Design and Modeling with Autodesk 3DS Max

Design and Modeling with Autodesk 3DS Max
Deepali G. Chaudhary1
, Bharti W. Gawali2
Department of Computer Science & Information Technology,
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,
Aurangabad, MS. (India)
Abstract
Digitization is one the way by which heritage and important places, sits, things, statues, objects, etc. can be
prevented from degradation. There are many software’s available in market for the modeling of objects but in this
study Autodesk 3DS Max was used for modeling the objects used by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar which are
preserved in Milind College of Arts and Science in Aurangabad, India.
1. Introduction
A process of creating 3D model from 2D pictures is known as 3D Modeling. 3D models are the 3D
representation of objects through specializes computer graphics software’s. 3D models can be generated either
manually or automatically. 3D scanners are required for the automatic creation of 3D model and 2D pictures can
be used for manual creation of model. Mostly manual way is adopted for creating 3D models so that once created
object can be used in another project.
3D modeling has benefited many fields such as industry, entertainment, advertisement, media, teaching,
archaeologist, civil engineers, gaming, animation, etc. [3] more over 3D modeling has benefited a lot in preserving
and protecting heritage and important sites and objects. These models are created with the help of specialised 3D
modellers. There are many 3D models present in the current era, such as Computer-Aided Design (CAD),
Shetchup Pro, PhotoModeler, MeshLab, Autodesk 3DS Max etc. [1]. This study is carried out by using Autodesk
3DS Max 3D modeling software using manual method of creating models.
Autodesk 3DS max was selected as a 3D model in this case study. Max is a powerful tool capable of working
with complex designs. It is used by developers for making animations, developing games, visual effect artists,
modelling, rendering, lifelike models, etc. Along with the creation of model Texturing can be done in Max which
is a very essential and time consuming process but a lot of time is saved if Max is used for texturing. Max supports
the features as perspective matching, vector map support 2D pan and zoom.
2. Literature Review
One of the major benefits of 3D modelling is that it is used for preserving the heritage/important sites. It is
witnessed that countries are making the use of 3D modeling for preventing these heritage/important sites.
Moreover UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) has also marked more
than 1073 heritage sites in the world. Countries such as Italy, Turkey, Netherlands, Mexico, Nepal, European,
Bulgaria, Norway, Canada, Germany, Spain, India etc. A lot of work is also done in India [1].
For the creation of 3D models, many researchers have made the use of Photogrammetry technique. The
method or techniques used for creation can be classified as an Image Based Method (Passive Technique) and
Range Based Method (Active Technique). Again, these Photogrammetry techniques based on the camera distance
can be categorized as Far Range Photogrammetry and Close Range Photogrammetry.
Many different tools and techniques were adopted for creating the model [1]. Different counties have adopted
different tools to create 3D models such as Sketchup Pro [14, 16, 19, 21], CAD [2, 5, 6, 10, 17, 20], ArcGIS [6,
7, 8, 9, 13, 21], Photomodeller [11, 18], Maya [10, 12, 15, 16, 19], etc. all these tools were used to model the
important and heritage sites.
Besides these available softwares 3DS max is also used for 3D modelling. There are many companies which
at very fast speed are developing fairly good 3D software’s, Autodesk is one among them. This tool is capable of
dealing with complex structures. The tool can not only be used for creating 3D models of heritage or important
sits but can be used for development and creation of city [22], car, etc. and 3D animations are also prepared. Max
is used for 3D modeling, 3D Animation and 3D Rendering. The software is available in 40 different languages.
Lifelike models are created in Audodesk 3DS Max. Detailed Texturing of the objects can be within a very less
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time. Many additional different renders are also provided by Autodesk. 3D models and textures can be moved
from one Autodesk products to another. Models created in other products apart from Autodesk can be imported
and used, even manipulations of those models is also possible. The environment of the tool is user friendly and
can also detail with complex animations such as games, cartoons, movies, etc. along with all these features a very
large amount of tools are provided for modeling the objects. Along with 3D models, rendering and animations
walk-through can be created. Due to all these features Autodesk 3DS Max is becoming more popular now a day
and is one of the most used product.
3. Methodology
On the way to construct a 3D model of an object some essential steps should be followed. By following these
steps 3D model of any object can be created.
