include <stdio.h> OUTPUT
int main() Enter two integers :40 50
{ Result: 50>40
int numb1, numb2;
printf("Enter two integers :");
scanf("%d %d",&numb1,&numb2);
if(numb1==numb2) //checking whether two integers are equal.
printf("Result: %d = %d",numb1,numb2);
else
if(numb1>numb2) //checking whether numb1 is greater than numb2.
printf("Result: %d > %d",numb1,numb2);
else
printf("Result: %d > %d",numb2,numb1);
}

Switch statement
 The switch statement evaluates an expression, then attempts to
match the result to one of several possible cases.
 Each case contains a value and a list of statements
 Often a break statement is used as the last statement in each case's
statement list
 A break statement causes control to transfer to the end of the
switch statement
 If a break statement is not used, the flow of control will continue
into the next case

Example for switch statement
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int int_i; // declare the variable int_i
printf("n 1.Play game n");
printf("n 2.Load game n");
printf("n 3.Play multiplayer n");
printf("n 4.Exit n");
printf("n ENTER YOUR CHOICE:");
scanf("n %d",&int_i); //store the integer variable
switch(int_i) // select the switch case statement
{
case 1:
printf("n WELCOME PLAYER");
break; // break the case 1

case 2:
printf("n WAIT WHILE THE GAME IS LOADING");
break;
case 3:
printf("n CONNECT YOUR PARTNERS") ; OUTPUT
break; 1. Play Game
case 4: 2. Load Game
exit(0); //exit the function 3. Play Multiplayer
4. Exit
default: ENTER YOUR CHOICE:2
printf("n INVALID") ;
break; WAIT WHILE THE GAME IS
LOADING
}
}

Ternary condition
Syntax :
expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3
 expression1 is Condition
 expression2 is Statement Followed if Condition is True
 Expression3 is Statement Followed if Condition is False

Example for ternary condition
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Enter the Number : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
(num%2==0)?printf("Even"):printf("Odd");
}
OUTPUT
Enter the number : 5
Odd

Break statement
 break statement is used to exit from a loop or a switch, control
passing to the first statement beyond the loop or a switch.
Example for break statement
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i; OUTPUT
for(i=0;i<=10;i++)
{ 0 1 2 3 4
if(i==5)
{
break;
}
printf(" %d",i);
}
}

Continue statement
 continue is similar to the break statement but it only works
within loops where its effect is to force an immediate jump to
the loop control statement.
Example for continue statement
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i; OUTPUT
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
if(i==5)
{
continue;
}
printf(" %d",i);
}
}

LOOP CONTROL STATEMENT
 Loop control statements in C are used to perform looping
operations until the given condition is true. Control comes out of
the loop statements once condition becomes false.
 Types of loop control statements in C:
There are 3 types of loop control statements in C language. They are,
 for
 while
 do-while

for Loop
 A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to
efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of
times.
 The syntax of a for loop in C programming language is:
for ( init; condition; increment )
{
statement(s);
}

Example of for loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main () OUTPUT
{ value of a: 10
for( int a = 10; a < 20; a = a + 1 ) value of a: 11
{ value of a: 12
printf("value of a: %dn", a); value of a: 13
} value of a: 14
return 0; value of a: 15
} value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

while loop
 A while loop statement in C programming language repeatedly
executes a target statement as long as a given condition is true.
 The syntax of a while loop in C programming language is:
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}

Example of while loop
int main () value of a: 10
{ value of a: 11
int a = 10; /* local variable definition */ value of a: 12
while( a < 20 )/* while loop execution */ value of a: 13
{ value of a: 14
a++; value of a: 16
} value of a: 17
} value of a: 19

do...while loop
 A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a
do...while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time.
 The syntax of a do...while loop in C programming language is:
do
{
statement(s);
}
while( condition );

Example of do…while loop
int main () value of a: 10
{ value of a: 11
int a = 10; /* local variable definition */ value of a: 12
do /* do loop execution */ value of a: 13
{ value of a: 14
a = a + 1; value of a: 16
} value of a: 17
while( a < 20 ); value of a: 18
}

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