Totem Poles & Sculptures

John Joseph/ Totem Pole Carver Chad joe / Totem Pole Carver
Don Yeomans Norman Tait
Reg Davidson Jim Hart		T o get on this list add your name or email

Artist: Don Yeomans

Biography

Title: Talking Stick

These images represent a commissioned sculpture by Haida/Metis carver Don Yeomans. The Haida people come from Haida Gwaii, also known as the Queen Charlotte Islands, located about 150 km. West of the Northern British Columbia coast.

The sculpture looks much like a totem pole, and measures about 22' high, with a diameter of about 18". This sculpture pictured is a commissioned site-specific piece, intended for an interior placement. Though the piece looks like a totem pole, it is actually a very large-scale talking stick. A talking stick is also known as a Speaker's Staff. The talking stick or Speaker's Staff is held by the speaker, the speaker would stand by the chief and relay the message of the chief to those assembled.

The large scale talking stick pictured, carved by Don Yeomans, is modeled after the talking stick held by the Chieftain figure in 'The Spirit of Haida Gwaii' by the late Haida artist, Bill Reid. The 'Spirit of Haida Gwaii' is one of two bronze casts, measuring about 20' long or 6 m. The 'Spirit of Haida Gwaii' features a large canoe filled with characters central to Haida mythology. One bronze cast is finished with a green patina and is in the collection at the Vancouver Airport Authority, known as 'The Jade Canoe'. The canoe may be viewed in International Departures at the Vancouver International Airport. The other cast is finished with a black patina, and was installed in the Canadian Embassy in Washington D.C. in 1991, and is known as 'The Black Canoe'. The plaster/wood original from which the hollow bronze was cast is on display at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Ottawa, Ontario. 'The Spirit of Haida Gwaii' may also be viewed in a number of publications available for sale at Black Tusk Gallery, or sourced through your local library.

One publication sourced here is titled 'The Black Canoe', text by Robert Bringhurst and photographs by Ulli Steltzer, Douglas and McIntyre, Vancouver/Toronto, 1991.

The talking stick held by the Chieftain figure in 'The Spirit of Haida Gwaii' is modeled after an actual talking stick found in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution of Washington, D.C. The Smithsonian talking stick measures 82 cm or 32". We understand the talking stick in question is currently in storage at the Smithsonian. The talking stick was purchased by a collector at Massett in 1883. Massett is an ancient village on the North End of Haida Gwaii. The Smithsonian Institution talking stick thought to be have been owned by Xana, from the Masset area of the late 19th century. There are no records to determine the theory that this is Xana's talking stick, though Xana's memorial totem pole matches exactly the figures seen on the upper part of talking stick in the collection at the Smithsonian Institution. It is these upper figures which are featured in the talking stick held by the chieftain figure in 'The Spirit of Haida Gwaii' by Bill Reid, and the same figures featured in this commissioned talking stick, by Don Yeomans.

The talking stick is said to tell of the story of creation, among the Haida people. "The details of the featured figures in the talking stick are the Raven with human hands, and the Ttsaamuus or Snag in the form of a Seabear (Grizzly with finned arms and a killer whale's tail) The young Raven is emerging from the Snag's mouth" pg. 74, Bringhurst/Steltzer, 1991.

The remainder of the pole is expected to be finished in the next six weeks, and we hope to post additional photographs representing the progress. Additionally, much is to be said about the symbolism of the figures. Please check back.

see a great archival clip of the artist Bill Reid retrieving totem poles for the Vancouver Anthropology museam

Totem Pole Topics

What Do Totem Poles Mean?
Fake Totem Poles Versus Real Ones
How to Make a Totem Come Alive
Where to Visit Totem Poles and See Record Breaking Poles: BC and Alaska
"Low Man on the Totem Pole"
Myths and Falsehoods About Totem Poles
Have a Pole built; commission your own totem pole
Totems All Over the World
The FAR FLUNG TOTEM Project
Common Totem Figures
Questions About Totem Poles
About making the book on Totem Poles
ORDERING the full color Totem book
visit a tour of a gallery and see many samples

Because this is the Home Site for Totem Poles, it is a long, tall site. Scroll down all the way.

Participate in The Far-Flung Totem Project

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What Do Totem Poles Mean?

In times past, a totem was raised for several reasons:

in honor of a deceased elder who meant a great deal to the band
to show the (great) number of names and rights a person had acquired over their lifetime
to record an encounter with a supernatural being
to symbolize the generosity of a person who sponsored a Potlatch ceremony.