• Data Acquisition
• Making of 3D Model
3.1. Data Acquisition
The first step to create 3D model is Data Acquisition. Acquired data may be may be either a hard copy picture
captured from a film camera or a digital image capture with a digital camera. If the data is in the hardcopy pictures
format it needs to be first scanned and convert into a digital image. To make digital images from a hard copy
picture a high resolution scanner is needed and then the picture can be used as a digital image. To obtain high
resolution images high resolution camera is needed. To avoid this scanning process and obtain high details of the
object, in this study Close-Range photogrammetry is used as a digital image. Close-Range photogrammetry is
becoming more popular now a days not only because it provides high details of the object but due to its economic
aspect. As the price of the device used to capture the picture is low and no amount is needed for developing the
picture, any number of pictures (digital images) can be captured among which best can be selected [2].
In this case study Sony ILCA-68 DSLR camera is used to capture the images. The camera has a sensor APS-
C type (2.3 x 15.6mm) Exmor® CMOS sensor with a focal range EV-2 to 18 (at ISO 100 equivalent). Photographs
of the objects and the Dome (the place where these objects are kept) are taken and are preserved in Milind College.
At least two images of each object were captured. Data Acquisition was completed at day time, so maximum
images were captured without making the use of flash only two or three objects, pictures were clicked with flash
which was needed to obtain clear flash.
3.2. Making of 3D Model
To make 3D models of any object it is needed to have certain procedure. By embracing this flow any
model can be created.
• Modeling object
• Texturing
• Rendering
3.2.1. Modeling object
Construction of a 3D model is the most important part and can be accomplished through different software’s.
In this study Autodesk 3DS Max 2014 is used for generation of 3D models. Producing 3D objects in 3DS Max is
a complicated process for which basic polygon modelling knowledge is required. The polygon modelling is used
for representing the objects. 3DS Max provides many basic shapes for modeling the objects such as Geometric
shapes, Architectural objects, Shapes, compound objects, system, etc. These shapes need to modify in such a way
that the desired shape and structure is achieved and for which 3DS Max provides an object-space modifiers. These
modifiers directly affects the geometry of the object. There are many modifiers in the 3DS Max such as bend,
bevel, bevel profile, chamfer, edit poly, edit spline, extrude, lathe, melt, mesh select, mesh smooth, push, shell,
skew, smooth, taper, tube smooth, twist, cloth, hair and fur, FFD (Free – Form deformation) etc.
To model any complex construction object reference image is the first requirement. Instead of having a
reference the image outside the model environment, it’s better to have images within the viewport. There are two
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different ways through which reference image can be setup in the viewport and any one way can be adopted as
per the need and requirement.
a. Materials or Planes
b. Background Images
a. Materials or Planes
In this method one the reference image material is applied to the geometric shapes. To create a model with
proper views it is needed to have at least two pictures of an object, one from the front and another from the left or
right side (or both) or top or bottom of the object. As per the images the number of planes is taken for reference.
In this method one should have the same size of all the pictures of a particular picture, for example 1024x1024 is
the size of front image same must be of another that is a ratio of image size must be 1:1. If the ratio doesn’t same,
then it result in the appearance of the created object. This method appears somehow it is shown in the figure 1
below.
Figure 1: References through Plane setup environment [6]
b. Background Images
In this method multiple images of one objects is not required. The image to any size and resolution can be used.
A useful method for creating 3D models if only one picture present. The image is set in the background of the
viewport and background image zoomed in and out as the viewport is zooms in and out. This method is more
wrathful while working with Shapes such as line, circle, etc. In this method background image can display in one
viewport or in all viewport as per our requirement. The figure 2 illustrates the example for background image.
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Figure 2: References through background image setup environment
3.2.2. Texturing
Texturing is one of the most important and essential step in 3D modelling and is supported by Autodesk 3DS
Max. Texturing refers to the characteristics of the surface and can be described as smooth or rough, glossy, hard
or soft etc. Texture produces the visual the visual impression to human observation, such as color, orientation,
intensity, etc. Texture can be created with the help of many software such as Photoshop, Granite, Substance
Designer 4, Z Brush 4, Mari, paint, etc. Texturing can be done in 3DS Max with the help of Material edition.
