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Adbms 44 temporal and multimedia databases
- 1. Advance Database ManagementSystems :44 Temporal and Multi Media databases Prof Neeraj Bhargava Vaibhav Khanna Department of Computer Science School of Engineering and Systems Sciences Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer
- 2. Slide 24- 2 TemporalDatabase Concepts Time Representation, Calendars, and Time Dimensions • Time is considered ordered sequence of points in some granularity – Use the term choronon instead of point to describe minimum granularity
- 3. Slide 24- 3 TemporalDatabase Concepts Time Representation, … (contd.) • A calendar organizes time into different time units for convenience. – Accommodates various calendars • Gregorian (western) • Chinese • Islamic • Hindu • Jewish • Etc.
- 4. Slide 24- 4 TemporalDatabase Concepts Time Representation, … (contd.) • Point events – Single time point event • E.g., bank deposit – Series of point events can form a time series data • Duration events – Associated with specific time period • Time period is represented by start time and end time
- 5. Slide 24- 5 TemporalDatabase Concepts Time Representation, … (contd.) • Transaction time – The time when the information from a certain transaction becomes valid • Bitemporal database – Databases dealing with two time dimensions
- 6. Slide 24- 6 TemporalDatabase Concepts Incorporating Time in Relational Databases Using Tuple Versioning • Add to every tuple – Valid start time – Valid end time
- 7. Slide 24- 7 TemporalDatabase Concepts
- 8. Slide 24- 8 TemporalDatabase Concepts
- 9. Slide 24- 9 TemporalDatabase Concepts Incorporating Time in Object-Oriented Databases Using Attribute Versioning • A single complex object stores all temporal changes of the object • Time varying attribute – An attribute that changes over time • E.g., age • Non-Time varying attribute – An attribute that does not changes over time • E.g., date of birth
- 10. Assignment • What doyou understand by temporal databases
- 11. Slide 24- 11 Spatialand Multimedia Databases • Spatial Database Concepts • Multimedia Database Concepts
- 12. Slide 24- 12 SpatialDatabases Spatial Database Concepts • Keep track of objects in a multi-dimensional space – Maps – Geographical Information Systems (GIS) – Weather • In general spatial databases are n-dimensional – This discussion is limited to 2-dimensional spatial databases
- 13. Slide 24- 13 SpatialDatabases Spatial Database Concepts • Typical Spatial Queries – Range query: Finds objects of a particular type within a particular distance from a given location • E.g., Taco Bells in Pleasanton, CA – Nearest Neighbor query: Finds objects of a particular type that is nearest to a given location • E.g., Nearest Taco Bell from an address in Pleasanton, CA – Spatial joins or overlays: Joins objects of two types based on some spatial condition (intersecting, overlapping, within certain distance, etc.) • E.g., All Taco Bells within 2 miles from I-680.
- 14. Slide 24- 14 SpatialDatabases Spatial Database Concepts • R-trees – Technique for typical spatial queries – Group objects close in spatial proximity on the same leaf nodes of a tree structured index – Internal nodes define areas (rectangles) that cover all areas of the rectangles in its subtree. • Quad trees – Divide subspaces into equally sized areas
- 15. Slide 24- 15 MultimediaDatabases Multimedia Database Concepts • In the years ahead multimedia information systems are expected to dominate our daily lives. – Our houses will be wired for bandwidth to handle interactive multimedia applications. – Our high-definition TV/computer workstations will have access to a large number of databases, including digital libraries, image and video databases that will distribute vast amounts of multisource multimedia content.
- 16. Slide 24- 16 MultimediaDatabases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems – Text: May be formatted or unformatted. For ease of parsing structured documents, standards like SGML and variations such as HTML are being used. – Graphics: Examples include drawings and illustrations that are encoded using some descriptive standards (e.g. CGM, PICT, postscript).
- 17. Slide 24- 17 MultimediaDatabases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems (contd.) – Images: Includes drawings, photographs, and so forth, encoded in standard formats such as bitmap, JPEG, and MPEG. Compression is built into JPEG and MPEG. • These images are not subdivided into components. Hence querying them by content (e.g., find all images containing circles) is nontrivial. – Animations: Temporal sequences of image or graphic data.
- 18. Slide 24- 18 MultimediaDatabases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems (contd.) – Video: A set of temporally sequenced photographic data for presentation at specified rates– for example, 30 frames per second. – Structured audio: A sequence of audio components comprising note, tone, duration, and so forth.
- 19. Slide 24- 19 MultimediaDatabases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems (contd.) – Audio: Sample data generated from aural recordings in a string of bits in digitized form. Analog recordings are typically converted into digital form before storage.
- 20. Slide 24- 20 MultimediaDatabases • Types of multimedia data are available in current systems (contd.) – Composite or mixed multimedia data: A combination of multimedia data types such as audio and video which may be physically mixed to yield a new storage format or logically mixed while retaining original types and formats. Composite data also contains additional control information describing how the information should be rendered.
- 21. Slide 24- 21 MultimediaDatabases • Nature of Multimedia Applications: – Multimedia data may be stored, delivered, and utilized in many different ways. – Applications may be categorized based on their data management characteristics.
- 22. Assignment • Explain theimportance of multimedia databases