Today, totem poles are carved for both Natives and non-Natives. They have come to represent Northwest Pacific Coast Native tradition and pride.

To grasp the symbolism hidden within a totem pole try this mental exercise: envisage the Great Seal of the United States or the Coat of Arms (the Armorial Bearing) of Canada. (Look them up on the internet if you need to.) These national emblems are roughly equivalent to the meaning bound up in a totem pole. The Great Seal with its Eagle, shield and arrows features symbols, assigned a certain meaning, and representing qualities the United States chooses to identify with. In the same way, the Coat of Arms of Canada features a lion and unicorn, maple leaves, fleur de lis and a motto, that sums up its ideal national identity. As for totem poles, they once performed much the same function for Native bands. A big Native family grouping, not just a mother, father, sister, brother, but a whole Clan of relatives, who were related by blood, by experience, by war exploits, and by adoption identified very strongly with the crests and figures carved on their totem pole.

In general, totem poles (like Coats of Arms and Great Seals) mean: "This is who we are; these carvings symbolically show what we stand for." Additionally, Natives felt they had special rights to claim a link to the super-human beings they depicted on their poles. These special links included: being "descended from ...." or having recently "encountered ..." or having received "a gift from ...".

Some poles embody one-of-a-kind stories or unusual symbols. These stories or symbols are known in their entirety only to the pole's owner and the carver of the totem pole. If the pole's owner or carvers gave an account to a relative, granted interviews to academics, or left a written record, these unusual meanings are known. If not, hidden or special meanings are lost over time.

The secret to uncovering the meaning behind a totem figure, and the symbolism behind emblematic crests such as Bear, Wolf, Half-man, Sea Serpent, Glass Nose, Hawk, Red Snapper, or Wild Woman is to see the figures, sort them out, learn to identify them through photographs, and discover the myriads of stories that have been revealed and recorded.

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Fake Totem Poles Versus Real Ones

Totem poles made by Northwest Pacific Coast First Nation's carvers for their own people portray the owner's deeply meaningful symbols and family crests. However, Northwest Pacific Coast First Nation's carvers also construct totem poles for non-Native people -- technically not part of the old totem tradition. This practise has evolved, however, to become an important part of the modern tradition and is legitimate. Since authentic full size totem poles today, cost in the region of $25 000 to $60 000 each, outsiders usually commission them to commemorate a great event or a great "coming of age," to symbolize a pact between nations, or to illustrate some sort of bond between Native people and the company or government entity who commissions the pole.

To be authentic, a totem pole needs to be "sanctioned." That means that it must pass certain tests. First, it must be made by a trained Northwest Pacific Coast native person, or in rare cases, a non-Native apprentice who is approved by a Northwest Pacific Coast Band from coastal British Columbia or Alaska. Secondly, it must be raised (and blessed) by Northwest Coast natives or elders who are part of the totem pole tradition. Chain saw artists, non-Native imitators, or (non-apprenticed) Natives from bands far away from the Northwest Pacific Coast do claim to produce "totem poles". But under the rules of the Northwest Pacific Coast native totemic tradition, they are fakes.

Small argillite or wooden totem poles, made for the tourist trade, are "real," under the following conditions:

they are miniature prototypes of poles once sanctioned, but for some reason, never built
they are authentic copies of poles that once stood
they are miniature copies of poles still standing
they are assembled under the rules of protocol still practised today.

A great number of the miniature totem poles found in souvenir stores fall into the last catagory. However, they are not "authentic" if an outsider just "made them up."

Once a person learns about totem poles, it is easy to spot fakes, because they often break the rules of totem pole assembly-protocol. Fake totem poles are rather like a bad translation of your language if the translator is not familiar with the nuances of words. The translation, like the fake, looks right, but it sounds strange to someone who knows better. (A foreign translation I once saw on English Etiquette contained a handy chapter entitled "For to Visit a Sick.") Once a person has been exposed to good examples of real totem poles and has viewed photographs of the best ones, fake totem poles become obvious.