Material Editor have a feature named as Bitmap which help to even import the image file in the max and this
image can be applied as texture to the object. Apart from which it also provides the setting by using glossiness,
smoothness, reflection, refraction, etc. can also be provided to object, which gives the realistic view of the object.
3.2.3. Rendering
A process where a 3D seen is converted to 2D image is called as Rendering. Rendering is the last step in 3D
model generation and a very essential step. The 3D data present in a file is passed for rendering after which the
output obtained is a digital image. For rendering an image many other renders are also available other than a
default renders. This process of rendering can be done by using V-Ray, Mental Ray, Iray, Scanline, Maxwell,
Corona, Octane, LuxRender etc. different results are obtained from different rendering software [3]. Rendering of
the object can be done multiple time and can be done till the desired output is obtained.
4. Selected field
In the year 1945 Bharat Ratna Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar established Peoples Education Society in Mumbai
having a network of several educational institutes of higher education in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Bihar. He
sensed that education is a solution to liberate people the age old slavery, which became the mission of his life with
this trust the Peoples Education Society was established. He observed that as Aurangabad holds an excessive
number of cultural heritage monuments, due to which this region was denied for years from education. Looking
at the fact the society selected Aurangabad and established Milind Mahavidyalaya in Aurangabad as first graduate
college in the Marathwada Region in the year 1950 [4].
Aimed at the establishment of Milind Mahavidyalaya Dr. Ambedkar arrived Aurangabad and remained in
Aurangabad for a period of time. During which some household items used by him are present till now and are
preserved by Milind Mahavidyalaya. Objects preserved in the Dome of Milind Mahavidyalaya are chairs, bed,
handkerchief and towels, sticks, sink and some kitchen utensils.
The purpose behind this study is to preserve these objects having national importance. To preserve these
objects for future is to create a 3D model of the object and for which Autodesk 3DS Max 2014 is used. 3D model
of the objects and Dome present in Milind Mahavidyalaya are made.
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Figure 3: Dr. Ambedkar with the architect of Milind College (Aurangabad) with Principle M. B. Chitnis, Savita Ambedkar, Rao
Bahadur C. K. Bole and B. H. Varate [5]
5. Experimentation and Result
In this study many different objects are constructed in the 3D model form. For creating every object in the
3DS Max method is adopted. The objects modelled by using Max are detailed below.
5.1. Dome
The dome is the place in Milind Mahavidyalaya where the objects used by Dr. B. Ambedkar is prevented. To
create the 3D model of the dome beneath steps was adopted.
• Modeling object
In need of creating the 3D model of Dome Geometric shapes as sphere, cylinder, cone and tube were used.
Sphere was utilised as the light present on the dome. The cylinder was used to create rod and the design below
the light. With another sphere the big curve was designed and for doing that the object was converted into editable
poly and desired structure is given. The remaining body of the dome was created using the cylinder. Roof of the
object was created with cone. Next window where create with box as bored, plane as the background and cylinder
as rods, all were grouped together and two more copies of the created window where maid and placed on dome.
Door was created by modifying box. The box was converted to editable poly and with the extrude option design
on the door was made. The handle and Latch (Kundi) of the door where made by modifying the cylinder and box
by applying bend modifier to provide the desired structure. As the door is square and dome is round, so fit the
door to the dome in a proper way FFD 4x4x4 modifier is used. The box was utilized to create the boundary beside
the dome. The grill beside the dome was made from plane and box. At least the plane was used for making the
floor and sky.
• Texturing
Texturing of the dome and the wall was made with the Material Editor tool present in Max software. By using
the Ambient option in editor window default blue and white color shade was used. The door, windows, sky, floor
and the grill images where imported using defuse option and where applied to the object to obtain the textures.
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• Rendering
The created object was rendered by using default Render Production. The view of the object was tested and
rendered multiple times and the desired result is shown in the figure 4.
Figure 4: Dome
5.2. Chairs
There are four different style chairs which are where used by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in his day-to-day use.
All these chairs were constructed by using a very different way as the structure of all of them are different.
