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Somalia

[Somalia]
������������������ Adopted 1 Jul 1960

Map of Somalia
Hear National Anthem
"Somaliyaay toosoo"�
(Somalia Wake Up)
Adopted 2000
Hear Former Anthem
Untitled� (No words)
(1960 - 2000)
Constitution
(23 Sep 1979)
Capital: Mogadishu
(Mogadiscio 1889-1960;
Jowhar 19 Jun 2005- )
Currency: Somali Shilling�
(SOS)�
National Holiday: 1 Jul (1960)�
Foundation of the Somali Republic
Population: 8,304,601 (2004)
note: this estimate derived�
from official 1975 census�
GDP: $4.36 billion (2003)�
Exports: $79 million (2002)
Imports: $344 million (2002)
Ethnic groups: Somali 92.4%, Arab 2.2%, Afar 1.3%,�
other 4.1% (2000)
Total TNG Armed Forces: 5,000 (2002)
factions and clans maintain independent militias
Merchant marine: None (2003)
Religions: Sunni Muslim 99.9%, other 0.1% (1995)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Somalia Index
CHRONOLOGY

1548��������������������� Zelia part of Ottoman Empire.
1875 - 1876�������������� Kismayu occupied by Egypt.
�7 Sep 1877�������������� Zeila annexed by Egypt (Egyptian Somaliland),
��������������������������� both under nominal Ottoman suzerainty.
1884��������������������� British take over former Egyptian Somaliland.
20 Jul 1887�������������� British Somaliland protectorate (in the north)�
��������������������������� subordinated to Aden to 1905.
�3 Aug 1889�������������� Benadir Coast Italian Protectorate (in the north
��������������������������� east)(unoccupied until May 1893).
16 Mar 1905�������������� Italian Somalia (Italian Somaliland) colony (in�
��������������������������� the northeast and in the south).
Jul 1910����������������� Italian Somaliland a crown colony.
15 Jan 1935�������������� Italian Somalia Part of Italian East Africa with�
��������������������������� It. Eritrea (and from 1936 Ethiopia)
��������������������������� (see under Ethiopia).
�1 Jun 1936�������������� Part of Italian East Africa (province of Somalia,�
��������������������������� formed by the merger of the colony and the
��������������������������� Ethiopian region of Ogaden; see Ethiopia).
18 Aug 1940�������������� Italian occupation of British Somaliland.
Feb 1941����������������� British administration of Italian Somalia.
�1 Apr 1950�������������� Italian Somalia becomes United Nations trust
��������������������������� territory under Italian administration.
26 Jun 1960�������������� Independence of British Somaliland as the
��������������������������� State of Somaliland.
�1 Jul 1960�������������� Unification of Somaliland with Italian Somalia to�
��������������������������� form the Somali Republic.
21 Oct 1969�������������� Somali Democratic Republic
�1 Jan 1991�������������� Somalia collapses, no single functioning
��������������������������� government.
18 May 1991�������������� Secession of former British Somaliland;
��������������������������� as Republic of Somaliland which is
��������������������������� proclaimed 24 May 1991 (not internationally
��������������������������� recognized).
21 Jul 1991�������������� Somali Republic
Jul 1992 - 27 Aug 2000��� United Nations declares Somalia to be a country�
��������������������������� "without a government."

Somalia
Traditional
States
Italian Somalia
Zeila/Egyptian
Somaliland
Somaliland and
British Somaliland
Jubaland
Puntland
Southwest Somalia
Maps of Somalia
1925, 1936
Historical Maps
of Somalia

Italian Somaliland

�������� 3 Aug 1889 - 26 Feb 1941
[Flag of the United Kingdom]
������� 26 Feb 1941 - 1 Apr 1950�
�������� 1 Apr 1950 - 10 Oct 1954
[Somalia]
�������������� Adopted 12 Oct 1954