MAKE BELIEVE, MAGIC "TOTEMS:" Recently, the word "totem" has come into use as part of the elaborate "Dungeons and Dragons" game playing stategy. Players give and receive "totems," a talisman-like magical-charm that is said to empower its users with certain powers and attributes. These include totems named "Parrot," "Jaquar," "Tiger," "King Arthur," etc. Some New Age artists and jewellers also employ the "totem" as a image for various qualities they imbue into the object. Confusion arises if these groups claim their artificial "totem" constructs are part of the "ancient" First People's practise of building totem poles. These types of talismen-totems are/were not part of any Pacific Northwest Coast First Nations' traditions. Totem poles are emblems, not talismen. The difference is significant.

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How To Make a Totem Pole Come Alive

Groups of faces and figures piled one on top of the next, woven into patterns with repeating shapes combine along the height of a totem pole to produce a mystical portrayal of something wondrous. Though it is technically an oversimplification to say that Bear means "dignified self-sacrifice" or Wolf means "powerful healing" or Sea Serpent (Siskiutl) means "bravery in war" these interpretations contain a kernal of meaning within them. However, it is in knowing the entire First People's story behind each figure that totem poles really come alive.

Northwest Pacific Coast Native stories involve the easy transformation of animals into humans or vice versa, or the transformation of supernatural beings into humans.They involve whole villages of Salmon or Whale people who live happily in underwater cities; powerful beings who live deep within whirlpools in the ocean, smelt copper, and periodically change into Frogs; wild creatures who steal children, try to eat them, are caught, burned and transformed into Mosquitos; giant Thunderbirds who swoop down from the sky and snatch up giant Whales to eat for dinner; Wolves who, at night, change into bony, yet attractive Ghost People, and Wolves who grow tired of hunting in packs on the land and change into hunting packs of Killer Whales.

The excitement of these stories comes because these events really happened in a time not so long ago, (oh yes, they did!) and still continue to happen for those whose eyes are opened by stories.Once the First Nation's story has been told, and the figure has been identified, why, totem poles come to life.

These and many, many other interesting totem stories are told in the book: Totem Poles.

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Where to Visit Totem Poles and See Record-Breaking Poles in British Columbia and Alaska

Numerous totem poles continue to stand tall, in various locations, sometimes singly and sometimes in clusters all along the Northwest Pacific Coast from Seattle, Washington, along the coastal regions of British Columbia, Canada up to southern Alaska. They are located in city squares, outdoors along highways, tucked away in Native reserves (reservations,) clustered in heritage sites, or preserved in various museums. (All are specifically identified in the book "Totem Poles.") Many are located in cities: Seattle WA, Vancouver BC, Victoria BC, Prince Rupert BC, and Ketchican AK, but visitors must know on which street to look. Others are found by adventuring into the outback and arranging a camera safari to find them. A map and written directions in the book pinpoints these locations.

Record setting totem poles attract everyone's attention: the world's tallest presently points skyward in Victoria BC, and the world's oldest, original (indoor) collection is being cared for in Ketichikan AK. Other record breaking poles include the worlds thickest totem pole, in Duncan, BC and the world's second tallest pole in Alert Bay, BC. The world's most viewed totem poles, about 8 million visits a year, (Vancouver Parks Department figures) are in Stanley Park, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Eco-tourists, the new wave of specialty travellers now exploring the byways of North America, love to discover breath-taking scenery and to appreciate the First People who inhabit an area. They and all others with a spirit of adventure find this guidebook an invaluable way to plan camera safaris to all sorts of totem poles: accessible, remote and semi-remote. The magic of these carved tree trunks is undiminished by time, particularly at the now declared UN World Heritage site, a haunting Haida village of decaying totems, the oldest outdoor collection, abandoned about 1835 and now accessible by water on Anthony Island, Ninstints, Queen Charlotte Islands, BC.

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"Low Man on the Totem Pole"

Such a common expression, and so incorrect .... one wonders how it persists. At first glance it might appear that the lowest figure on a totem pole, has the weight of an entire menagerie on top, and obviously lacks status. Go surfing the Internet to any number of academic sites and see the number of acamedians who whistfully refer to themselves as "low man on the totem pole." Interestingly enough, the low end of the totem pole is very important. Totem poles are carved, not by one carver, but by a chief carver and a number of apprentices. The chief carver is well aware that the viewers of a finished upright pole, range in size from 3 feet (children) to about 7 feet (basketball players.) So, to be certain the totem looks professional and well-executed, the chief carver personally carves the bottom ten feet of the pole and allows the inexperienced apprentices to carve the higher regions. The most intricate and best carved figures are usually placed on the bottom end with the story thinning out towards the top. Many poles (but certainly not all of them!) are topped off with Thunderbird, sort of a generic capper figure, something like a Christmas star, who often has far less meaning than all the carefully thought out symbolic creatures carved into the lower regions. If anything, the lower figures on a totem pole are slightly more important.

These and many, many other interesting facts are explored in the book: Totem Poles.

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Myths and Falsehoods About Totem Poles

There are a number of myths about totem poles and the rich traditions that surround them.

The following statements are untrue; (true statements in brackets)

totems were once worshipped (Never, ever. They are emblems, not icons.)
totems are/were used as talismen (Never, ever.)
Northwest Pacific Coast shamans used totem poles to ward off evil spirits (Never, ever.)
a slave was once buried at the base of a totem (Totems have been dug up to verify this, it is not true!)
ancient, wierd totemic traditions were once in place (Totem pole practises are quite logical and have evolved mostly over the last 200 years since metal tools made totem making easier. Claims of bizarre, magical "totemism" practises are fabricated fiction.)
totem pole building today is a vanishing legacy (Today, authentic native totem pole carving thrives in British Columbia and southern Alaska; however, it is true that for about 40 years between 1910 and 1950 only a few true totem poles were built and raised.)
decaying totem poles are thousands of years old (In reality, most totem poles, though made of decay resistant cedar, fall over in about 100 years; the oldest ones in Ninstints, BC date from about 1835. Within the west coast First Nations' totem tradition, duplicates of decaying totem poles are made and raised by the decendants of the family who own them.)
the totem poles in the popular viewing area in Stanley Park, Vancouver BC, are fake (They are real, very valuable, and if they have been replaced, are authorized replacements of the original poles.)
painted poles are fakes (Some poles are painted, some are not. The choice is the carvers' to make.)
unpainted poles are fakes (Ditto, to the above statement.)
totem poles are solemn and always very serious (Actually, there are several jokes woven into totem poles such as figures "accidentally" carved upsidedown, or a little figures winking, grinning and peeking out of Bear's ear or out of Whale's blowhole. Tricks have occasionally been played on the pole's sponsor. If the person paying for the pole annoys the carvers too much, he might be portrayed on the pole, - a little too embarrasingly naked. A little touch of carved-in amusement, here and there, is a valid part of the tradition.)
certain totem poles, with a rectangular box on the top, once held the remains of a dead chief (This is a commonly repeated mantra and in fact, the type of pole with a flat board on top is called a Mortuary Pole. But there has never been a documented case where a human corpse was actually placed in one.)
no other aboriginal people make real totem poles (New Zealand's Maori people construct a form of totem to commemorate their ancestors and the Ainu people from Hakkaido in northern Japan build totem pole-like clusters of tree trunks as "playgrounds" for their gods. "Is there any relation between these people and the Natives of the Northwest Pacific Coast?" is the more interesting, unanswered question.)
Experience shows that the following statements seem to contain a modicum of truth:

BAD LUCK OR JUST BAD MANNERS?
It seems to be bad luck to carve a full size duplicate of a totem pole without permission from the family of the people who own the original pole. At the least, it shows bad manners.
It seems to be bad luck for strangers to replace an old totem pole with a new one or to remove an old totem pole unless they have permission to do so. At the least, it shows bad manners.
It seems to be bad luck to claim to be a totem-pole-carver unless completing a apprenticeship to a Northwest Pacific Coast Native who follows the traditions. At the least, it shows bad manners.
It seems to be bad luck to steal a totem pole. At the least, it is illegal.
It seems to be bad luck to kick a totem pole. At the least, it shows bad manners.
GOOD LUCK OR JUST GOOD MANNERS?
It seems to be good luck to keep a totem pole (a 3 foot high one) aboard a submarine in war.

It seems to be good luck to officially borrow a totem pole and later return it. (For example: In 1970, Japan "borrowed" totems for their Expo World Exposition, and then returned them. Today, the people responsible for that exercise administer a large trust fund, recently opened a major Japanese Zen Garden on the roof Museum of Civilization in Ottawa-Hull Canada, and participate in other diplomatic initiatives.)

These and many, many other interesting facts are explored in the book: Totem Poles.

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Where To Get or See an Authentic Northwest Totem Pole

TO COMMISSION ONE: Those who have about $25 000 to $60 000 to spare will, of course, appreciate the information on the great totem pole carvers today, where they may be found and how to have your own pole carved. Others will have to be content with foot-high miniatures for sale in art galleries and craft stores.