Sitting Chair
• Modeling object
To create a chair of such a type as shown in the figure first a box was taken and Edit Poly modifier was
applied to convert the box to editable poly. By deleting the some polygons and by extruding some polygon the
chair can be designed. Another box is modelled to create the backrest of the chair and was placed on the chair.
Hand rest of the chair was created by again modeling a box. FFD 3x3x3 modifier is applied to the chair for slightly
bending the chair arms as it is seen in the figure. Mat on the chair is created by placing the box in such a way that
it forms the design of the chair. Text shape was used to write the text present on the chair.
• Texturing
Texturing of chair was done by applying by importing the wooden textured image by using defuse option
present in Material Editor Tool and text and mat was textured as default white colour from ambient option in
Material Editor Tool.
• Rendering
Many times rendering was made by the chair with default Render Production till the satisfying result is
obtained. Satisfying result means till the time desired angle and position of the object is not obtained. The output
of this creation is presented in the figure 5.
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Figure 5: Sitting Chair
Reasting Chair
• Modeling object
The chair was modelled by applying edit poly modifier to the box by deleting certain polygons and extruding
some. For creating the armrest of the chair reference image was set by using the background image method. The
arms were designed using the line shape and bevel modifier was used to provide thickness of the line and increase
the width segments till the required thickness is obtained. The copy is created of the obtained shape and both arms
are placed on the chair. The box is modelled and copied for creating the sticks present on both sides of the chair.
Mat was created by combining the boxes together and was joined by the chair.
• Texturing
Chair was texture by applying wooden textured image through the Material Editor Tool and white color was
applied to the mat
• Rendering
Rendering of the chair wad done by default Render Production and the obtained product is shown in the figure
6.
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Figure 6: Resting Chair
Upholstered Swivel Chair
• Modeling object
The box is modelled to create the base of the chair. Another box was modelled for creating the backrest of
the chair. Background image method was used and reference image was set up. Line shape is used for creating
the legs and the hand rest of the chair. Bevel modifier is applied on the line shape and outline width is increased
to obtain the thickness to shape. By placing the boxes mat of the base of the chair is created. Pillow at the backrest
of a chair is created by applying the cloth modifier to the box and increase the pressure according to the thickness
of the pillow and simulate the box. The pillow is ready and place it at the backrest of the chair.
• Texturing
Texturing was made with Material Editor Tool. Wooden texture image is applied to a chair, pillow color
textured image was used for pillow and white color is applied to the mat.
• Rendering
Default render was used and the chair was modelled which is shown in the figure 7 below.
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Figure 7: Upholstered Swivel Chair
Wooden Folding Chair
• Modeling object
Line shape was used to for making the base of the chair and to make the line solid bevel modifier was applied.
Then the shape was controlled by applying FFD 3x3x3 modifier. The box was modelled to create the legs and
backrest of the chair.
• Texturing
By using Material Editor Tool wood texture was applied to the chair through images.
• Rendering
Default Render Production was used for rendering the chair and is illustrated in the figure 8 below.
Figure 8: Wooden Folding Chair
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5.3. Bed
The bed was used for resting and design is of an old antique pattern.
• Modeling object
The box was converted to editable poly and was molded to form a bed. Camferbox was made as a mattress
of bed. Two planes were placed on one above the other to create mattress cover. Cloth modifier was applied to
both planes to form the cover.
• Texturing
By using material editor tool wood texture was given to bed and images of two different textures were applied
from the mattress cover.
• Rendering
The resulted model was rendered and the product is shown in the figure 9.
Figure 9: Bed
5.4. Handkerchief and Towel Box
There are some handkerchiefs and towels used by Dr. Ambedkar in that period of time. These handkerchief
and towels are stored in the box.
• Modeling object
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The box was converted to editable poly and modelled to form box to hold the handkerchief and towels. The
cylinder was used to form rods. The box where used to form handkerchief and towels by applying cloth modifier.
• Texturing
Wooden texture was applied to the box. Different textures were applied to handkerchief and towels. Metal
texture is applied to rods.
• Rendering
The result of the creation is rendered and is presented below in the figure 10.