Governor
�3 Aug 1889 - 15 May 1893Vincenzo Filonardi
Commissioners
1896 - 1897��������������� Vincenzo Filonardi
1897���������������������� Ernesto Dulio
1897 - 25 May 1898�������� Giorgio Sorrentino
Governor
25 May 1898 - 16 Mar 1905� Emilio Dulio
Commissioners-general
16 Mar 1905 - 1906�������� Luigi Mercatelli������������������ (b. 18.. - d. 1922)
1906 - 1907��������������� Giuseppe Salvago Raggi
1907 - 1908��������������� Tommaso Carletti
Governors
1908 - Jul 1910����������� Tommaso Carletti
Jul 1910 - 1916����������� Giacomo De Martino
1916 - 1919��������������� Giovanni Cherina Ferroni
21 Jun 1920 -� 8 Dec 1923� Carlo Ricci
�8 Dec 1923 -� 1 Jun 1928� Cesare Maria De Vecchi,����������� (b. 1884 - d. 1959)
���������������������������� (from 1925) conte di Val Cismon�
�1 Jun 1928 -� 1 Jul 1931� Guido Corni����������������������� (b. 1883 - d. 1946)
�1 Jul 1931 -� 6 Mar 1935� Maurizio Rava
�6 Mar 1935 - 22 May 1936� Rodolfo Graziani������������������ (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
22 May 1936 - 24 May 1936� Angelo De Ruben�
���������������������������� (de facto governor since Jan 1936)
24 May 1936 - 15 Dec 1937� Ruggiero Santini������������������ (b. 1870 - d. 19..)
15 Dec 1937 - 11 Jun 1940� Francesco Saveno Caroselli
11 Jun 1940 - 31 Dec 1940� Gustavo Pesenti (acting)���������� (b. 1878 - d. 1960)
31 Dec 1940 -� 9 Mar 1941� Carlo De Simone (acting)���������� (b. 1885 - d. 19..)
Administrators
26 Feb 1941 - 1941�������� Sir Reginald Hugh Dorman-Smith���� (b. 1899 - d. 1977)
1941 - 1943��������������� William Eric Halstead Scuphan����� (b. 1893 - d. 1958)
1943 - 1948��������������� Denis Henry Widcham
1948���������������������� Eric Armar Vully de Candole������� (b. 1901 - d. 1989)
1948 - 21 Nov 1949�������� Geoffrey Massey Gamble������������ (b. 1896 - d. 1970)
21 Nov 1949 - 1953�������� Giovanni Fornari������������������ (b. 1903)
1954 - 1957��������������� Enrico Martino�������������������� (b. 1907)
1957 - 24 Jul 1958�������� Enrico Anzilotti������������������ (b. 1898)
24 Jul 1958 -� 1 Jul 1960� Mario Di Stefano������������������ (b. 1900? - d. 1963)

Prime minister
29 Feb 1956 -� 1 Jul 1960� Abdullahi Issa Muhammad����������� (b. 1922)����������� SYL


Somalia

Secretary-general of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP)
�1 Jul 1976 - 27 Jan 1991� Muhammad Siad Barre��������������� (b. 1919 - d. 1995)

Presidents
�1 Jul 1960 - 10 Jun 1967� Aden Abdullah Osman Daar���������� (b. 1908)����������� SYL
��������������������������� (acting to 6 Jul 1961)
10 Jun 1967 - 15 Oct 1969� Abdirashid Ali Shermarke���������� (b. 1919 - d. 1969)� SYL
15 Oct 1969 - 21 Oct 1969� Sheikh Moktar Muhammad Husayn����� (b. 1912)����������� SYL
���������������������������� (acting)
21 Oct 1969 - 27 Jan 1991� Muhammad Siad Barre��������������� (s.a.)������������ Mil;1976 SRSP
���������������������������� (chairman Supreme Revolutionary Council to 1 Jul 1976)
29 Jan 1991 -� 3 Jan 1997� Ali Mahdi Muhammad���������������� (b. c.1939)��������� USC/SSA
���������������������������� (interim to 21 Jul 1991)�
15 Jun 1995 -� 1 Aug 1996� Muhammad Farah Hassan Aydid������� (b. 1936 - d. 1996)� USC/SNA
���������������������������� (interim; in rebellion)�
�4 Aug 1996 - 20 Mar 1998� Hussein Muhammad Farah Aydid������ (b. 1962)����������� USC/SNA
���������������������������� (interim; in rebellion)
�3 Jan 1997 - ....�������� Co-Chairmen of National Salvation Council
�������������������������� Ali Mahdi Muhammad���������������� (s.a.)�������������� USC/SSA
�������������������������� + Osman Hassan Ali "Ato"���������� (b. 1940)����������� USC/SNA
�������������������������� + Abdulkadir Muhammad Aden "Zopo"� (b. 1919 - d. 2002)� SDM
�������������������������� + Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmad���������� (b. 1934)����������� SSDF
�������������������������� + Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabiyo"�������������������������� SPM
22 Aug 2000 - 27 Aug 2000� Abdullahi Derow Isaq (acting)����� (b. 1950)����������� Non-party
���������������������������� (speaker of the interim National�
���������������������������� Assembley)(in Dijibouti exile)
27 Aug 2000 - 14 Oct 2004� Abdiqasim Salad Hassan������������ (b. 1941)����������� Non-party
���������������������������� (in Djibouti exile to 14 Oct 2000;�
���������������������������� then largely confined to the Mogadishu area)
�5 Jun 2003 -������������� Abdinur Ahmed Darman�������������� (b. 1952)����������� USRP
���������������������������� (controls parts of Mogadishu and southern Somalia)
14 Oct 2004 -������������� Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed������������� (s.a.)�������������� SSDF
���������������������������� (in Nairobi, Kenya exile to 1/2 Jul 2005,
���������������������������� then in [Bossaso 1/2-26 Jul 2005] Jowhar)

Prime ministers
�1 Jul 1960 - 12 Jul 1960� Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal�������� (b. 1928 - d. 2002)� SNL
���������������������������� (1st time)�
12 Jul 1960 - 14 Jun 1964� Abdirashid Ali Shermarke���������� (s.a.)�������������� SYL
14 Jun 1964 - 15 Jul 1967� Abdirizak Haji Hussein������������ (b. 1924)����������� SYL
���������������������������� (acting to 27 Sep 1964)
15 Jul 1967 -� 1 Nov 1969� Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal�������� (s.a.)�������������� SYL
���������������������������� (2nd time)�
�1 Nov 1969 - Mar 1970���� Muhammad Siad Barre��������������� (s.a.)�������������� Mil
�1 Feb 1987 -� 3 Sep 1990� Muhammad Ali Samatar�������������� (b. 1931)����������� SRSP�
�3 Sep 1990 - 24 Jan 1991� Muhammad Hawadle Madar��������������������������������� SRSP
24 Jan 1991 -� 3 Jan 1997� Umar Arteh Ghalib����������������� (b. 1930)����������� USC
�3 Jan 1997 -� 8 Oct 2000� Vacant��
�8 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001� Ali Khalif Galaid����������������� (b. 1941)����������� Non-party
���������������������������� (in Dijibouti exile to 14 Oct 2000)�
28 Oct 2001 - 12 Nov 2001� Osman Jama Ali (acting)����������� (b. 1941)����������� Non-party
12 Nov 2001 -� 8 Dec 2003� Hassan Abshir Farah��������������� (b. 1945)����������� Non-party
�8 Dec 2003 -� 3 Nov 2004� Muhammad Abdi Yusuf������������������������������������ Non-party
�3 Nov 2004 -������������� Ali Muhammad Ghedi���������������� (b. 1952)����������� Non-party
���������������������������� (in Nairobi, Kenya exile to 18 Jun 2005,
���������������������������� then at Jowhar)

Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council (counter-government, at Baidoa)

Chairmen (rotating monthly)
26 Mar 2001 - ....�������� Hussein Muhammad Farah Aydid������ (s.a.)�������������� USC/SNA
�������������������������� + Hilowle Iman Umar������������������������������������ USC
�������������������������� + Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabiyo"�������������������������� SPM/SSA
�������������������������� + Hassan Muhammad Nur "Shatigadud"��������������������� RRA
�������������������������� + Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail������������������������������ SSNM

Secretaries-general
26 Mar 2001 - Dec 2001?��� Mowlid Ma'ane Mohamoud��������������������������������� SAMO
Aug? 2002 -� ....��������� Muhammad Umar Dalha

From Nov 1991 there was no effective and/or recognized national government; parts of the country were controlled by different warlords, significant among them Muhammad Farah Aydid (s.a.), who claimed to be president from 15 Jun 1995 to his death 1 Aug 1996, followed by his son Hussein Aydid (s.a.) 4 Aug 1996 - 20 Mar 1998. De facto the state was in anarchy without any governmental structures.�

��As of 2005, Aydid, Shatigadud, and Ismail are members of Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Ghedi's government.�

Territorial Disputes: "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states; Ethiopia maintains only an administrative line with the Oromo region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances with local Somali clans opposed to the unrecognized Transitional National Government in Mogadishu.�

Party abbreviations: RRA = Rahawayn Resistance Army (est.1995, Rahawayn clan based, allied�
with the SDM, fights Aideed controlled militia in the Bakool/Bay regions); SAMO = Somali African Muki Organization (represents Bantu minority in the lower Juba Valley);�
SDM = Somali Democratic Movement (Digil/Rahanweyn clan, split 1992 into 2 factions: pro-Ali Mahdi/SSA faction led by bdulkadir Muhammad Aden, and pro-Aydid/SNA faction led by Adam Uthman Abdi and Yasin Ma'alim Abdullahi); SNA = Somali National Alliance (coalition est.1992 by M. Aydid from his faction of USC, an SDM faction, Omar Jess' SPM faction and SSNM [withdrew 1993], there is a Gedo based faction led by Col. Isak Bihi); SNF = Somali National Front (Siyad Barre personalist, seeks restoration of SRSP government); SSA = Somali Salvation Alliance (grouping of 12 anti-Aydid factions est.1993, led by Ali Mahdi: USC/SSA, SAMO, SNU, USF, SDA, SDM, SPM, SSDF, SNDU, SNF, SSNM and the Ali Ato faction of the USC/SNA);�
SPM = Somali Patriotic Movement (est.1989 by Omar Jess; Ogaden clan based,
divided into 2 factions, one led by Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabiyo" and allied with Morgan, and member of SSA; the other led by Gedi Ugas Madhar allied with USC in SNA); SSDF = Somali Salvation Democratic Front (est.1981 as Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia);�
SSNM = Somali Salvation National Movement (southern coast based, mainly Bimal/Dir clan, set up under Aydid sponsorship to support Omar Jess' SPM against SNF, part of SNA 1992-93, allied with Ali Mahdi from 1993, member of SSA); USC = United Somali Congress (anti-Siyad Barrah, Hawiye clan based est.1989, subsequently divided into factions); USC-SNA = United Somali Congress-Somali National Alliance; USC/SNA-d = United Somali Congress/Somali National Alliance-dissidents; USC/SSA = United Somali Congress-Somali Salvation Alliance; USRP = United Somali Republic Party; Mil = Military;�
- Former parties: SNL = Somali National League (Isaaq clan-family based, pro-independence);
SRSP = Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (authoritarian, socialist, 1976-1991 only legal party); SYL = Somali Youth League (pro-independence, Somalia nationalist, 1943-1969);


British Somaliland and Somaliland
[Flag of the United Kingdom]
����������������������������� 1884 - 1903�
������������������������� 1903 - 1950
������������������������ 1950 - 26 Jun 1960
[Somalia]
�������������� 26 Jun 1960 -� 1 Jul 1960
[Earlier Somaliland flag]
������������������ 18 May 1991 - 14 Oct 1996
[1996 Somaliland flag]
������������������ Adopted 14 Oct 1996
Map of Somaliland
Hear National Anthem
"Kaana Siib Kanna Saar"
(The Somaliland Flag)
Text of National Anthem
Anthem Adopted 1991
Constitution
(31 May 2001)
Capital: Hargeisa
(Berbera 1870-1941)
Currency: Somaliland Shilling
(SlS)
National Holiday: 26 Jun (1960)�
Independence Day
Population: 3, 500, 000
(2002 est.)
GDP: $N/A
Exports: $176.6 million (1998)
Imports: $200 million (1998)
Ethnic groups: Somali (mainly Issaq clan, also
Gadabuursi, Ciise, Dhulbahante, and Warsanglei) (1996)
Total Armed Forces: 12,900 (2002)
Merhcant marine: N/A
Religions: Sunni Muslim 99% (1996)
International Organizations/Treaties: None (1960);� UNPO (2004)

1526���������������������� Ottoman occupation.
1526 - 1548��������������� Rule of the Adal Imams.�
1548���������������������� Zeila part of Ottoman Empire.
1630 - 1830��������������� Under the Grand Sharifs of Mecca.
1830 - 1874��������������� Ottoman rule, under de facto hereditary governors.
�7 Sep 1877��������������� Annexed by Egypt (Egyptian Somaliland)
���������������������������� (both under Ottoman suzerainty).
1884���������������������� British take over former Egyptian Somaliland (British Somaliland).
20 Jul 1887��������������� British Somaliland Protectorate subordinated to Aden until 1905.
25 Aug 1940 - Feb 1941���� Occupied by Italy.
26 Jun 1960��������������� Independence of British Somaliland as State of Somaliland.
�1 Jul 1960��������������� Unification with Italian Somalia to form Somali Republic.
18 May 1991��������������� Secession of former British Somaliland (regions of Awdal,�
���������������������������� Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Soolfrom) from Somalia
���������������������������� (not internationally recognized).
24 May 1991��������������� Republic of Somaliland proclaimed (not internationally�
���������������������������� recognized).