TO BUY AN AUTHENTIC MINIATURE REPLICA: There are hundreds of Arts and Crafts stores and Art Galleries specializing in Native Arts made by Pacific West Coast Native artists. Many of these outlets sell Native-made replicas of totems. For a comprehensive coverage of Galleries, and Native Arts and Crafts outlets in Western Canada see the book "Native Sites in Western Canada".

TO VIEW A REAL TOTEM POLE: People from many parts parts of the world might be surprised to realize that there was a very significant "harvesting" of totem poles, sometimes described as a "feeding frenzy," that went on from about the years 1880 to about 1935. Anthropologists, ethnologists and various collectors from Germany, France, Great Britian, Australia, the United States, eastern Canada and many parts of the world combed the Northwest Pacific Coast for all manner of Native articles and artifacts.Totem poles were chopped down (mostly with permission) by the hundreds, and shipped, via the "new" railroads, all over the world. Collectors reportedly received $11 an inch, back in 1910, a princely sum.

So if you live in Australia, Germany, Sweden, or Great Britain, there may well be a museum near you chock full of old, authentic, invaluable totem poles, just begging to tell their stories. There are also large collections throughout America and at the Smithsonian as well as artifact collections in Seattle WA, Portland OR, and elsewhere. In eastern Canada, the Museum of Civilization in Ottawa-Hull has amassed an outstanding collection of totem poles. Phone around and find out. You might be astounded.

Let us know if you found authentic examples in a museum near you. At one point in the 20th century, around 1945, there were said to be more totem poles aging in museums around the world, than there were (remaining) in British Columbia and Alaska combined!

In Western Canada, Vancouver BC, there is a good collection at the the Museum of Anthropology and on Vancouver Island the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria BC also has a comprehensive collection. Other western North American totem sites are listed in the section entitled |Where to Visit Totem Poles and See Record-Breaking Poles|

These and many, many other interesting facts are explored in the book: Totem Poles.

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The Far-Flung Totem Project

Because there was such a widespread harvesting of totem poles from the Northwest Pacific Coast and Alaska between about 1880 and 1930, even today, there are poor records on exactly where they came to rest. It is said that hundreds went to Germany and many of these disappeared about 1945. It is said that many were burned in a serious fire in Stockholm. It is known that excellent totem poles were commissioned and given to the reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth, and to the nation of France as gifts. It is known that many were shipped to the Smithsonian Institute (Museum of the American Indian has many), and universities throughout the United States and as far away as Australia.

Where are the Poles Today?

If you know about Alaskan or Northwest Pacific Coast totem poles in a museum or commissioned by a company and at a location near you, but far away from Alaska and British Columbia, please let us know. We want to find out where they are. Recently, a journalist from Israel visited a Kwakiutl band on Vancouver Island to find out about a 3 foot totem pole, recently donated to the British Museum in London, that had been a mascot on a submarine called "Totem" in WWII. It was authentic; he did find the carver, now almost 100 years old. If you know of totem poles or stories of totem poles, please take the time to share them.

We will add these findings to this site.

E-mail Us: Where are the Far-Flung Totem Poles? We know about totem poles throughout British Columbia and Alaska. But other totems' locations are of great interest. Know of some?

We are particularly seeking information on the 3 foot totem pole used as a mascot for the submarine Totem..

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A Sampling of Common Totem Figures (Lots of defining close-up photos and condensed stories in the book: Totem Poles)

