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CEREBRAL CORTEX IN HUMAN BRAIN
The document discusses the structure and development of the cerebral cortex, emphasizing the increased size and complexity of the cortex in mammals compared to earlier species. It highlights cortical specialization, lateralization of functions, and details the roles of different brain lobes, including those involved in language production and comprehension. Additionally, it explains aphasias resulting from damage to specific brain areas, such as Broca's and Wernicke's areas.
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CEREBRAL CORTEX IN HUMAN BRAIN
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- 2. The Evolving Brain •Different animal species have many structures in common, including a cerebellum and cortex. • The cortex is much larger in mammals than in species that evolved earlier, such as fish and amphibians. • The cross section of the human brain shows how the cerebral cortex has developed around and above more primitive brain structures.
- 3. Areas of theCortex • More intelligent animals have increased "uncommitted" or association areas of the cortex. • These vast areas of the brain are responsible for integrating and acting on information received and processed by sensory areas.
- 4. When it comesto Cortex… Size DOES Matter • If flattened, a human cortex would cover about four pages of this book. • A chimpanzee's would cover one page • a monkey's a postcard • a rat's a postage stamp. • From Scientific American, October 1994, p. 102.
- 5. Developing Brain •Neural tube—beginning of nervoussystem develops at 2 weeks after conception •Neurogenesis—development of new neurons
- 6. Forebrain Structures Largest BrainRegion with the most complex structures. What separates us from the beasts.
- 7. Cortical Specialization • Localization—notionthat different functions are located in different areas of the brain • Lateralization—notion that different functions are processed primarily on one side of the brain or the other
- 8. • Left &Right sides are separate • Corpus Callosum : major pathway between hemispheres • Some functions are ‘lateralized’ – language on left – spacial relations, music on right • Lateralization is never 100% Brain has 2 Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Corpus Callosum Right Hemisphere
- 9. Lateralization of theHemispheres
- 10. Each hemisphere is dividedinto 4 lobes Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
- 11. Motor Cortex Frontal Lobe Frontal Lobe Motor Cortex Motor CortexBroca’s Area •Contains primarymotor cortex •Important in judgment, planning and sequencing areas •Controls emotional center of the brain (limbic system) •Contains Broca’s area for speech •Prefrontal area for working memory (Short-Term Memory) – helps you remember what you just did so you know what to do next (sequencing)
- 12. Temporal Lobe Temporal Lobe Temporal Lobe Auditory Cortex •Contains primaryauditory cortex – interprets hearing info •Inputs are auditory, visual patterns –speech recognition –face recognition (Fusiform Gyrus) –word recognition –memory formation •Outputs to limbic System, Basal Ganglia, and brainstem
- 13. Occipital Lobe • Inputfrom Optic nerve • Contains primary visual cortex – Makes sense of visual info • Sends info to parietal and temporal lobes Occipital Lobe Visual Lobe
- 14. Parietal Lobe Somatosensory Cortex Parietal Lobe •Receives infofrom multiple senses •Contains primary somatosensory cortex your “skin” sense of touch and temperature. •Sends info to Frontal lobe to help in: • hand-eye coordination • eye movements • attention
- 15. Lobes of theCortex • Frontal lobe—largest lobe, produces voluntary muscle movements, involved in thinking, planning, emotional control • Temporal lobe—primary receiving area for auditory information • Occipital lobe—primary receiving area for visual information • Parietal lobe—processes sensory information from your body information
- 17. Motor Cortex: Located at the backof the Frontal Lobe. The more precise movements, the more motor cortex the part uses up. Sensory Cortex: Located at the front of the Parietal Lobe. The more sensitive the area, the more sensory cortex it uses up.
- 18. Language and theBrain • Aphasia—partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand language because of brain injury or damage • Broca’s area—plays role in speech production • Wernicke’s area—plays role in understanding and meaningful speech
- 19. Aphasias • Broca’s Aphasia– Damage to Broca’s Area causes a person to struggle formulating words while still being able to comprehend speech. • Wernicke’s Aphasia – Damage to Wernicke’s Area would cause a person only to be able to speak in meaningless words.
- 20. Language Areas ofthe Brain
- 21. How We ReadOut Loud
Editor's Notes
- #9 key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere
- #10 Discovering PSY 2e p74 table 2.2
- #11 key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital
- #12 key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles. Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses