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. 2003 Oct;23(20):7143-51.
doi: 10.1128/MCB.23.20.7143-7151.2003.

Molecular basis for expression of common and rare fragile sites

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Molecular basis for expression of common and rare fragile sites

Eitan Zlotorynski et al. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Oct.

Abstract

Fragile sites are specific loci that form gaps, constrictions, and breaks on chromosomes exposed to partial replication stress and are rearranged in tumors. Fragile sites are classified as rare or common, depending on their induction and frequency within the population. The molecular basis of rare fragile sites is associated with expanded repeats capable of adopting unusual non-B DNA structures that can perturb DNA replication. The molecular basis of common fragile sites was unknown. Fragile sites from R-bands are enriched in flexible sequences relative to nonfragile regions from the same chromosomal bands. Here we cloned FRA7E, a common fragile site mapped to a G-band, and revealed a significant difference between its flexibility and that of nonfragile regions mapped to G-bands, similar to the pattern found in R-bands. Thus, in the entire genome, flexible sequences might play a role in the mechanism of fragility. The flexible sequences are composed of interrupted runs of AT-dinucleotides, which have the potential to form secondary structures and hence can affect replication. These sequences show similarity to the AT-rich minisatellite repeats that underlie the fragility of the rare fragile sites FRA16B and FRA10B. We further demonstrate that the normal alleles of FRA16B and FRA10B span the same genomic regions as the common fragile sites FRA16C and FRA10E. Our results suggest that a shared molecular basis, conferred by sequences with a potential to form secondary structures that can perturb replication, may underlie the fragility of rare fragile sites harboring AT-rich minisatellite repeats and aphidicolin-induced common fragile sites.

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Physical map across the FRA7E region at 7q21.11. The order and extent of overlap of BAC, PAC, and YAC clones (shown as lines or solid bars) was based on their DNA marker content. Clones used for FISH analysis are named and marked as solid bars. The full information on this contig can be found in the Genome Database and at http://www.genet.sickkids.on.ca/chromosome7/.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Examples of FISH signals relative to FRA7E. FISH analysis was performed on metaphase chromosomes from GM00847 cells following aphidicolin treatment. FITC-labeled RPCI11-105J12 (left and middle panels) shows signals distal and proximal to FRA7E on different chromosomes. FITC-labeled AC004892 (right panel) shows signals on both sides of FRA7E. Probes from the FRA7E region were cohybridized with a probe distal to FRA7E to identify chromosome 7. The images show propidium staining (upper panel) and FISH with FITC-labeled probes (lower panel). The arrows point to FRA7E.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
Sequence and secondary structure of an AT-dinucleotide-rich flexibility island. (A) Sequence of a 294-bp AT-dinucleotide-rich flexibility island (clone AC079799, 146129 to 146422 bp) from FRA7E. AT-dinucleotides are in boldface. (B) Predicted secondary structure by MFold of the AT-dinucleotide-rich flexibility island shown in panel A.
FIG. 4.
FIG. 4.
Multiple sequence alignment of AT-dinucleotide flexibility islands and sequences from FRA16B and FRA10B. The dendrogram shows the clustering relationships used to determine the order of pairwise alignments that together create the final multiple sequence alignment. The distance along the vertical axis is proportional to the difference between sequences. Shown are sequences from the FRA16B and FRA10B expanded repeats (note that the fully expanded FRA10B sequence is not available; thus, the 5′ and 3′ sequences of the expanded region were analyzed), five AT-dinucleotide-rich flexibility islands from three fragile regions and two nonfragile regions, and two nonflexible sequences with an A/T content (>78%) similar to that of the flexibility islands. For the genomic localization and lengths of these sequences, see Table 2.
FIG. 5.
FIG. 5.
Colocalization of rare and common fragile sites at 16q22.1 and 10q25.2. Examples of hybridization signals proximal and distal to aphidicolin-induced gaps and constrictions at FRA16C (A) and FRA10E (B) in GM00847 cells are shown. FISH analyses were performed with FITC-labeled BACs as indicated in panel C. Signals distal (left panels) and proximal (right panels) to the fragile sites (indicated with an arrow) are shown. The numbers of chromosomes with signals proximal, on both sides and distal to the fragile sites, are given in panel C.

References

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