Figure 10: Handkerchief and Towel Box
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5.5. Stick Box
The three sticks were used and these are kept in a box
• Modeling object
The reference image was set with background method. The cylinder was taken and edit poly modifier was
applied to convert it to editable ploy which was then modelled and shaped to have a look of the stick. The same
procedure was adopted for all sticks. The box was modelled to form the box to hold two sticks.
• Texturing
Three different textures were formed and applied to the three sticks. Wooden texture was applied to the box.
• Rendering
The resulted output was rendered using default render and is shown below in figure 11.
Figure 11: Stick Box
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5.6. Sink
The sink is also preserved, which is on the old design pattern of 1950’s and used for washing hands.
• Modeling object
The line was used to make the shape of the sink and lathe modifier is applied. With axes the size and structure
was designed. The box was modelled to form a table. The sink is placed on the table.
• Texturing
The used sink texture was created and applied to the sink. Wooden texture was applied to the table.
• Rendering
The product was rendered and results is detailed in figure 12.
Figure 12: Sink
5.7. Utensils
There are few utensils used such as Deep Cylindrical Vessel (Bhagona), Deep Cylindrical Vessel (Bhagona),
second Plate (Thali), Chapatti Griddle (Tava), Big Bowl (Katora), Chapati Box (Katordaan), Serving Bowl
(Katori), Jar, Teapot (Kettle) and Bowl (Katori). All these objects are placed on the table.
Deep Cylindrical Vessel (Bhagona)
This deep cylindrical vessel was used for cooking food. There are three vessels present and all three are
created by adopting the same method.
• Modeling object
First the reference image was set in the background. The line was taken and drawn in the shape of the vessel
and then lathe modifier is applied to the line with axis option the shape was adjusted and the vessel is obtained.
• Texturing
Metal textured image is applied to the vessel through Material Editor Tool.
• Rendering
The vessel was rendered after applying the texture to check the appearance of the vessel. The result of which
is shown in figure 13.
First Plate Lid (Thali)
The lid also known as plate was used for covering the opening of utensils.
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• Modeling object
Reference image of plate was set in the background. The plate was created from a line. A line was drawn in
the shape of the plate and lathe modifier was applied to it and the lid that is plate is created.
• Texturing
The plate was textured by applying the metal textured through Material Editor Tool.
• Rendering
The plate was rendered to check the appearance and texture.
Second Plate (Thali)
This plate was used to eat food.
• Modeling object
Reference image was set in the background. The line was used to create the structure of the plate and lathe
modifier was applied and plate was ready.
• Texturing
Textures were created and stored in image form. This created texture was applied to the plate.
• Rendering
The plate was tested by rendering to see whether the appearance is accurate.
Chapatti Griddle (Tava)
The griddle is used for roosting the chapatti.
• Modeling object
The background image was set and by applying lathe modifier to line created by the shape of griddle. The
griddle is obtained.
• Texturing
The texture of the griddle was created and applied to the griddle.
• Rendering
Created object was rendered for testing the appearance.
Big Bowl (Katora)
The Big Bowl might be used for storing the food and used while serving the food.
• Modeling object
The reference image was set in the background and the shape of the bowl was made using the line shape.
Modifier names as lathe was applied to get the bowl.
• Texturing
Metal like structure was applied to the bowl.
• Rendering
The object was rendered to view the look of the big bowl.
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Chapatti Box (Katordaan)
Chapatti Box was used for keeping chapattis and stored for a long time.
• Modeling object
Reference image in the background was taken and by using line, shape the base and cap of the chapatti box
were designed. Modifier Lathe was used to provide the solid shape to the object.
• Texturing
On both the object’s metal texture was applied.
• Rendering
Chapatti Box was rendered using default render.
Serving Bowl (Katori)
Nine serving bowls were stored and can be used for serving gravy, vegetables, dal, sweets etc.
• Modeling object
In the background reference image was taken and by using line and lathe modifier serving bowl was created.
After creating one bowl more eight copies of the bowl were made and placed the sequence.
• Texturing
As the serving bowl has the view of metal, metal texture was used.
• Rendering
All bowls were rendered together with default method of rendering.
Jar
Jar may be used for storing food items such as pickles.
• Modeling object
Image was setup for reference. The line was used to create the structure of the jar by applying the lathe
modifier. The handles of jar where create by using line, shape and applying bevel modifier to it. By making the
copy of one handle another is created and are attach to the jar.