Governors
1630 - 1830��������������� the Grand Sharifs of Mecca (see Saudi Arabia)
1830 - 1841��������������� Sayyid Muhammad al-Barr
1841 - 1855��������������� `Ali Haji Sirmaki ibn Salih (1st time) (d. 1861)
1855 - 1857��������������� Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad (1st time)
1857 - 1861��������������� `Ali Haji Sirmaki ibn Salih (2nd time) (s.a.)
1861 - 1874��������������� Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad (2nd time)
Egyptian governors
1870/74 - 1878������������ Rauf Pasha
1878 - 1884��������������� ....
Political Agent
1884 - 20 Jul 1887�������� Frederick Mercer Hunter����������� (b. 1844 - d. 1898)
Residents
20 Jul 1887 - 1888�������� Frederick Mercer Hunter����������� (s.a.)�
1888 - 1893��������������� Edward Vincent Stace
1893 - 1896��������������� Charles William Henry Sealy
1896 - 1897��������������� William Butler Ferris
1897 - 1898��������������� James Hayes Sadler���������������� (b. 1851 - d. 1922)
Consuls-general
1898 - 1901��������������� James Hayes Sadler���������������� (s.a.)
1901 - 1902��������������� Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux����� (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
���������������������������� (acting)
1902 - 1905��������������� Eric John Eagles Swayne����������� (b. 1863 - d. 1929)
Commissioners
�8 May 1906 - 1909�������� Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux����� (s.a.)
Jan 1910 - 1911����������� Sir William Henry Manning��������� (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
Jul 1911 - 1914����������� Horace Archer Byatt��������������� (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
May 1914 - Oct 1919������� Geoffrey Francis Archer����������� (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
Governors
Oct 1919 - 17 Aug 1922���� Geoffrey Francis Archer����������� (s.a.)�
���������������������������� (from 1920, Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer)
17 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1925� Gerald Henry Summers�������������� (b. 1885 - d. 1925)
26 Jan 1926 - 18 Jun 1932� Sir Harold Baxter Kittermaster���� (b. 1879 - d. 1939)
18 Jun 1932 -� 2 Mar 1939� Sir Arthur Salisbury Lawrance����� (b. 1880 - d. 1965)
�2 Mar 1939 - 18 Aug 1940� Vincent Goncalves Glenday��������� (b. 1891 - d. 1970)
18 Aug 1940 - 29 Mar 1941� Italian occupation (see Italian Somalia)
Military governors
29 Mar 1941 -� 3 Mar 1943� Arthur Reginald Chater������������ (b. 1896 - d. 1979)
�3 Mar 1943 -� 3 Mar 1948� Gerald Thomas Fisher�������������� (b. 1887 - d. 1965)
Governors
�3 Mar 1948 - 15 Nov 1948� Gerald Thomas Fisher�������������� (s.a.)
1948 - Feb 1954����������� Gerald Reece���������������������� (b. 1897 - d. 1985)
���������������������������� (from 1950, Sir Gerald Reece)�
Feb 1954 - 1959����������� Theodore Ouseley Pike������������� (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
���������������������������� (from 1956, Sir Theodore Ouseley Pike)�
11 Jul 1959 - 26 Jun 1960� Sir Douglas Hall������������������ (b. 1909 - d. 2004)
Prime minister (de facto head of state)
26 Jun 1960 -� 1 Jul 1960� Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal�������� (b. 1928 - d. 2002)� SNL
Presidents
28 May 1991 - 16 May 1993� Abdurahman Ahmad Ali "Tur"�������� (b. 1931 - d. 2003)� SNM
16 May 1993 -� 3 May 2002� Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal�������� (s.a.)������������ SNM;2001 UDUB
�3 May 2002 -������������� Dahir Riyale Kahin���������������� (b. 1952)����������� UDUB

Territorial Disputes: Internationally recognized as part of Somalia; territorial dispute with Puntland over eastern Sanaag and Sool provinces; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states.

Party abbreviations: SNM = Somali National Movement (Isaaq clan-family, secessionist, anti-Siad Barre, est.1981); UDUB = Ururka Dimuqraadiga Ummadda Bahawday (Allied People's Democratic Party, est.2001 by Egal);
- Former parties: SNL = Somali National League (Isaaq clan-family based, pro-Somali independence); SYL = Somali Youth League (pro-Somali independence, Somalia nationalist)


Jubaland� (Oltro Giuba)


�������� 15 Jul 1924 - 1 Jul 1926

Map of Jubaland
Capital: Kismayu

1836���������������������� Ruled by Zanzibar.
�1 Jul 1895��������������� British rule, part of Kenya colony.
15 Jul 1924��������������� Jubaland (or Trans-Juba) ceded by Britain to Italy;
���������������������������� separate administration (Oltro Giuba) set up.
�1 Jul 1926��������������� Annexed to Italian Somalia.
�3 Sep 1998��������������� State of Jubaland set up by the Somali Patriotic Movement and
���������������������������� the elders of the Digil and Rahanwein clans.
11 Jun 1999��������������� Leader ousted from regional capital Kismayo by the Allied
���������������������������� Somali Forces (ASM)(later called Juba Valley Alliance).
18 Jun 2001��������������� Juba Valley Alliance installs a new administration
���������������������������� supporting the Mogadishu government.

