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TIMESTAMPS

Country Profile (2000)

(Prepared by Felix Mbatalbaye, Cultural Affairs Specialist/Educational Adviser)

Chad�s education system follows the French model. A Chadian�s typical formal education begins at kindergarten, followed by 6 years of primary (elementary) education, 7 years of secondary education, and 7 years of higher education. Although Chad is a bilingual country (French and Arabic), French is the language of instruction in the majority of education institutions.

Nursery Schools: There are almost no nursery schools in Chad.

Kindergartens. Young Chadians enter kindergarten at age 3 (petite section) or 4 (grande section). Kindergarten attendance is not compulsory, and kindergartens exist only in major cities.

Primary (or Elementary) Education: Primary education begins at age 5 or 6 and has six levels:

1^st level: cours pr�paratoire 1 (CP1

2^nd level: cours pr�paratoire 2 (CP2)

3^rd level: cours �l�mentaire 1 (CE1)

4^th level: cours �l�mentaire 2 (CE2)

5^th level: cours moyen 1(CM1)

6^th level: cours moyen 2 (CM2)

There are public as well as private primary schools. Courses taught in primary school include: speaking, writing, reading, arithmetic. Courses such as history, geography, natural sciences, geometry, animal husbandry, civics, etc. begin at the third level (CE1). There are a few schools where Arabic is the language of instruction. A limited number of private primary schools offer one to two hours of English language courses per week. Requirements for completion of primary education include passing the secondary school entrance examination (Concours d�Entr�e en 6�me) and obtaining the primary education completion certificate (Certificat d�Etudes El�mentaire et Primaire Tchadien (C.E.P.E.)

Secondary Education: Secondary education in Chad is provided by public and private high schools known as lyc�es and coll�ges d�Enseignement G�n�raux (C.E.G.). Lyc�es include a lower division (premier cycle) with 4 levels and a higher division (second cycle) with 3 levels. CEG�s only have four levels. In addition to these traditional high school institutions, there are high school institutions specializing in business (lyc�e technique commercial) or technology (lyc�e technique industriel). These institutions only have a higher division (seconde to terminale). They receive students coming from the lower level of lyc�es and coll�ges who wish to specialize in business or industry studies.

Courses taught at secondary school include French, mathematics, history, geography, biology, geology, English, (or Arabic), drawing, civic education, physical training, drawing, physics, chemistry, and philosophy (in terminale). In lyc�e technique commerciale and lyc�e technique commerciale, accountancy, management, typing, and marketing courses are taught in addition to the standard courses in traditional high schools. At the completion of the 4^th level of the lower division (3�me), students who successfully take the Brevet d�Etudes du Premier Cycle Tchadien (BEPC/T) go to the first level of the higher division (seconde U).

At the second level of the higher division (premi�re), students begin to choose their majors. Students who do well in scientific subjects (mathematics, biology, physics, chemistry, geology, etc) are oriented into Premi�re S, whereas those who are strong in literary subjects (French, English, literature, history, geography, etc) enter Premi�re L. There are different types of Terminales:

Terminale A4 (for literary subjects)

Terminale D (biology and related subjects)

Terminale C (for mathematics and related subjects)

Terminale G with sub-divisions, (for business and related subjects)

Terminale E (for industry and related subjects)

Completion of secondary education requires passing the Baccalaureat de l�Enseignement Sup�rieur (high school diploma), an examination devised and organized by the University of N�Djamena. Passing the Baccalaureat exam and obtaining an average grade of at least 10 over 20 in Terminale are the main requirements for admission to higher education institutions.

Grading System: The grading system used in Chadian schools is the �x over 20� system, with 20 the higher grade and zero the lowest. The average passing grade is 10over 20. However, except for pure science subjects such as mathemtics, physics, chemistry, students may not have a 20/20 grade in any other subjects. The highest marks a student may obtain in other subjects ranges from 13 to 16. The numeric grades can be coupled with comments such as passable (acceptable), assez-bien (not bad), bien (good), tr�s bien (very good), excellent (excellent).

Higher Education: Higher education in Chad is provided by public and private institutions. Public institutions include: the University of Ndjamena, the Institut Universitaire des Sciences et Techniques in Abeche and the Institut Universitaire des Techniques Agricoles in Sarh. Private higher education institutions are: King Faisal University and the Institut Sup�rieur de Gestion.

The University of N�Djamena, the main higher education institution in the country, include:

• the Facult� de Droit et Sciences Economiques (Faculty of Law and Economics) which has two departments: Department of Law and Department of Economics
• the Facult� des Lettres et Sciences Humaines (Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences) with eight departments: English Department, Arabic Department of, Arts Department, Linguistics Department, Geography Department, History Department, and Communication

Department

• the Facult� des Sciences Exactes et Appliqu�es (Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences) with 7 departments: Biology Department, Chemistry Department, Geology Department, Mathematics Department, Physics Department, Technical Department, and Medicine Department.

Degrees: Degrees offered by the the University of Ndjamena include:

• the Dipl�me d�Etudes Universitaires G�nerales (DEUG), obtained at the successful completion of the second level of university studies.
• the Licence degree, obtained after successful completion of the third level of university studies
• the Maitrise degree, obtained after successful completion of the fourth level of university studies
• the Doctorate degree, obtained at the successful completion of the seventh level of university studies.

Both Institut universitaire�s in Sarh and Abeche have been recently opened and offer a two-year training program leading to associate degrees known as Brevet de Technicien Sup�rieur (BTS).

Private Higher Education Institutions

The Institut Sup�rieur de Gestion, is a vocational institution offering programs in business administration, management, accountancy and computer science leading to certificates such as the Certificat d�Aptitude Professionnelle (CAP), the Brevet d�Etudes Professionnelles (BEP) and the Brevet de Technicien Sup�rieur (BTS).

King Faisal University is a member of the Islamic Universities�s Organization which has its headquarters in Egypt. The University is constituted of the Faculty of Arabic Language and the Faculty of Education. Arabic is the language of instruction at this university. Degrees offered include the Maitrise, the Dipl�me d�Etudes Approfondies (DEA) and the Doctorate.

EDUCATION IN CHAD