Thunderbird	Grand lord of the Sky Realm; frightens humans who disturb him; needs homage; busy with his own wars carried out beyond human perception; eats Whales; likes to come to human's dance ceremonies
Kolus	Thunderbird's dull-witted brother; a show off; competitive; strong; will occasionally transport huge longhouse beams for humans
Eagle	Aristocratic lord of the Sky Realm; part of Thunderbird's entourage or live with other lordly Eagles; occasionally transforms into a human dancer
Hawk	Transforms regularly into Hawk Woman or Hawk Man; hates Mosquitoes; quite regal; stand-offish but will assist humans
Raven	Powerful, ever-transforming trickster; ever hungry; ever curious; deviant; compulsive; crooked, corrupt and deceptive but somehow likeable; ever politically incorrect
Whale	Ruler of His own Underwater City; lives with noble supernatural beings there; hates Thunderbirds; some turn into Wolves
Copper Woman	Ever-interfering, social climbing wife of Komowkwa, the Underwater King of copper smelting; grants wealth to her personal favorites; particular friend of Frog; causes volcanic eruptions disguised as Volcano Woman
Siskiutl, the Two-headed Sea Serpent	Can turn enemy warriors into stone with one glance; has been known to swiftly pull huge war canoes to the site of a battle; protects his crestholders from injury during war; has removable crystal eyes; hates Thunderbirds (his enemy)
Dzunkwa (Tsnoqua)	Cannibal woman who owns certain valuable treasures that humans like to steal; lives on the Earth Realm; smells awful; collects children but they often get away; dull-witted; cannot be killed
Bear	Can easily transform into a human; must not be insulted/cursed; lumbering, caring figure with a yen to marry good-looking human princesses; has twin children who grow to adulthood in record time; able to make fires with wet sticks (Bear wood)
Beaver	Vengeful creature; occasionally murders humans; if provoked digs underground tunnels that cause earthquakes and landslides; constructs fine arrows
Wolf	Powerful; generally avoids humans; able to heal human sickness but this healing is costly; fraternizes with Ghosts at night; when in the mood turns into Whale; powerful ones are pure white
Frog	Much misunderstood and underestimated; associated with great wealth; survives volcanic eruptions; must not be insulted; friend of Copper Woman
Mosquito	Arose from the transformed remains of chopped-up cannibal beings; it continues to love blood

Note: Wood Carvers often buy this book for the closeup, detailed views of each figure.

These and many, many other interesting figures are explored in the book: Totem Poles.

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Totem Poles: The Book's Table of Contents

The Origin and History of Totem Poles (tells the whole story of when they began, the Golden Age)
Totem Pole Symbols and Ceremonies (tells about the Potlatch; Building, and Raising Poles)
Identifying Totem Figures (shows photos, describes figures, tells condensed stories of figures)
Land of the Totem Poles (tells exactly where to find most of the Totem Poles standing today)
About Making the Book

Three years in the making and thousands of miles logged through British Columbia to southern Alaska, this book is chock full of color photos and stories. The elders of several bands graciously answered questions, and gave their specific permission to the author to relate certain stories, some told for the first time in this book. Other stories were condensed and simplified, for quick telling, from the copious volumes of academic writings compiled by early ethnographers and anthropologists who passed through the region beginning 100 to 120 years ago.

Totem Poles is the second in a series of Altitude guidebooks on Native subjects. The first, "Native Sites in Western Canada", is a guide to everything public and Native-owned or Native-supported in the west, and is also available in German, "Indianer In West-Kanada." Beautiful British Columbia magazine (circulation .25 million) recently published a short Kramer-piece on record-setting totems with a second article due out later in 1997. Ever sensitive to the special place that emerging First Nations hold in the modern world, Kramer was most honoured to receive a ceremonial Eagle Feather from the Native Investment and Trade Association.

Besides delivering talks, workshops and teaching courses Kramer, past President of the Western Tour Directors Association of Canada, is contracted every year to guide special interest tours either through western Canada or the American Southwest. Current projects include the biography of Richard Krentz, maker of the world's tallest totem pole as well as consultations for various government and financial bodies on the viability of Native-themed tourist attractions.

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recommended books from Native Online

Totem Poles of the Pacific Northwest Coast
by Edward Malin
Our Price: $15.96
You Save: $3.99 (20%)
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Paperback - (July 1994) 195 pages

Excellent text for understanding the Coastal Indian Totems, July 7, 1999
Reviewer: A reader from Port Angeles, WA. USA
This book is for anyone who wants to study or research the Coastal Indian Totem Pole. Written in an easy to read yet scientific style it is historically accurate, authoritative and comprehensive. It contains multiple drawings and colored plates illustrating the types of poles, their function and individual details. It is a must for the experienced artist who intends on carving a totem showing carving techniques, tools, pictures, animal subjects with an explaination of the meaning and placement of each. It even tells how to raise a carved totem. Available in paperback it has to be a best buy!

Looking at Totem Poles

by Hilary Stewart
List Price: ~~$14.95~~
Our Price: $11.96
You Save: $2.99 (20%)
Availability: This title usually ships within 2-3 days.
Paperback - 191 pages (November 1993)
University of Washington Press; ISBN: 0295972599 ; Dimensions (in inches): 0.47 x 9.03 x 6.03
Amazon.com Sales Rank: 79,871