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Chemoimmunotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Control

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The term cancer is generally used to refer to a large group of diseases. Neoplastic or cancerous cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner and, as a result, form tumours that progressively increase in size. There are different types of cancer which are categorised according to the type of tissue or fluid originated from inside the body. We incorporate chemotherapeutic agents into a mathematical model of non-small cell lung cancer interacting with immune cells. The immune system cells included in the model are composed of macrophages and cytotoxic lymphocytes. In our model, tumour infiltrating lymphocyte therapy is also considered. In this work, we show how pulsed chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy, known as chemoimmunotherapy, can improve survival outcomes in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

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Acknowledgements

This work was possible by partial financial support from the following Brazilian government agencies: CNPq, CAPES, Fundação Araucária and FAPESP (2024/05700-5, 2025/02318-5). E.C.G. received partial financial support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 88881.846051/2023-01. We would like to thank www.105groupscience.com.

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Author notes

  1. Ana P.S. Koltun, Moises S. Santos, José Trobia, Fernando S. Borges, Kelly C. Iarosz, Iberê L. Caldas, Enrique C. Gabrick, Diogo L. M. Souza, Fátima E. Cruziniani and Antonio M. Batista contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program in Science, State University of Ponta Grossa, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil

    Ana P. S. Koltun, Fernando S. Borges, Kelly C. Iarosz, Diogo L. M. Souza, Fátima E. Cruziniani & Antonio M. Batista

  2. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, State University of Ponta Grossa, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil

    José Trobia & Antonio M. Batista

  3. Municipal Secretary of Education of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil

    Moises S. Santos

  4. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    Fernando S. Borges

  5. University Center UNIFATEB, 84266-010, Telêmaco Borba, PR, Brazil

    Kelly C. Iarosz

  6. Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Iberê L. Caldas & Enrique C. Gabrick

Authors
  1. Ana P. S. Koltun
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Contributions

Ana P.S. Koltun, Moises S. Santos, José Trobia, Fernando S. Borges, Kelly C. Iarosz, Iberê L. Caldas, Enrique C. Gabrick, Diogo L. M. Souza, Fátima E. Cruziniani and Antonio M. Batista contributed equally to this work.

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Correspondence to Ana P. S. Koltun.

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Koltun, A.P.S., Santos, M.S., Trobia, J. et al. Chemoimmunotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Control. Braz J Phys 56, 38 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13538-025-01963-y

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