Artificialintelignce lecture1 BCS7

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO A.I.
EVOLUTION OF A.I.
BRANCHES OF A.I.
APPLICATIONS OF A.I.
CONCLUSIONS ON A.I.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
What Is A.I. ?
A.I. is a branch of computer science that studies the
computational requirements for tasks such as perception,
reasoning and learning and develop systems to perform those
tasks
Thefield of Artificial intelligencestrivesto understand and
build intelligent entities
A.I.
Strong A.I.
M/C can think and
act likehuman
Weak A.I.
Somethinking likefeatures
can beadded to M/C

TURING TEST
* Intelligenceisdefined astheability to achievehuman level
performancein all cognitivetests, sufficient to fool ahuman
interrogator.
* Thetest wasdevised in responseto thequestion,” Can
acomputer think ?”.
* Result was+veif interrogator can not tell if responses
arecoming from theM/C or Human.
* Proposed by Alan Turing(1950), aBritish Computer
Scientist.

DEFINITIONS
* A.I is a branch of computer
sciences dealing with symbolic,
Nonalgorithic-Methods of problem
solving.
* AI workswith pattern matching methodswhich attempt to
describe objects, events or processes in terms of their
qualitative features and logical and computational
Relationship.

What isWhat is IntelligenceIntelligence ??
 To respond to situationsvery flexibly.
 To makesenseout of ambiguousor contradictory messages.
 To recognize relative importance of different elements of
situations
 To find similaritiesbetween situationsdespitedifference
 To draw distinctions between situations despite similarities
which may link them.

1943 – McCulloh and Pitts, Boolean circuit model of
brain.
1950 – Turing’scomputing machineand intelligence.
1950’s – Early AI programs including Samuel’s checker
program, Newell and Simon’s logic theorist, Gelisnters
geometry engine
1956 – Dartmouth conference.
HISTORY

HISTORY
1952-69 – “Look, Ma, no hands!” era.
1958 – McCarthy moves to MIT, LISP was born.
1965 – Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning.
1966-74 – AI discovers computational complex.
1969-79 - Early development in knowledge based systems.

1980-88 : Expert system industry booms.
1988-93 : Expert system industry busts.
1985-88 : Neural networksreturn to popularity.
1995 : Agents… Agents… Agents.
(present)
HISTORY

Representation
Facts about the world have to be represented in
some way. Usually languages of mathematical logic are
used.
Common Sense, Knowledgeand Reasoning
This is an era in which AI is farthest from
human level. While there has been considerable
progress, e.g. in development systemsof non monotonic
reasoning and theoriesof action

APPLICATIONS OF A.I.
Expert systems.
Natural Language Processing (NLP).
Speech recognition.
Computer vision.
Robotics.
Automatic Programming.

An Expert System is a computer program designed to act
asan expert in aparticular domain (areaof expertise).
Expert systems currently are designed to assist experts,
not to replace them, They have been used in medical
diagnosis, chemical analysis, geological explorationsetc.
Domain of E.S.
Knowledge base
Facts Heuristics
Phases in Expert System
EXPERT SYSTEMS

Natural Language
Processing
The goal of NLP is to enable people and computers to
communicate in a natural (humanly) language(such as,
English) rather than in acomputer language.
The field of NLP is divided in 2 categories
—
 Natural Languageunderstanding.
 Natural Languagegeneration.

Speech
Recognition$ The primary interactive method of
communication used by humans is not reading and
writing, it is speech.
$ The goal of speech recognition research is to
allow computers to understand human speech. So that
they can hear our voices and recognize the words we
are speaking.
$ It simplifies the process of interactive
communication between people and computers, thus
it advances the goal of NLP.

Computer Vision
People generally use vision as their primary
means of sensing their environment, we generally see
morethan wehear, feel or smell or taste.
The goal of computer
vision research is to give computers
this same powerful facility for
understanding their surrounding.
Here A.I helps computer to
understand what they see through
attached cameras.

Robotics
A Robot is a electro-mechanical
device that can by programmed to
perform manual tasks or a
reprogrammable multi functional
manipulator designed to move materials,
parts, tools, or specialized devices
through variable programmed motions
for performanceof variety of tasks.
An ‘intelligent’ robot includes
some kind of sensory apparatus that
allows it to respond to change in it’s
environment.

FUTURE
The day is not far when you will just sit back in your
cozy little beds and just command your personal
Robot's to entirely do your ruts . He will be a perfect
companion for you. Just enjoy theTechnology.
(+)

But wait, don’t behappy. . !
It may end in other way too. Some day there will be a knock to
your door. As you open it, you see a large number of Robots
marching into your house destroying everything you own and
looting you.
This is because ever since there
is an advantage in the Technology, it
attractsanti-social elements. Thisistrue
for Robots too. Because now they will
have full power to think as human, even
as of anti-social elements. So think trice
beforegiving them power of Cognition.
FUTURE (-)

CONCLUSION
In it’s short existence, AI has increased understanding of the
nature of intelligence and provided an impressive array of
application in a wide range of areas. It has sharpened
understanding of human reasoning, and of the nature of
intelligence in general. At the same time, it has revealed the
complexity of modeling human reasoning providing new areas
and rich challengesfor thefuture.

Artificialintelignce lecture1 BCS7

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