Concepts and terms

Concepts and terms

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  Topic : Concepts andTerms in STATISTICS School: Bukidnon State University Surigao Campus Reporter: Ms. Ailyn M. Samontina Subject: Statistics Professor. Dr. Baguio
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  Statistical concept set of concepts, rules,and procedures that help us to understand statistical techniques, set of concepts, rules, and procedures that affect our lives.
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  Sample In statistics and quantitativeresearch methodology, a data sample is a set of data collected and/or selected from a statistical population by a defined procedure. Wikipedia • Statistics simplifies these problems by using a technique called sampling. By conducting a statistical sample, our workload can be cut down immensely. Rather than tracking the behaviors of billions or millions, we only need to examine those of thousands or hundreds.
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  Kinds of sample Randomsample Simple random sample Voluntary response sample Convenience sample Systematic sample Cluster sample Stratified sample
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  Population A population consists ofeverything or everyone being studied in an inference procedure. Populations can be large in size, although this is not necessary. What is important is that a population includes all of what we are curious about.
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  Scale of measurement data Notall data is created equally. Some is quantitative, and some is qualitative. Some is continuous and some is discrete. Another way to separate data is to look at what is being measured. To do this there are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. Different levels of measurement call for different statistical techniques.
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  Nominal Level ofMeasurement The nominal level of measurement is the lowest of the four ways to characterize data. Nominal means "in name only" and that should help to remember what this level is all about. Nominal data deals with names, categories, or Ex. Top Ten cities to live. Ordinal Level of Measurement Data at this level can be ordered, but no differences between the data can be taken that are meaningful. Interval Level of Measurement The interval level of measurement deals with data that can be ordered, and in which differences between the data does make sense. Data at this level does not have a starting point. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales of temperatures are both examples of data at the interval level of measurement. Ratio Level of Measurement The fourth and highest level of measurement is the ratio level. Data at the ratio level possess all of the features of the interval level, in addition to a zero value. Due to the presence of a zero, it now makes sense to compare the ratios of measurements. Phrases such as "four times" and "twice" are meaningful at the ratio level. Distances, in any system of measurement give us data at the ratio level.
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  • Probability dealswith patterns and trends that Probability occur in random events. Probability refers Probability helps us to to the likelihood or determine what the relative frequency likelihood of something for something to happening will be. Statistics happen. The continuum of and simulations help us to probability falls determine probability with anywhere from greater accuracy. Simply impossible to put, one could say certain and probability is the study of anywhere in chance. between.