Governor
16 Jul 1924 - 31 Dec 1926� Corrado Zoli���������������������� (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
Leaders
�3 Sep 1998 - 11 Jun 1999� Muhammad Siyad Hersi "Morgan"��������������������������� Mil/SPM
���������������������������� (briefly recaptures Kismayo 6-7 Aug 2001)�
11 Jun 1999 - 18 Jun 2001� Ahmed Warsame������������������������������������������� ASM/JVA

Party abbreviations: ASM = Allied Somali Forces (Marehan, Ogadeni, and Habr Geduir factions, and SNF, pro-Somali transitional government, 6/99 renamed Jubal Valley Alliance);
JVA = Juba Valley Alliance (pro-Somali transitional government, grouping of Marehan, Ogadeni and Habr Gedir factions, est. Jun 1999); SPM = Somali Patriotic Movement (Daarood clan/Ogaden clan based, est.1989); Mil = Military



Puntland

[flag of Somalia and Puntland]
������������� Adopted 23 Jul 1998

Map of Puntland
Hear Anthem
Adopted 22 Jul 1998
Text of Anthem
(No Words)
Constitution
(30 Jun 1998; in Somali)
Capital: Garowe
Currency: Somali Shilling (SOS)�
National Holiday
Population:� 2,500,000 (2000)
GDP: $N/A
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
Ethnic groups: Somali� (mainly Darod clan)
Total Militiamen 750-1,000 (2002)�
Merchant marine: N/A
Religions: Muslim
International Organizations/Treaties: None

23 Jul 1998��������������� Part of northeastern Somalia (regions of Bari and Nugaal�
���������������������������� [and claims Sool and eastern Sanaag]) declared autonomous�
���������������������������� as Puntland State by Darod clans.

Presidents
23 Jul 1998 - 30 Jun 2001� Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (1st time)�� (b. 1934)�������� SSDF/Non-party
���������������������������� (continues in rebellion)
�1 Jul 2001 - 14 Nov 2001� Yusuf Haji Nur (acting)�������������������������������� Non-party
14 Nov 2001 -� 8 May 2002� Jama Ali Jama
���������������������������� (continues in rebellion to 17 May 2003)
�8 May 2002 - Oct 2004���� Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (2nd time)�� (s.a.)�������������� SSDF
Oct 2004 -� 8 Jan 2005���� Mohamed Abdi Hashi������������������������������������� USP
�8 Jan 2005 -������������� Mohamud Muse Hersi "Adde"������������������������������ Non-party

Territorial Disputes: Internationally recognized as part of Somalia; territorial dispute with Somaliland over eastern Sanaag and Sool provinces; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states.

Party abbreviations: SSDF = Somali Salvation Democratic Front (est.1981 as Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia, divided into two factions- Mohamed Abshir Muse and Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmed); USP = United Somali Party (Darod based, opposed to SNM's secessionist policies in
Somaliland, allied with USF in 1997 to form NSA)



Southwestern Somalia
[Southwest Somalia flag]
������������������� 2002 - ....
Map of Southwestern Somalia
Capital: Baidoa

�1 Apr 2002��������������� State of Southwestern Somalia is proclaimed
���������������������������� by Rahanwein Resistance Army.

President
�1 Apr 2002 - ....�������� Hassan Mohammad Nur "Shatigadud"��������������������� Mil/RRA
���������������������������� (loses control of Baidoa 3 Oct 2002�)

��Since 3 Oct 2002 (except 14-16 Dec 2002), Baidoa is controlled by Sheikh Aden Madobe (officially reconciled with Shatigadud since 23 Sep 2003) and Mohamed Ibrahim Habsade; the situation remains unclear as to whether the state is dissolved or whether Shatigadud continues to hold the title of president. As of 2005, both Shatigadud and Madobe are ministers in the central government of Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Ghedi.�

Party abbreviations: RRA = Rahawayn Resistance Army (est.1995, Rahawayn clan based, allied�
with the SDM, fights Aideed controlled militia in the Bakool/Bay regions); Mil = Military


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