• Texturing
Shiny white jar like texture was applied on jar.
• Rendering
Default render was used for rendering.
Teapot (Kettle)
Teapot was used for keeping the tea into it. It was used for keeping tea hot for a long time.
• Modeling object
For modeling a complex structure like a teapot reference is required and was set up in the background. A line
was drawn in the shape of the body and handle of the teapot and lathe modifier was used. The same procedure
was adopted for creating the spout and after which to smooth the design of spout tubesmooth modifier was applied.
The lock holding chip of teapot and locks were designed by molding cylinder. All the objects were grouped
together so that the shape of teapot do not change while moving.
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• Texturing
Used metal texture is applied to teapot.
• Rendering
Rendering was done by default render.
Bowl (Katori)
It was used for serving and eating the food.
• Modeling object
Reference background image is used. Line was used to make the object by applying the lathe modifier. Tube
was used to make the ring to the bowl and all objects where grouped together. The created object was copied to
form another bowl with same size and appearance.
• Texturing
Texture of metal is applied.
• Rendering
Default render is used.
• Modeling object
Cylinder was used for creating the table. All the utensils created were imported and merged together and
where placed on the table.
• Texturing
As all the utensils where textured before only the created objects that is table was given the wooden texture.
• Rendering
Rendering was made multiple times so that to obtain the desired view. This rendering is done through default
Render Production. The result is demonstrated in the figure.
Figure 13: Utensils
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6. Discussion and Result
Autodesk 3DS Max was selected for the creation of 3D models because Max results better while working
with fine details as compared to Sketchup Pro. Sketchup Pro is the tool basically used for the construction of
interior and exterior of the constructions. For modeling the objects in Max solid shapes and lines, both can be
used and desired design can be formed. Sketchup Pro deals with lines and do not use organic shapes for modeling
the objects which becomes very complicated while having constructing fine detailed objects. With organic shapes
or solid shapes it becomes very easy to understand the structures visually rather from the line. Max also provides
a lot of modifiers to provide the realistic view of the object.
Different shapes and modifiers were used for the creation of objects. Though the structure of the objects look
same but different ways were adopted for the formation. For example, we can look for the chairs. There are four
chairs and the process for modelling each chair is different as the structure of every chair is different.
When it comes to the part of Texturing there are many ways through which textures can be applied to the
object in Max such as colors and images. Textures can be created as per the need and already created textures can
also be applied to the object. In this study textures were created and then applied to the object. In order to get the
proper view of the used thing the textures were created. Multiple times the rendering of the object was made to
check that the applied textures to the object is giving the desired output or not and the best is selected.
There is rendering process present in both Sketchup Pro and Autodesk 3DS Max but Max also provides many
external rendering tool which can be used for speeding up the process of rendering.
7. Conclusion
3D model of important objects used by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar is created in this study. The detailed
accuracy of the objects was required and hence Autodesk 3DS Max 2014 software was used. For the creation of
every object different shapes and modifiers were used. Created textures were used for texture the objects. There
are many rendering tools available, but default renders tool is used in this study
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[22]http://milindscience.org/
[23]http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-dr-ambedkar-with-the-architect-of-milind-college-aurangabad-with-
principle-170949230.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=9EB843E2-E759-49FD-8D78-
FEA7A3151EEC&p=575952&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch=foo%3d
bar%26st%3d0%26pn%3d1%26ps%3d100%26sortby%3d2%26resultview%3dsortbyPopular%26npgs%3d
0%26qt%3dmilind%26qt_raw%3dmilind%26lic%3d3%26mr%3d0%26pr%3d0%26ot%3d0%26creative%3
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26qn%3d%26apalib%3d%26apalic%3d%26lightbox%3d%26gname%3d%26gtype%3d%26xstx%3d0%26s
imid%3d%26saveQry%3d%26editorial%3d1%26nu%3d%26t%3d%26edoptin%3d%26customgeoip%3d%
26cap%3d1%26cbstore%3d1%26vd%3d0%26lb%3d%26fi%3d2%26edrf%3d%26ispremium%3d1
[24]http://polycount.com/discussion/77124/how-do-you-setup-your-references-in-3ds-max
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